Mutemo Kristu Asati Asvika

“Haiwa, ndinoda murau wenyu seiko! Ndicho chandinofungisisa zuva rose.”—PISAREMA 119:97.

1. Chii chinodzora kufamba kwemitumbi yomudenga?

KUBVA pauduku, Jobho sezvingabvira akanga atarira nyeredzi kumatenga achishamiswa. Zvichida, vabereki vake vakanga vamudzidzisa mazita emapoka makuru enyeredzi uye zvavaiziva pamusoro pemitemo yaidzora kufamba kwemapoka acho enyeredzi mudenga. Pashure pokurangarira zvose, vanhu munguva dzakare vaishandisa kufamba kwakatsiga kwaaya mapoka enyeredzi akaisvonaka kuti varatidze mwaka inochinja. Asi kwenguva dzose dzaakatarira kwaari mukushamiswa, Jobho akanga asingazivi kuti masimbai makuru aibatanidza pamwe chete aya mapoka enyeredzi. Nokudaro, akanga asingagoni kupindura apo Jehovha Mwari akamubvunza, kuti: “Iwe wakanzwisisa mitemo yokudenga here?” (Jobho 38:31-33, The New Jerusalem Bible) Hungu, nyeredzi dzinodzorwa nemitemo—mitemo yakarurama kwazvo uye yakaoma kunzwisisa iyo masayendisiti anhasi asati achinzwisisa zvizere.

2. Nei kungataurwa kuti chisiko chose chinodzorwa nomutemo?

² Jehovha ndiye Mupi weMitemo Mukurusa muchisiko chose. Mabasa ake ose anodzorwa nomutemo. Mwanakomana wake anodiwa, “dangwe rezvisikwa zvose,” akanga achiteerera nokutendeka mutemo waBaba vake chisiko chose chinooneka chisati chavapo! (VaKorose 1:15) Ngiroziwo dzinotungamirirwa nomutemo. (Pisarema 103:20) Kunyange mhuka dzinodzorwa nomutemo sezvo dzinoteerera mirayiro yomusikirwo iyo Musiki wadzo akaronga madziri.—Zvirevo 30:24-28; Jeremia 8:7.

3. (a) Nei rudzi rwomunhu ruchida mitemo? (b) Jehovha akadzora rudzi rwaIsraeri nomutooi?

³ Zvakadini norudzi rwomunhu? Kunyange zvazvo takakomborerwa nezvipo zvakadai seuchenjeri, tsika, uye umudzimu, tichiri vanoda mwero wakati womutemo woumwari kutitungamirira mukushandisa aya mano. Vabereki vedu vokutanga, Adhama naEvha, vakanga vakakwana, zvokuti mitemo mishomanene bedzi yaidikanwa kuvatungamirira. Kuda Baba vavo vokudenga kwaifanira kuvapa chikonzero chikuru chokuteerera nomufaro. Asi havana kuteerera. (Genesi 1:26-28;2:15-17; 3:6-19) Somugumisiro, vana vavo vakanga vari zvisikwa zvinotadza zvaida mitemo yakawanda zvikuru yokugovera nhungamiro. Nokupfuura kwenguva, Jehovha nenzira yorudo akagovera ichi chinodikanwa. Akapa Noa mitemo yakananga yaaifanira kupfuudzira kumhuri yake. (Genesi 9:1-7) Mazana amakore gare gare, kupfurikidza naMosesi, Mwari akapa rudzi rutsva rwaIsraeri bumbiro reMitemo rine udzame, rakanyorwa. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yokutanga iyo Jehovha akadzora rudzi rwose kupfurikidza nomutemo woumwari. Kunzvera Mutemo iwoyo kuchatibetsera kunzwisisa basa rinokosha rinoita mutemo iwoyo woumwari muupenyu hwavaKristu nhasi.

