Chiedza Chinogumisa Nhambo Yerima

NYIKA yaJesu Kristu navaapostora vake yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru neiyo yenguva dzaMagwaro echiHebheru. Varavi veBhaibheri vasingazivi nezvaikoku vangafungidzira kupfuurira kwenzanga norudzidziso kubva kumuporofita Maraki kusvikira kumunyori weEvhangeri Mateo, vachingonzwisisa bedzi zvisina kujeka zvakaitika mukati memakore 400 ari pakati pawo.

Maraki, bhuku rokupedzisira raMagwaro echiHebheru mumaBhaibheri mazhinjisa omuzuva razvino, rinopedzisa navakasarira vaIsraeri vadzikamazve munyika yokumusha kwavo pashure pokunge vasunungurwa muutapwa muBhabhironi. (Jeremia 23:3) VaJudha vakanga vakazvipira vakakurudzirwa kumirira zuva raMwari rorutongeso kuti ribvise munyika uipi ndokutanga Nhambo yaMesiya. (Maraki 4:1, 2) Munguvayo, Persia yaitonga. Mauto ePersia aigara muJudha akachengeta rugare ndokutsigira mirayiro youmambo kupfurikidza nesimba ramauto.—Enzanisa naEzra 4:23.

Zvisinei, nyika dzeBhaibheri hadzina kuramba dzakaterama mumazana mana amakore ose akatevera. Rima romudzimu nenyongano zvakavamba kuvhozhokera. Near East yakavhiringidzwa namasimba masimba, ugandanga, udzvinyiriri, kufunga kworudzidziso kwokunyanyisa, uzivi hwokufungidzira, uye kuvhiringidzwa kunoparirwa netsika dzokumwe.

Mateo, bhuku rokutanga raMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu, rakanyorwa munhambo yakasiyana. Hondo dzeRoma dzakatarisira kuchengetwa kwePax Romana, kana kuti Rugare rweRoma. Vanhu vairemekedzwa vakamirira nokudisa kuuya kwaMesiya kuti kuparadze kutambura, udzvanyiriri, uye urombo, uye kuvhenekera upenyu, rubudiriro, uye runyararo. (Enzanisa naRuka 1:67-79; 24:21; 2 Timotio 1:10.) Ngatisanorangarirei mauto aiva nesimba ayo akagadziridza nzanga yechiJudha mumazana amakore akatangira kuberekwa kwaJesu Kristu.

Upenyu hwechiJudha Munguva dzePersia

Pashure pokuzivisa kwaKoreshi uko kwakasunungura vaJudha muutapwa hweBhabhironi, muna 537 B.C.E. boka ravaJudha navasonganiri vakanga vasiri vaJudha rakabva muBhabhironia. Ava vakasarira vakadavidza nenzira yomudzimu vakadzokera kunyika yamaguta akaparadzwa nenyika yakaitwa dongo. VaEdhomi, vaFenikia, vaSamaria, ndudzi dzavaArabhu, uye vamwe vakanga vaderedza nyika yaIsraeri yaichimbova huru pane imwe nguva. Yakasara yaJudha naBenjamini yakava ruwa rwaJudha muruwa rwagavhuna rwePersia rwainzi Abar Nahara (Mhiri kwoRwizi).—Ezra 1:1-4; 2:64, 65.

Mukutonga kwePersia, Judha yakavamba kuva ne“nhambo yewedzero uye kukura kwavagari vemo,” rinodaro The Cambridge History of Judaism. Maererano neJerusarema rinotizve: “Vanhuwo zvavo navashanyi vokunzvimbo tsvene vakaunza zvipo, Tembere neguta zvakapfuma, uye upfumi hwazvo hwakakwezva vatengesi vokumwe nemhizha.” Kunyange zvazvo vaPersia vakanga vachishivirira zvikuru hurumende norudzidziso zvomunzvimbomo, kubhadhara mitero kwakanga kwakakomba uye kwaigona kubhadharwa bedzi nesimbi dzinokosha.—Enzanisa naNehemia 5:1-5, 15; 9:36, 37; 13:15, 16, 20.

Makore okupedzisira eUmambo hwePersia akanga ari nguva dzokusagadzikana zvikuru, dzakaratidzirwa nekumukira kwavanagavhuna. VaJudha vazhinji vakava vanobatanidzwa mukumukira muMediterranean Coast uye vakaendeswa kure kuchamhembe, kuHyrcania paCaspian Sea. Zvisinei, rutivi rukurusa rweJudha haruratidziki serwakatapurwa nokuita kwePersia kwokuranga.

