Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura
Chikamu 10: 537 P.N.V. kuchipfuurira—Vachikumirira Mesia
“Kuzvisarudzira kunongova hakwo chiratidzo kana nguva yemberi isina tariro.”—John F. Kennedy, purezidhendi wechi 35, weUnited States
MAKORE manomwe outapwa hweBhabhironi akanga apera! Mukundi weBhabhironi Koreshi, mambo wePersia, akanga achiregedza vaJudha vachihwirira kumusha. Bva vangodzokera bedzi muNyika Yakapikirwa (537 P.N.V.), tariro yavo yokufarikanya kuzvisarudzira sorudzi rwakasununguka haina kuzadzika. Vakanga vasina mambo, uye chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chavadzori vavo nokukurumidza chakadzimaidzwa nechiremera chorudzidziso chomuprista mukuru, uyo airangarirwa somusoro worudzi.
Kuronda Tariro youMesia
Mukuwirirana neThe Concise Jewish Encyclopedia, makanga muri mukati meiyi nhambo umo mufungo waMesia wakatangira, “mambo akanaka womumazuva omunguva yemberi [uyo] asati aizongova bedzi mumwe mubati ushe ‘akazodzwa’ asi mubati ushe aizoparadza vavengi vaIsraeri ndokugadza zera rakakwana rorugare nokukwana.”
Muzana ramakore rechina P.N.V., kupfurikidza norukundo, Alexander Mukuru akambundira vaJudha muchifuva chake. Bva sezvinooneka akanga asiri Mesia wavakanga vachimirira, kunyange zvazvo umambo hwake husina kuva nesimba guru panyika yavo, tsika yavo, uye rudzidziso rwavo.
Pashure porufu rwaAlexander, Parestina yakaramba iri muudzori hweGirisi, kutanga iri muudzori hwaVatongi veEgipita uye gare gare iri muudzori hwaVatongi veSiria, umambo hwose huri huviri hwakagadzwa navateveri vaAlexander. Pesvedzero yavaGirisi zvayaiwedzera, vaJudha vakatanhamara navakakwirira vakavamba kurangarira magamuchidzanwa echiJudha netsika kuva zvechinyakare. Mhuri yaitungamirira yakanga iri yokwaTobiad, iyo yakatsigira Menelaus, sezvinooneka hama yavo, kupinda muuprista hukuru mukati mokutonga kwamambo Antiochus Epiphanes mambo IV weSeleucid. (175-164 P.N.V.). Vakaita ikoku, kunyange zvazvo Menelaus akanga asiri weimba yegamuchidzanwa youprista yaZadhoki, muprista mukuru mutembere yaSoromoni. Pesvedzero yavaGiriki yakava yakasimba zvikuru zvokuti chengeto dzechiJudha dzorudzidziso dzakava dzisiri dzapamutemo uye tembere yakashandurwa kuva nzvimbo yokunamatira yavaGiriki!
Muna 167 P.N.V., Mattathias muprista wechiJudha navanakomana vake vashanu, vaiwanzonzi vaMaccabee, kana kuti vaHasmona, vakapanduka. Kumukira kwavaMaccabee, pakuvamba kwaiva kworudzidziso mumugariro, nokukurumidza kwakava parapatiko yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuzvisarudzira kwechiJudha. Muna 164 P.N.V., tembere yakatapwazve ndokutsaurirwazve, chinoitika icho vaJudha nhasi kupote nyika yose vanochengeta gore negore mukati momutambo wamazuva masere wemwenje inozivikanwa saHanukkah. Asi Mesia akanga achiri asingaoneki.
Vafudzi Vanoregeredza Uye Kusanzwana Kworudzidziso
Panguva ino, “hwakanga husati bedzi huchingova utungamiriri hwomudzimu nohwamagariro avanhu hwaiva musimba ravaprista,” rinotsinhira kudaro Pictorial Biblical Encyclopedia rechiJudha, “asi vakaumba boka rakasimba zvikuru nerakapfuma zvikuru muJerusarema, mune zvamatongerwe enyika nomune zvemari.” Zvisinei, vaprista vakava vanozvikwidziridza zvikuru navanoregeredza mukuita mabasa avo okufudza zvokuti vasiri vaprista vakavamba kuvatsiva mukududzira Mutemo nokushandisa ruramisiro. Ava varume, vanozivikanwa savanyori, vakanga vano unyanzvi pakuwanira vanhu vanotsunga pakunzvenga Mutemo nzira dzokubuda nadzo.