Mutemo waMosesi—Chinangwa Chawo

4. Nei kwaizova denho kuti vazukuru vakasarudzwa vaAbrahama vabereke Mbeu yakapikirwa?

⁴ Muapostora Pauro, mudzidzi mukuru woMutemo, akabvunza, kuti: “Naizvozvo murayiro chinyiko?” (VaGaratia 3:19) Kuti tipindure, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti Jehovha akapikira shamwari yake Abrahama kuti mutsara wemhuri yake waizobereka Mbeu yaizounza zvikomborero zvikuru kumarudzi ose. (Genesi 22:18) Asi muno maiva nedenho: vazukuru vakasarudzwa vaAbrahama, vaIsraeri, vakanga vasiri vanhu vose vaida Jehovha. Sezvo nguva yakapfuurira, vazhinjisa vakabvumikisa kuva vakaoma mitsipa, vanopandukira—vamwe vakanga vasingambodzoreki! (Eksodho 32:9; Dheutoronomio 9:7) Nokuda kwavakadaro, kuva pakati pevanhu vaMwari kwaingova zvakwo nemhaka yokuberekwa, kwete nemhaka yechisarudzo.

5. (a) Jehovha akadzidzisei vaIsraeri kupfurikidza noMutemo waMosesi? (b) Ko Mutemo wakanga wakagadzirwa sei kuti utapure mufambiro wavatsigiri vawo?

⁵ Vanhu vakadaro vaigona sei kubereka ndokubetserwa neMbeu yakapikirwa? Pazvimbo pokuvadzora samarobhoti, Jehovha akavadzidzisa kupfurikidza nomutemo. (Pisarema 119:33-35; Isaya 48:17) Kutaura idi, shoko rechiHebheru nokuda kwo“mutemo,” toh·rahʹ, rinoreva “murayiridzo.” Wakadzidzisei? Zvikurukuru wakadzidzisa vaIsraeri kuda kwavo Mesiya, uyo aizovanunura mukutadza kwavo. (VaGaratia 3:24) Mutemo wakadzidzisawo rutyo rwoumwari uye kuteerera. Mutsinhirano nechipikirwa chaAbrahama, vaIsraeri vaifanira kubatira sezvapupu zvaJehovha kumamwe marudzi ose. Naizvozvo Mutemo waifanira kuvadzidzisa mufambiro wakakwirira, wakaisvonaka uyo waizoratidzira zvakanaka Jehovha; waizobatsira vaIsraeri kuramba vakaparadzana nemiitiro yakashata yamarudzi akavapoteredza.—Revhitiko 18:24, 25; Isaya 43:10-12.

6. (a) Mutemo waMosesi une mirau inenge mingani, uye nei nhamba iyoyo isingafaniri kurangarirwa sokunyanyisa? (Ona mashoko omuzasi.) (b) Inzwisisoi yatingawana kupfurikidza nokufunda Mutemo waMosesi?

⁶ Hakushamisi, ipapoka, kuti Mutemo waMosesi wakanga une mirayiro yakawanda—inopfuura 600.a Iri bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa raidzora nzvimbo dzokunamata, hurumende, tsika, ruramisiro, kunyange zvokudya uye utsanana. Ikoko kunoreva here, kunyange zvakadaro, kuti Mutemo waingovawo zvayo mirau yakaoma nemirayiro mipfupi? Nyangwe! Kufundwa kweiri bumbiro roMutemo kunopa nzwisiso muunhu hune rudo hwaJehovha. Rangarira mimwe mienzaniso.

Mutemo Wairatidzira Ngoni Netsitsi

7, 8. (a) Mutemo wakasimbisa sei ngoni uye tsitsi? (b) Jehovha akashandisa sei Mutemo nenzira yengoni muchiitiko chaDhavhidhi?

⁷ Mutemo wakasimbisa ngoni netsitsi, zvikurukuru nokuda kwevakaderera kana kuti vasina betsero. Chirikadzi nenherera vakasarudzwa nokuda kwedziviriro. (Eksodho 22:22-24) Zvipfuwo zvebasa zvakadzivirirwa pautsinye. Kodzero huru dzezvinhu dzairemekedzwa. (Dheuteronomio 24:10; 25:4) Nepo Mutemo wakarayira chirango chorufu nokuda kwokuponda, wakaita kuti ngoni dziwanike muzviitiko zvokuuraya kwetsaona. (Numeri 35:11) Sezvinooneka, vatongi vaIsraeri vakanga vane rusununguko rwokusarudza pachirango chaipiwa nokuda kwedzimwe mhaka, zvichitsamira pachimiro chendangariro chomuiti wechakaipa.—Enzanisa Eksodho 22:7 naRevhitiko 6:1-7.