Nguva yeGreece

Alexander Mukuru akabuda sembada paMiddle East muna 332 B.C.E., asi kuda zvinhu zvaipinzwa muGreece kwakanga kwatomutangira. (Dhanieri 7:6) Achiziva kuti tsika dzeGreece dzakanga dzine ukoshi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, noune akatanga kuita kuti umambo hwake hwakanga huchikura huve hweGreece. ChiGiriki chakava mutauro womunyika dzakawanda. Kutonga kupfupi kwaAlexander kwakakurudzira kuda kurangarira kunonyengera, mbavarira yemitambo, uye kunzwisisa uzivi hworunako. Pashoma napashoma, kunyange gamuchidzanwa rechiJudha rakatera kuchiGiriki.

Pashure porufu rwaAlexander muna 323 B.C.E., vatsivi vake muSyria neEgipita vakanga vari vokutanga kuita mabasa ayo muporofita Dhanieri akadana kuti “mambo wokuchamhembe” uye “mambo wokumaodzanyemba.” (Dhanieri 11:1-19, NW) Mukati mokutonga kwa“mambo wokuchamhembe” weEgipita, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 B.C.E.), Magwaro echiHebheru akavamba kushandurirwa muchiKoine, chiGiriki chavose. Iyi shanduro yakasvika pakudanwa kuti Septuagint. Ndima zhinji dzebhuku iri dzakanokorwa mashoko muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki. Mutauro wechiGiriki wakabvumikisa kuva wakaisvonaka nokuda kwokupa mwero inojekesa yerevo kunyika yakanga yavhiringidzwa mumudzimu neyakaitwa rima.

Pashure pokunge Antiochus IV Epiphanes ava mambo weSyria nomutongi wePalestine (175-164 B.C.E.), chiJudha chakadokuparadzwa nechitambudzo chaitsigirwa nehurumende. VaJudha vakamanikidzwa, mutyisidziro yorufu, kuramba Jehovha Mwari uye kubayira bedzi kuvamwari vechiGikiri. Muna December 168 B.C.E., atari yechihedheni yakavakwa pamusoro peatari huru yaJehovha patembere yeJerusarema, uye zvibayiro zvakapiwa pairi kuna Zeus weOlympia. Varume vakakatyamadzwa asi vaine ushingi vekumaruwa vakabatana muutungamiriri hwaJudas Maccabaeus ndokurwa hondo yakakasharara kusvikira vava varidzi veJerusarema. Tembere yakatsaurirwazve kuna Mwari, uye makore matatu chaiwoiwo pashure pokusvipiswa kwayo, zvibayiro zvezuva nezuva zvakamutsidzirwa.

Mukufambira mberi kwenhambo yechiGiriki yakasara, avo venzanga yechiJudha vakatsvaka noukono kukudza nyika yavo kusvikira kumiganhu yayo yakare. Ushingi hwavo hwechiuto hwakanga huchangobva kuwanwa hwakashandiswa nenzira isati iri youmwari kumanikidza vavakidzani vavo vechihedheni kutendeuka patyisidziro yerufu nomunondo. Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, rondedzero yechiGiriki yezvamatongerwe enyika yakapfuurira kudzora maguta nemataundi.

Mukati menguva iyi, vairwira uprista hukuru vaiwanzova vakashata. Mazano, kuponda, uye matandi ezvamatongerwe enyika zvakasvipisa nzvimbo yavo. Apo mudzimu usati uri woumwari waiwanda pakati pavaJudha, mitambo yechiGiriki yaiva inofarirwa zvikuru. Kwaikatyamadza sei kuona vaprista vaduku vachiregeredza mabasa avo kuti vatore rutivi mumitambo yacho! Vemitambo vechiJudha vakatobvuma kuvhiyiwa kunorwadza kuti vave “vasina kudzingiswa” kuita kuti vadzivise nyadzi apo vaikwikwidza vasina kupfeka naVamarudzi.—Enzanisa na1 VaKorinte 7:18.

Chinjo Dzorudzidziso

Pakuvamba mumakore apashure poutapwa, vaJudha vakatendeka vakadzivisa kusangana kwemirangariro neuzivi zvechihedheni nerudzidziso rwechokwadi rwakaziviswa mumagwaro echiHebheru. Bhuku raEstere, rakanyorwa pashure pemakore anopfuura 60 esonganiro yapedyo nePersia, harina kana chisaririra chechiZoroaster. Kupfuurirazve, hapana pesvedzero yeurwu rudzidziso rwePersia rwunowanika mumabhuku eBhaibheri aEzra, Nehemia, kana kuti Maraki, ose akanyorwa mukati morutivi rwokutanga rwenhambo yePersia (537-443 B.C.E.).

Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti mukati morutivi rwokupedzisira rwenhambo yePersia, vaJudha vazhinji vakavamba kugamuchira mimwe yemirangariro yavanamati vaAhura Mazda, mwari mukuru wePersia. Ikoku kunooneka mukutenda mashura kwakakurumbira nezvitendero zvavaEssene. Mashoko echiHebheru aizivikanwa navose nokuda kwamakava, zvimwe zvisikwa zvomurenje, uye shiri dzousiku akava anobatanidzwa mupfungwa dzechiJudha nemidzimu yakaipa nezvikara zvousiku zvengano dzeBhabhironi nePersia.

VaJudha vakavamba kutarira pfungwa dzechihedheni mumurangariro wakasiyana. Mirangariro yedenga, hero, mweya, Shoko (Logos), uye uchenjeri zvose zvakava nerevo itsva. Uye kudai, sezvakanga zvichidzidziswa panguva iyeyo, Mwari akanga ari kure kwazvo zvokuti akanga asati achakurukura navanhu, aida varevereri. VaGiriki vaidana midzimu iyi yaireverera nokuchengeta kuti madaimon. Vagamuchira pfungwa yokuti madaimon (madhemoni) aigona kuva akanaka kana kuti akashata, vaJudha vakava vananyajambwa vari nyore veudzori hwamadhemoni.

Chinjo inovaka yaibatanidza kunamata kwomunzvimbomo. Masinagoge akaoneka nokukurumidza senzvimbo idzo ungano dzomunharaunda yavaJudha dzaisangana nokuda kwedzidzo nemabasa zvorudzidziso. Hakuzivikanwi chaizvoizvo kuti masinagoge echiJudha akavamba rini, kupi, uye sei. Sezvo aiita zvaidikanwa zvavaJudha munyika dziri kure nokuda kwokunamata apo vakanga vasingagoni kuenda kutembere, kunowanzodavirwa kuti masinagoge akavambwa munguva dzoutapwa kana kuti dzapashure poutapwa. Nenzira inokosha, akava nzvimbo dzavose dzakaisvonaka nokuda kwaJesu navadzidzi vake ku‘zivisa zvakafara zvakaisvonaka zvaMwari, uyo anodana vanhu kubuda murima kupinda muchiedza chake chinoshamisa.’—1 Petro 2:9.

ChiJudha Chakagamuchira Mifungo Yakasiyana-siyana Yamapoka Avanhu

Muzana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E., mifungo yakasiyana-siyana yamapoka avanhu yakavamba kubuda. Akanga asiri masangano orudzidziso akaparadzana. Panzvimbo pezvo, akanga ari masangano maduku avafundisi vechiJudha, vazivi, uye vashingairi vezvematongerwe enyika avo vaitsvaka kupesvedzera vanhu ndokudzora rudzi rwacho, vose vari pasi pechiJudha.

VaSadhuse vakaitwa vezvematongerwe enyika vakanga vari zvikurukuru machinda akapfuma, vaizivikanwa nokuda kweunyanzvi hwavo hwokugona kutaura kubvira pakumukira kwavaMaccabee pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E. Vazhinjisa vavo vakanga vari vaprista, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vakanga vari vana muzvinabhizimisi uye varidzi venzvimbo. Pakasvika nguva yakaberekwa Jesu, vaSadhuse vazhinjisa vaida kutonga kweRoma Palestine nemhaka yokuti vaifunga kuti yakanga yakadzikama zvikuru uye sezvingabvira kuchengeta zvaiitika zvehurumende. (Enzanisa naJohane 11:47, 48.) Vashomanene (vaHerodhe) vaidavira kuti kutonga kwemhuri yaHerodhe kwaizokodzera zviri nani mufungo worudzi. Zvisinei hazvo, vaSadhuse vaisada kuti rudzi rwacho rwuve mumaoko avanyanyisi vechiJudha kana kuti kuva nomumwe munhu kunze kwavaprista kuti adzore tembere. Zvitendero zvavaSadhuse zvakanga zvisingachinji, zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru padudziro yavo yamanyoro aMosesi, uye vairatidzira chishoro chavo kusekete raiva nesimba ravaFarise. (Mabasa 23:6-8) VaSadhuse vakaramba uporofita hweMagwaro echiHebheru sefungidziro. Vaidzidzisa kuti mabhuku eBhaibheri enhau, enhetembwa, uye ezvirevo akanga asina kufuridzirwa uye akanga asingakoshi.