Mukati meiyi nhambo imwe cheteyo yenguva, rudzidziso rwechiJudha rwakakamukana kuva mapoka anorwisana. VaPrista vaidzidzisa kuti Mwari akanga apa Israeri mutemo una mativi maviri, rutivi rwakanyorwa norutivi runotaurwa nomuromo. Vaiziva maruramiro omutsara wouprista hukuru pano uhu hwaro hwomutemo unotaurwa nomuromo kunyange pashure pokunge mutsara wegamuchidzanwa waputsika. VaSadhuse, kuno rumwe rutivi, vairamba kuvapo kwomutemo unotaurwa nomuromo, vachitaura kuti muzukuru akananga waZadhoki aigona kubatira somuprista mukuru.
Zita rokuti “muFarise” rakabva mushoko rinoreva “kuparadzaniswa” kana kuti “kutsauraniswa.” Vamwe vanotaura kuti rakanga richishandiswa navashori vavo kuvaratidzira savatsauki. Vamwe vanotaura kuti rinonongedzera kuchimiro “chakatsauranisika” chavakatora, vachizviparadzanisa ivo vamene nava‛am ha·ʼaʹrets (vanhu venyika), avo vairangarira kuva vasina kuchena. VaFarise vainyanyozviruramisa mukuchengeta kwavo yose iri miviri mutemo wakanyorwa nomutemo unotaurwa nomuromo. Chimiro chendangariro chavaSadhuse chokuchengeta norumano nomutoo wakaenzana kumutemo wakanyorwa sezvinobvira “hachina kubva mukurangarira kupi nokupi chaikwo kworudzidziso,” anonyora kudaro munyori wechiJudha Gaalyahu Cornfeld, “asi sechombo chezvamatongerwe enyika mukushora kwavo masimba okuita mitemo avaFarise.”
VaEssene, rimwe boka rorudzidziso, sezvinooneka rakatanga panguva imwe cheteyo. Vakatsauka nouprista hwapamutemo, vachirega kutora rutivi mumibato yorudzidziso nezvibairo patembere, asi norumwe rutivi vachisanonamatira kuMutemo. Mukufanana navaFarise, avo munzira zhinji vakanga vakafanana, vakava vanyajambwa vepesvedzero yavaHellene, vachigamuchira chitendero chomweya usingafi.
Zvimwe bokaro rakanga rine mitezo isingapfuuri 4 000, yose iri vanhurume vakura, mizhinji yayo yakanga isina kuroora. Yaigara mudzimba dzavose munzanga dzakasiana muParestina yose. Encyclopædia Judaica rinotaura nezvekuramba kurwa hondo kwaifungidzirwa, richiti “zvimwe kwakanga kwakafanana nokwokwo kweZvapupu zvaJehovha zvomuzuva razvino uno.” Asi kunooneka kuti vaEssene havana kushandisa zvomenemene kusatora rutivi chaikwoikwo kunochengetwa neZvapupu zvaJehovha nhasi. Pictorial Biblical Encyclopedia yechiJudha inotaura kuti vaEssene “vakarwa muugamba mukupandukira Roma, vamwe vatungamiriri vachibva kwavari.” Josephus wezvenhau wechiJudha anotaura nezvomumwe mutungamiriri akadaro—mumwe “John muEssene” uyo akabatira somukuru mukuru wehondo wechiJudha mukumukira kwa 66 N.V.
Manyoro eGungwa Rakafa, akawanwa muna 1947, anogovera mashoko pamusoro pesekete rorudzidziso reQumran, rinofungwa navamwe vazivi kuva rakafanana navaEssene. Asi kana chiri chikarakadzo chokuti Johane Mubhapatidzi naJesu vaiva veiri boka, kana kuti vanenge vakapesvedzerwa naro, The New Encyclopædia Britanica rinoti: “Pokanidzano dzinokosha . . . dzinorwisana nouku kufungidzira.” Kune “misiano yehwaro iri pakati pesekete reQumrān naJohane Mubhapatidzi . . . [uyewo] misiano mikuru pakati pemirangariro yesekete noukuru hwoushumiri hwaJesu, shoko rake roruponeso, nzwisiso yake yokuda kwaMwari . . . uye, zvikurukuru, vara rake rechienzi romutemo wake worudo uye ushamwaridzani hwake navaiti vezvivi navasina vokwavo vomunzanga.”