⁸ Jehovha akagadzira vatongi muenzaniso kupfurikidza nokushandisa Mutemo nesimba pakwakanga kuri madikanwa asi nengoni kwose pakwaibvira. Mambo Dhavhidhi, uyo akanga aita upombwe uye akaponda, akaratidzirwa ngoni. Hakusi kuti haana kurangwa, nokuti Jehovha haana kumudzivirira pamigumisiro inotyisa yakabva muchivi chake. Bva, nemhaka yesungano yoUmambo uye nemhaka yokuti Dhavhidhi akanga ari munhu ane ngoni nomuzvarirwo uye akanga ane chimiro chomwoyo chokupfidza kukuru, haana kuurawa.—1 Samueri 24:4-7; 2 Samueri 7:16; Pisarema 51:1-4; Jakobho 2:13.

9. Rudo rwakaita rutivii muMutemo waMosesi?

⁹ Mukuwedzera, Mutemo waMosesi wakasimbisa rudo. Fungidzira imwe yenyika dzanhasi ine bumbiro romutemo rinoda chaizvoizvo rudo! Nokudaro, Mutemo waMosesi wakanga usingadzivisi bedzi kuponda; wakarayira, kuti: “Unofanira kuda wokwako sezvaunozvida iwe.” (Revhitiko 19:18) Hauna bedzi kudzivisa kubatwa kusina ruramisiro kwavagari vokumwe; wakarayira, kuti: “Unofanira kumuda sezvaunozvida iwe, nokuti nemiwo makanga muri vatorwa munyika yeEgipita.” (Revhitiko 19:34) Hauna bedzi kurambidza upombwe; wakarayira kuti murume afadze mudzimai wake amene! (Dheuteronomio 24:5) Mubhuku raDheuteronomio moga, mashoko echiHebheru anoratidzira vara rorudo anoshandiswa ka20. Jehovha akavimbisa vaIsraeri rudo rwake amene—munguva yakapfuura, munguvayo, uye munguva yemberi. (Dheuteronomio 4:37; 7:12-14) Chaizvoizvo, murayiro mukurusa woMutemo waMosesi wakanga uri: “Unofanira kuda Jehovha Mwari wako nomwoyo wako wose uye nemweya wako wose uye nesimba rako rose.” (Dheuteronomio 6:5) Jesu akataura kuti Mutemo wose unotsamira pauyu murayiro, pamwe chete nomurayiro wokuda muvakidzani wako. (Revhitiko 19:18; Mateo 22:37-40) Hakushamisi kuti wezvamapisarema akanyora, kuti: “Haiwa, ndinoda murau wenyu seiko! Ndicho chandinofungisisa zuva rose.”—Pisarema 119:97.

Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira kwoMutemo

10. VaJudha, zvikurusa, vakarangarira sei Mutemo waMosesi?

¹⁰ Kwaiva nengwavaira sei, ipapoka, kuti vaIsraeri vakashaiwa kuonga kukuru nokuda kwoMutemo waMosesi! Vanhu havana kuteera Mutemo, vakaufuratira, kana kuti kutokanganwa nezvawo. Vakasvipisa kunamata kwakachena nemiitiro inonyangadza yorudzidziso yamamwe marudzi. (2 Madzimambo 17:16, 17; Pisarema 106:13, 35-38) Uye vakasiya Mutemo mudzimwe nzirawo.

11, 12.(a) Mapoka avatungamiriri vorudzidziso akaita sei kuvadziko pashure pemazuva aEzra? (Ona bhokisi.) (b) Nei vanarabhi vekare vakanzwa kuri madikanwa ku“komberedza mutemo”?