VaFarise vakavamba mukati menhambo yeGreece sokuita kune simba kuchiGiriki chairwisana nechiJudha. Pakasvika zuva raJesu, zvisinei, vakanga vava vatendeutsi navadzidzisi vakaoma, vakasungwa namagamuchidzanwa, vaisimbisa mitemo zvikuru, vaidada, vaizviruramisa avo vaitsvaka kudzora rudzi kupfurikidza nomurayiridzo wesinagoge. Vakabva zvikurukuru kuboka rapakati uye vaizvidza vanhuwo zvavo. Jesu airangarira vaFarise vazhinjisa savadi vemari vaiva noudyire, vaisava nengoni vairatidzira unyengeri. (Mateo, ganhuro 23) Vaigamuchira Magwaro ose echiHebheru maererano nekutsanangura kwavo vamene asi vaibatanidza ukoshi hwakaenzana kana kuti hukuru zvikuru kumagamuchidzanwa avo aitaurwa. Vaitaura kuti magamuchidzanwa avo akanga ari “fenzi yakapoteredza Mutemo.” Panzvimbo pokuva fenzi, zvisinei, magamuchidzanwa avo aiita kuti Shoko raMwari risashande uye aikangaidza vanhu.—Mateo 23:2-4; Marko 7:1, 9-13.

VaEssene vaiva vadaviri vezvakavanzika avo sezviri pachena vaigara munzanga shomanene dzakanga dziri dzoga. Vaizvirangarira vamene sevakasarira vechokwadi vaIsraeri, vaimirira murucheno kugamuchira Mesiya akapikirwa. VaEssene vairarama upenyu hwokufungisisa kwokuzvinyima kutsvene, uye zvakawanda zvezvitendero zvavo zvairatidzira mirangariro yePersia neGreece.

Mhatsa dzinoverengeka dzavaZealot vaisundwa mune zvorudzidziso, vaida nyika yavo zvokunyanyisa nokurangarira nenzira yokuponda savavengi munhu ari wose aidzongonyedza hurumende yakanga yakazvimirira yechiJudha. Vakafananidzwa navaMaccabee uye vaifadza zvikurukuru majaya aifungidzira, aizvipinza mungozi. Vaionwa semhondi kana kuti varwi vanodzivisa, vaishandisa matandi ougandanga uko kwakaita kuti nzira dzokumaruwa nenzvimbo dzavose dzive dzine ngozi uye vakawedzera nyanduko dzezuva racho.

MuEgipita, uzivi hwechiGiriki hwakabudirira pakati pavaJudha vaAlexander. Kubva ipapo hwakapararira kuPalestine uye kuvaJudha vakanga vakapararira zvikuru veDiaspora. Varondedzeri vechiJudha avo vakanyora Apocrypha nePseudepigrapha vakadudzira manyoro aMosesi sengano dzisina kujeka, dzisina kurongwa.

Pakanga pasvika nhambo yeRoma, Kuchinjirwa kuchiGiriki kwakanga kwachinja zvechigarire Palestine munzanga, muzvamatongerwe enyika, uye muuzivi. Rudzidziso rwavaJudha rweBhaibheri rwakanga rwatsviviwa nechiJudha, musanganiswa wemifungo yeBhabhironi, yePersia, uye yeGreece zvakabatanidzwa neuwandu hwakati hwezvokwadi yapaMagwaro. Pamwe chete, zvisinei, vaSadhuse, vaFarise, uye vaEssene vakaumba iri pasi pe7 muzana yerudzi rwacho. Vakabatwa muchamupupuri cheaya masimba airwisana vakanga vari vanhuwo zvavo vechiJudha, vaka“rashwa, samakwai asina mufudzi.”—Mateo 9:36.

Jesu Kristu akapinda munyika iyoyo yakanga ine rima. Kokero yake inokurudzira yainyaradza: “Uyai kwandiri, imi mose makaneta, makaremerwa, ini ndichakuzorodzai.” (Mateo 11:28) Kunofadza sei kumunzwa achiti: “Ndini chiedza chenyika”! (Johane 8:12) Uye chipikirwa chake chinofadza, zvirokwazvo, chakanga chiri ichi: “Unonditevera haangatongofambi murima, asi uchava nechiedza choupenyu.”—Johane 8:12.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Jesu akaratidza kuti vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vechiJudha vakanga vari murima romudzimu

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Mari ine mufananidzo waAntiochus IV (Epiphanes)

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Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.