Muuchokwadi, boka riri rose rorudzidziso rechiJudha rakashora Johane Mubhapatidzi uye uyo iye akazivisa kuva ari Mesia. Panzvimbo pokuteerera shoko raJohane, vazhinji vavaprista, Josephus anoti, vakatendeukira kuvaZiroti, boka ravamukiri vechiJudha vakanga vakatsunga kuzvisarudzira. Kwamakumi amakore mapoka akadai seiri, aishora udzori hweRoma hwakanga hwatsiva Girisi muna 63 P.N.V., akapfuurira nomubato wokutyisidzira. Pakupedzisira muna 66 N.V., vakamukira pamhene. Ikoku kwakaparira ruparadziko rwetembere yechiJudha nouprista hwavo. Tariro youMesia yakadzikatidzika.
ChiJudha Chisina Tembere, Chisina Uprista
Mazana amakore pamberi pakwo, mukati, kana kuti zvimwe nokukurumidza pashure poutapwa hweBhabhironi, simbiso huru yakanga yaiswa pakuwana zivo yoMutemo. Nzvimbo huru dzomuraidzo, dzinozivikanwa samasinagoge, dzakavakwa, uye pashure pacho tembere yaingoshanyirwa bedzi panhambo chaidzo uye nokuda kwedonzo rokupira zvibairo. Naizvozvo pakuzosvika muzana ramakore rokutanga N.V., kwakanga kuri kwenguva dzose kunamatira mumasinagoge. Ipapo, pashure poruparadziko rwetembere muna 70 N.V., sezvinooneka airangarirwa kuve akaitsiva.
Simbiso zvino yakabviswa pauprista huchisisipo ichiendeswa kuvadzidzisi vaizivikanwa savarabhi. VaSadhuse vakanga vapera somutumbi unobudirira, uye vaEssene vakanga vangotsakatika bedzi, nokudaro vaFarise vakabuda savatungamiriri vasingapokanidzwi. Ellis Rivkin wapaUnion College yavaHebheru anotsanangura pesvedzero yavakanga vanayo. “Mutemo unotaurwa nomuromo wavaFarise wakabudisa Mishnah, Mitemo Yamagamuchidzanwa yeParestina neyeBhabhironi, responsa yavazivi vemitemo, yenguva yapakati, uye yazvino uno, uye mabumbiro akasiana-siana omutemo wechiJudha.” The Encyclopædia Britannica inowedzera, ichiti: “Kunyange nanhasi mapoka echiJudha akasiana-siana, kunyange ari eOrthodox, aMagamuchidzanwa, kana kuti eZvokuchinja, ose anokambira kuti ndeedzinza rakananga romudzimu rinobva kuvaFarise navazivi vourabhi.”
Tariro dzouMesia muDiaspora
Kunyange pamberi pa 70 N.V., mamirioni avaJudha aigara kunze kweParestina, zvikurukuru muSiria, Asia Minor, Bhabhironia, uye Egipita. Zvisinei, pashure pa 70 N.V., vaJudha vapi navapi vachiri vapenyu vakadzurwa chose chose, vakaparadzirwa kuti vandorarame mudiaspora, shoko rechiGiriki ro“kupararira.” Kunyange ikoko, vazhinji vakachengeta tariro yavo yokuzvisarudzira pasi paMesia anouya. Mutungamiriri wechiJudha Bar Kokhba akabvumikisa kuva mesia wenyengedzo, mukusabudirira achiparira kupandukira Roma muna 132 N.V. Mukuwirirana neThe Jewish Encyclopedia, vana mesia vakadaro vane 28 vakaoneka pakati penguva iyeyo uye 1744 N.V.