¹¹ Imwe kuvadziko yakaipisisa kuMutemo yakaitwa naavo vamene vaiti vanodzidzisa nokuuchengetedza. Ikoku kwakaitika pashure pamazuva omunyori akatendeka Ezra womuzana ramakore rechishanu B.C.E. Ezra akarwisa zvakasimba pesvedzero inoshatsa yamamwe marudzi uye akasimbisa kuraviwa nokudzidziswa kwoMutemo. (Ezra 7:10; Nehemia 8:5-8) Vamwe vadzidzisi voMutemo vaiti vanotevera mumakwara aEzra uye vakaumba iro rakazonzi “Sinagoge Guru.” Pakati pokutaura kwaro paiva nomurayiro uyu: “Komberedza Mutemo.” Ava vadzidzisi vakarangarira kuti Mutemo wakanga wakafanana nebindu rinokosha. Kuitira kuti pasava navaipinda muiri bindu kupfurikidza nokudarika mitemo yaro, vakaita mimwe mitemo, “Mutemo Unotaurwa,” kudzivisa vanhu kuti vasasvika pedyo nechikanganiso chakadaro.

¹² Vamwe vangataura kuti vatungamiriri vechiJudha vairuramiswa mukurangarira neiyi nzira. Pashure pezuva raEzra vaJudha vakadzorwa nemasimba okumwe, zvikurukuru Girisi. Kuti vakurire pesvedzero youzivi hwechiGiriki uye tsika, mapoka avatungamiriri vorudzidziso akamuka pakati pavaJudha. (Ona bhokisi, papeji 10.) Munguva mamwe eaya mapoka akasvika pakukwikwidza uye kunyange kupfuura uprista hwavaRevhi sevadzidzisi voMutemo. (Enzanisa naMaraki 2:7.) Pakasvika 200 B.C.E., mutemo unotaurwa wakavamba kupesvedzera upenyu hwechiJudha. Pakutanga iyi mitemo yakanga isingafaniri kunyorwa, kutyira kuti yaizorangarirwa seyakaenzana noMutemo wakanyorwa. Asi pashoma napashoma, kufunga kwomunhu kwakaiswa pamberi pokwoumwari, zvokuti pakupedzisira uku “kukomberedza” kwakakuvadza chaizvoizvo “bindu” rimene rakwairangarirwa kudzivirira.

Kushatsa kwechiFarise

13. Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vechiJudha vakaruramisa sei kuitwa kwemitemo yakawanda?

¹³ Vanarabhi vakarangarira kuti sezvo Torah, kana kuti Mutemo waMosesi, wakanga wakakwana, waifanira kuva nemhinduro kumubvunzo uri wose ungamuka. Uyu mufungo wakanga usiri wokuremekedza zvapachokwadi. Chaizvozvo, wakapa vanarabhi mvumo yokushandisa kurangarira kwokuchenjera kwavanhu, vachikuita kuoneke kuti Shoko raMwari rakanga riri hwaro hwemitemo parudzi rwose rwenhau—dzomunhu oga, dzenhando hadzo.

14. (a) Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vechiJudha vakatambanudza sei murayiro wapaMagwaro wokuparadzana namarudzi kusvikira kukunyanyisa kusiri kwapamagwaro? (b) Chii chinoratidza kuti mitemo yavanarabhi yakakundikana kudzivirira vaJudha papesvedzero yechihedheni?

¹⁴ Kazhinji kazhinji vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vakatora mirayiro yapaMagwaro ndokuisvitsa kukunyanyisa. Somuenzaniso, Mutemo waMosesi wakatsigira kuparadzana namarudzi, asi vanarabhi vakaparidza chimiro chokuzvidza kusina mufungo chinhu chiri chose chaisava chechiJudha. Vakadzidzisa kuti muJudha aisafanira kusiya mombe yake munzvimbo yaVamarudzi, nokuti vaMarudzi “vanofungidzirwa kuva vanovatana nemhuka.” Mukadzi wechiJudha akanga asingabvumirwi kuyamura mukadzi waVamarudzi aisununguka nemhaka yokuti nomutoo iwoyo “aizova achiyamura mwana wokunamata chidhori.” Sezvo ivo vakanga vachinyumwira nenzira yakafanira mitambo yechiGiriki, vanarabhi vairambidza mitambo yose. Nhau inobvumikisa kuti uku kwose hakuna kuita zvakawanda kudzivirira vaJudha pazvitendero zvaVamarudzi. Kutaura idi, vaFarise vamene vakasvika pakudzidzisa dzidziso yechiGiriki yokusafa kwomweya!— Ezekieri 18:4.

15. Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vechiJudha vakashatisa sei mitemo yokuchenesa uye vatano pakati pehama dzokunyama?

¹⁵ VaFarise vakashatisawo mitemo yorucheno. Kwakataurwa kuti vaFarise vaichenesa zuva rimene kana vakapiwa mukana. Mutemo wavo waitaura kuti kunonoka “kuenda kuchimbudzi” kwaisvibisa munhu! Kugeza maoko kwakava muitiro wakaoma, une mitemo pamusoro pokuti ruoko rwupi rwunofanira kutanga kugezwa uye sei. Vakadzi zvikurukuru vairangarirwa savasina kuchena. Pahwaro hwomurayiro wapaMagwaro wokusa“swedera” muvatano nehama yokunyama ipi neipi (chaizvoizvo mutemo wairambidza vatano pakati pehama), vanarabhi vakarayira kuti murume aisafanira kufamba shure kwomudzimai wake; uyewo aisafanira kukurukura naye mumusika.—Revhitiko 18:6.

16, 17. Mutemo unotaurwa wakawedzera sei murayiro wokuchengeta Sabata revhiki nevhiki, uye nomugumisiroi?

¹⁶ Kwaizivikanwa nenzira yakaipa zvikuru ndiko kunyomba kwomudzimu uko mutemo unotaurwa wakaita pamutemo weSabata. Mwari akapa Israeri murayiro wakapfava: Musaita basa ripi neripi pazuva rechinomwe revhiki. (Eksodho 20:8-11) Zvisinei, mutemo unotaurwa wakapfuurira kurondedzera mamwe marudzi 39 emabasa anorambidzwa, kubatanidza kusunga kana kuti kusunungura pfundo, kusona masitichi maviri, kunyora mabhii maviri echiHebheru, zvichingodaro. Ipapo rimwe nerimwe raaya marudzi airambidzwa raida mitemo yokuwedzera isingaperi. Ndaapi mapfundo airambidzwa uye ndaapi aibvumwa? Mutemo unotaurwa wakapindura nemirau yokushusha. Kuporesa kwakasvika pakuonekwa sebasa rairambidzwa. Somuenzaniso, kugadzira gumbo rakatyoka paSabata kwairambidzwa. Munhu aiva nezino rinorwadza aigona kushandisa vhiniga kunatsa zvokudya zvake, asi aisafanira kusvisvina vhiniga yacho mumazino ake. Ikoku kungaporesa zino rake!

¹⁷ Wadarozvo kufukidzwa nemazana emitemo yakaitwa navanhu, mutemo weSabata wakarasikirwa nerevo yawo yomudzimu kuvaJudha vazhinjisa. Apo Jesu Kristu, “Ishe wesabata,” akaita zvishamiso zvinoshamisa, zvinofadza paSabata, vanyori navaFarise havana kuororwa. Vakaitira hanya bedzi kuti iye airatidzika kuva aifuratira mirau yavo.—Mateo 12:8, 10-14.

Kudzidza Muupenzi hwavaFarise

18. Ndoupi wakanga uri mugumisiro wokuwedzera mitemo inotaurwa namagamuchidzanwa kuMutemo waMosesi? Enzanisira.

¹⁸ Mukupfupikisa, tingataura kuti iyi mitemo yakawedzerwa namagamuchidzanwa zvakava zvakabatanidzwa kuMutemo waMosesi kungofanana nokubatira kunoita mabarnacle pangarava. Muridzi wengarava anopedza nguva yakawanda nenhamburiko achipara izvi zvisikwa zvinoshatirisa pangarava yake nokuti zvinononotsa ngarava yacho uye zvinoparadza pendi yayo isingaparadzwi nengura. Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo inotaurwa nemagamuchidzanwa zvakaremedza Mutemo ndokuuratidzira kukushandisa zvisakafanira kunoparadza pashoma napashoma. Zvisinei, panzvimbo pokupara mitemo yakadaro yokuwedzera, vanarabhi vakapfuurira kuwedzera mimwe. Panguva yakasvika Mesiya kuzozadzisa Mutemo, “ngarava” yakanga yafukidzwa kwazvo nama“barnacle” zvokuti yakadokutadza kuyangaruka! (Enzanisa naZvirevo 16:25.) Panzvimbo pokudzivirira sungano yoMutemo, ava vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vakaita upenzi hwokuipunza. Nei, kunyange zvakadaro, “kukomberedza” kwavo kwakakundikana?

19. (a) Nei “kukomberedza Mutemo” kwakakundikana? (b) Chii chinoratidza kuti vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vechiJudha vakanga vasina kutenda kwapachokwadi?

¹⁹ Vatungamiriri vechiJudha vakakundikana kunzwisisa kuti kurwisana noushati kunoitwa mumwoyo uye kwete pamapeji ebhuku remitemo. (Jeremia 4:14) Chinokosha kurukundo rudo—kuda Jehovha, mitemo yake, uye nheyo dzake dzakarurama. Rudo rwakadaro runobereka ruvengo rwunowirirana rweizvo Jehovha anovenga. (Pisarema 97:10; 119:104) Avo vane mwoyo yakadarozvo kuzadzwa norudo vanoramba vakatendeka kumitemo yaJehovha munyika ino yakashata. Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vechiJudha vakanga vane ropafadzo huru yokudzidzisa vanhu kuti vatsigire uye ndokukurudzira rudo rwakadaro. Nei vakakundikana kuita saizvozvo? Sezviri pachena vakanga vasina kutenda. (Mateo 23:23 NW, mashoko omuzasi) Kudai vakanga vachitenda simba romudzimu waJehovha rokushanda mumwoyo yavanhu vakatendeka, vangadai vasina kunzwa kudikanwa kwokudzora zvakasimba upenyu hwavamwe. (Isaya 59:1; Ezekieri 34:4) Vasina kutenda, havana kupa kutenda; vakaremedza vanhu nemirayiro yakaitwa nomunhu.—Mateo 15:3, 9; 23:4.

20, 21. (a) Mugumisiroi mukuru wakava nechimiro chendangariro chegamuchidzanwa pachiJudha? (b) Chidzidzoi chatinodzidza muchakaitika kuchiJudha?

²⁰ Vatungamiriri ivavo vechiJudha havana kutsigira rudo. Magamuchidzanwa avo akabereka rudzidziso rwakazadzwa nezvokunze, kuteerera kusingabvi pamwoyo nokuda kwezvitarisiko—migariro yokuparira unyengeri yakaorera. (Mateo 23:25-28) Mirau yavo yakabereka zvikonzero zvisingaverengeki zvokutonga vamwe. Nokudaro vaFarise vanodada vaida chiremera, vakanzwa vachiruramiswa mukutsoropodza Jesu Kristu amene. Vakarasikirwa nechiono chechinangwa chikuru choMutemo ndokuramba Mesiya mumwe wechokwadi. Somugumisiro, aifanira kuudza rudzi rwavaJudha, kuti: “Tarirai, masiyirwa imba yenyu rava dongo.”—Mateo 23:38; VaGaratia 3:23, 24.

²¹ Chii chiri chidzidzo nokuda kwedu? Nenzira yakajeka, chimiro chendangariro chakaoma, chegamuchidzanwa hachitsigiri kunamatwa kwakachena kwaJehovha! Asi ikoku kunoreva here kuti vanamati vaJehovha nhasi havafaniri kutongova nemitemo ipi neipi kutoti iyoyi ichitaurwa zvakananga muMagwaro Matsvene? Aiwa. Nokuda kwemhinduro yakakwana, ngatiteverei kurangarira matsivire akaita Jesu Kristu Mutemo waMosesi nomutemo mutsva nouri nani.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

Unogona Kutsanangura Here?