Nokudaro, zvimwe nomutoo unonzwisisika, tariro youMesia yakava inonyonganiswa. Encyclopædia Judaica inotsanangura, kuti: “Pfungwa yechiJudha muMazera Apakati haina kuwana kunhambo yekare mufungo unotsinhirana, wakabatana waMesia, . . . uye mitemo yamagamuchidzanwa uye Midrashim yakasiana-siana inobatanidza mirangariro mizhinji inopesana.” Mukuvamba somuzana ramakore rechi 12, muzivi wechiJudha Moses Maimonides akataura kuti kutonga kwaMesia zvimwe kwaingova bedzi kwokufananidzira chimiro chakakwirira chenzanga. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, vaJudha veZvokuchinja “vakatsiva chitendero muzera roumesia nokuda kwechitendero muna Mesia ari munhu. . . . Tariro youmesia yakabviswa pavamabiyayo kupfurikidza nokudzokera kwenhapwa kuZioni.”
Nokukurumidza pamberi paikoku, sangano reHaskalah (Vhenekero) muEurope rakanyonganisazve nhau yacho. Rakasimudzira chiJudha chakanga chichidisa kuchinjira kumararamiro okuMadokero. Rakabetsera kukamuranisa vaJudha mukuva avo vanorangarira kuzvisarudzira mukugadza nyika yokwavo yechiJudha muudzori hwaMesia kuva chinhu chokutanga chinokosha, uye avo vanofunga kuti batano muupenyu hwenyika yechibarirwe yakanga iri youkoshi hukuru zvikuru.
Izvi zvinoitika, uye nokumukirwa kwavanhu venyika yokwaShemi, kwakaparira kuberekwa kweChizioni chazvino uno, chakavambwa naTheodor Herzl pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19. Nhasi, muna May 1989, makore 41 kuenda kumwedzi wapashure wokuwanwa kweHurumende yeIsraeri, vaJudha vari kufarikanya kuzvisarudzira senzanga yechiJudha munyika yokwavo yechiJudha yaairangarira. Tariro yavo youMesia yakazadzika here?
Kana zvakadaro, neiko vamwe vaJudha, mukuwirirana neThe Times yeLondon, vachiona “muChizioni ushati hwakava hwechokwadi kupfurikidza nokuvamba kweIsraeri”? Neiko mushakabvu wezvenhau Theodore H. White, iye amene ari muJudha, achibvuma pamhene, kuti: “Kunenge kuna masekete mazhinji akasiana avaJudha, anorwisana, . . . sezvaaripo pakati pavaPurotesitandi”? Neiko magazini yeTime, ichirereudzira ngwariro muna 1987 kumapato orudzidziso anorwisana mukati momutumbi une mitezo 120 wezvamatongerwe enyika, Knesset, yakanyora, kuti: “Chigadzikiso chinogara narini chinofanira kuwanwa kana Israeri . . . asati achizova imba yakakamukana zvikurusa”?
Kuzvisarudzira kwazvino uno kwechiJudha hakugoveri tariro nokuda kwenguva yemberi. Kupfurikidza nokuvimba navezvamatongerwe enyika vohunhu kuzadzika tariro yavo youMesia, chiJudha chakafuratira mashoko amanyoro matsvene acho chimene: “Kuri nani zvikuru kutizira muna ISHE panokuvimba nomunhu. . . . Musavimba namachinda, kana kuti nomwanakomana womunhu, uyo asina betsero maari.”—Pisarema 118:8; 146:3, The Holy Scriptures, rakabudiswa neSangano reZvinyorwa reAmerica rechiJudha.
Mukusiana nechinetso china vaJudha vazhinji nhasi mukuziva tariro yavo youMesia, chiverengero chakati kuti chavakare vavo shure muzana ramakore rokutanga N.V. chakanga chisitongorina chinetso. (Ona Johane 1:41.) Vakava vateveri voUyo wavakagamuchira saMesia, vachiva vamiriri vanoshingaira vorudzidziso rwatinogona kuidza nomutoo wakakodzera kuti “Nzira yoKutenda, Tariro, Uye Rudo.” Nyaya yedu inotevera ichatsanangura.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]
Chidziro chokuMadokero, chinowanzonzi Chidziro Chokuchemera, ndicho bedzi china vaJudha chasara chetembere yavo tsvene, yakaparadzwa muna 70 N.V.