◻ Chisiko chose chinodzorwa sei nomutemo woumwari?

◻ Chii chakanga chiri chinangwa chikuru choMutemo waMosesi?

◻ Chii chinoratidzira kuti Mutemo waMosesi wakasimbisa ngoni netsitsi?

◻ Nei vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vechiJudha vakawedzera mitemo isingaverengeki kuMutemo waMosesi, nomugumisiroi?

[Bhokisi riri papeji 10]

Vatungamiriri Vorudzidziso VechiJudha

Vanyori: Vakazvirangarira vamene savatsivi vaEzra uye savatsananguri vomutemo. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi A History of the Jews, “vanyori vakanga vasitongori vanhu vakakwirira, uye kuedza kwavo kutora revo dzakavanda mumutemo kazhinji kwakava miitiro isina revo uye ganhuriro dzisina mufungo. Idzi ganhuriro dzakaoma kuva tsika, idzo nokukurumidza dzakava mudzvinyiriri akaoma.”

VaHasid: Zita racho rinoreva kuti “vatsvene” kana kuti “vasande.” Vakatanga kududzwa seboka munenge muna 200 B.C.E., vakanga vane simba mune zvematongerwe enyika, vadziviriri vanonyanyisa vokuchena kwoMutemo paudzvinyiriri hwepesvedzero yechiGiriki. VaHasid vakanga vakakamuka kuva mapoka matatu: vaFarise, vaSadhuse, uye vaEssene.

VaFarise: Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti zita racho rinobva mushoko rokuti “Vakaparadzaniswa,” kana kuti “Vezvokuzviparadzanisa.” Vakanga vari zvirokwazvo vanyanyisi munhamburiko yavo yokuva vakaparadzana naVamarudzi, asi vakaonawo boka ravo serakaparadzana—uye rakakwirira—kupfuura vanhuwo zvavo vechiJudha, vakanga vasingazivi zvakaoma zvomutemo unotaurwa. Mumwe wezvenhau akati nezvevaFarise: “Kazhinji kazhinji, vakabata varume savana, vachitendera nokurondedzera zvinhu zvidukusa zvekuchengetwa kwemiitiro yenguva dzose.” Imwe nyanzvi yakati: “ChiFarise chakaparira mitemo yakawanda inotenderwa inobata nemamiriro ose ezvinhu, nomugumisiro usingadzivisiki wokuti chakakoshesa zvinhu zvisingakoshi uye mukuita saizvozvo chakazvidza nhau dzinokosha. (Mat. 23:23).”

VaSadhuse: Boka rakanga rakabatana zvikuru nevakakwirira nouprista. Vakashora zvine simba vanyori navaFarise, vachitaura kuti mutemo unotaurwa wakanga usina ukoshi hwoMutemo wakanyorwa. Kuti vakakundikana muidzi nharo kunoratidzirwa neMishnah imene: “Rumano rukuru rwunoshanda ku[kuchengetwa] kwamashoko aVanyori kupfuura [kuchengetwa kwe]mashoko oMutemo [wakanyorwa].” Talmud, iyo yakabatanidza tsinhiro dzakawanda pamutemo unotaurwa, gare gare yakatosvika pakuti: “Mashoko avanyori . . . anokosha zvikuru kupfuura mashoko eTorah.”

VaEssene: Boka ravazvinyimi vaishandisa kuzviramba vaizviparadzanisa vamene munzanga dzakaparadzana. Maererano neThe Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vaEssene vakanga vachitova vanozviparadzanisa zvikuru kupfuura vaFarise uye “padzimwe nguva vaigona kupfuura vaFarise vamene.”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Zvichida vabereki vaJobho vakamudzidzisa pamusoro pemitemo inodzora mapoka enyeredzi