Izinyoni Zasogwini—Imizulane Emikhulu Emhlabeni

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ESPAIN

AKE uzibone ngeso lengqondo uchitha izinyanga ezimbili zasehlobo emathafeni ase-Arctic, lapho ilanga lingashoni khona. Nokho, njengoba kusondela ubusika, ubhekisa amabombo eNingizimu Melika, e-Australia, noma eNingizimu Afrika. Unyaka wonke uphela usohambweni, ulokhu uthungathana nokudla okuthandayo ezingwini kuwo wonke amazwekazi owahambelayo. Ziphila ngale ndlela-ke izinyoni eziningi zasogwini kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukufuna ukudla emanzini angajulile.a Ngezinyanga zasebusika eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, zibuthana ezizalweni zemifula ezinodaka, ezingwini, emaxhaphozini, noma ezingwini ezinamadwala, lapho abantu bengazihluphi nakuzihlupha ngokuyozulazula khona. Ngezikhathi zasehlobo, lapho izivakashi ezibuka amazwe zithutheleka ezindaweni ezingasolwandle, izinyoni eziningi zasogwini zifudukela e-Arctic nasezindaweni eziseduze nakhona, lapho ihlobo elifushane lizinikeza isikhathi sokuba zibe zodwa kanye nenala yokudla ezikudingayo ukuze zikhulise amatshwele azo.

Lezi zinyoni azidle ngamibala egqamile, kodwa ukundiza kwazo okukhexisayo namaphiko azo ahlaba umxhwele kuvele kudonse amehlo ezibukeli eziningi. Incwadi ethi Shorebirds—Beautiful Beachcombers iyaphawula: “[Izinyoni zasogwini] zingase zishaye amanzi ngamachopho amaphiko lapho zindiza noma zindizele phezulu ngamakhilomitha ayisithupha noma ngaphezulu. Ngempela ziyizingcweti zasemoyeni.”

Ziyalondeka Lapho Ziwumhlambi

Izinyoni zasogwini zivame ukuqoqana zibe umhlambi omkhulu endaweni enenala yokudla. Kubonakala sengathi zihamba njengomhlambi omkhulu ukuze zilondeke. Izinyoni ezidla ezinye njengonhloyile zithanda ukuhlasela izinyoni ezihamba ngazodwa, kodwa zingase ziphele amandla zingazihlaseli lapho ziwumhlambi omkhulu. Uma emaningi amehlo aqaphile kwenza umhlaseli abonakale kusenesikhathi. Ukuze zizuze kulokhu kulondeka okwengeziwe, izinyoni eziningi zasogwini zakha imihlambi exube izinhlobo eziningana zazo.

Ave kuwumbukwane omuhle ukuzibona seziqala ukundiza njengomhlambi. Amakhulu noma izinkulungwane imbala zalezi zinyoni ezindiza zisondelene eduze ziyaphenduphenduka, zehle zibuye zikhuphuke, njengokungathi kukhona isandla esingabonakali esilawula wonke lo mhlambi. Incwadi ethi Handbook of the Birds of the World ithi: “Kuyamangalisa nje kwakona ukuthi izinkulungwane zalezi zinyoni ezindiza ndawonye ngesivinini esikhulu kangaka zenza yonke le migilingwane yazo yasemoyeni kanyekanye nangokushesha okungaka.” Ngokuhlola amafilimu emihlambi yama-dunlin athwetshulwa ngamakhamera asheshayo, izazi zezinyoni ziye zaphetha ngokuthi inyoni eyodwa ingase iqale ukundiza ngendlela ethile bese ilingiswa yiwo wonke umhlambi ngokushesha.

Zijikeleza Wonke Umhlaba

Ezinye izinyoni zasogwini ziwujikeleza ngempela umhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zasogwini, ama-red knot nama-sanderling azalela emajukujukwini asenyakatho. Izinyoni zasogwini zingase zitholakale ezingwini cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo emhlabeni futhi zingahlanganisa amakhilomitha angaba ngu-32 000 lapho zifuduka unyaka nonyaka.

Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuye kudingeke zinqamule izilwandle lapho zifuduka, lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukubhukuda kanti futhi azinakulokotha ziphumule emanzini. Ngakho kudingeka zibe nenqwaba yamafutha emzimbeni ukuze zikwazi ukundiza—ayisilinganiso esingaphezu kukaphethiloli wendiza enkulu yohlobo lwe-jumbo, ethwala uphethiloli ongamaphesenti angu-40 aso sonke isisindo sayo lapho isuka. Ziwathathaphi wonke la mafutha?

Encwadini ethi The Life of Birds, uDavid Attenborough uyachaza: “Zinqwabelanisa [amafutha] emzimbeni ngokudla kakhulu emaxhaphozini angasolwandle kangangokuthi emasontweni ambalwa nje zibe sezinesisindo esiphindwe kabili kunesisindo sazo sangezikhathi zasehlobo. Isilinganiso sala mafutha eziwagcina emzimbeni sikhulu kakhulu kunalokho okungase kusikiselwe yizibalo, ngoba izitho eziningi zangaphakathi, kuhlanganise ubuchopho kanye nezibilini, ziyancipha ukuze kuvuleke isikhala sala mafutha engeziwe eziwagcinayo, kanjalo zinciphise isisindo.”

Eminye imizulane ehlaba umxhwele amatitihoye asePacific, okuthi lapho efuduka asuke e-Alaska aye eziQhingini zaseHawaii. Ngaphandle nje kokuthi kudingeka abekezelele ukundiza amakhilomitha angu-4 500 engami ndawo, ikhono lawo lokuthola iHawaii ephakathi nolwandle limangalisa kunazo zonke izici zezinyoni zokuthola izindawo. Elinye ititihoye elaliqashiwe njengoba lindiza, lathatha lolu hambo ngezinsuku ezingaphansi kwezine. Kanti sekuphele izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-20 enye inyoni esikhulile ithatha lona lolu hambo olufanayo!

Ekugcineni lapho isifikile ezindaweni zase-Arctic ezalela kuzo, le mizulane enamandla ibhekana nokuphila okumatasa. Emasontweni amabili nje kumelwe ithole abangane, indawo ekahle yokuzalela, yakhe nezidleke. Khona-ke, iba namasonto angaba mathathu okufukamela amaqanda namanye amathathu okukhulisa amatshwele. Ngasekupheleni kuka-July, iphinde ibhekise amabombo ngaseningizimu.

Izingozi Zokufuduka

Kulolu hambo olude oluthathwa yilezi zinyoni zasogwini kunezingozi eziningi. Olunye usongo olukhulu abantu. Ngekhulu le-19, isazi semvelo uJohn James Audubon sabika ukuthi iqembu elithile labazingeli ladubula amatitihoye aseMelika angu-48 000 ngosuku olulodwa nje vó. Namuhla, inani elikhona emhlabeni wonke lalezi zinyoni liye lathi ukusimama ngandlela-thile, kodwa cishe lisengaphansi kwenani elabulawa ngalolo suku.

Usongo olukhulu ngisho nakakhulu kulezi zinyoni ukunyamalala kwamaxhaphozi. Izinyoni zasogwini azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalesi simo sokulahlekelwa okungaka. “Sekuphele izinkulungwane zeminyaka lezi zinyoni zilandela izinqubo ezithile zokuzalana, zokufuduka nokuchitha ubusika ezindaweni ezithile kodwa umuntu ukuthola kulula kakhulu ukuba azishintshe noma azicekele phansi,” kuchaza incwadi ethi Shorebirds—An Identification Guide to the Waders of the World. Ukusinda kwezigidi zezinyoni zasogwini kuxhomeke ekulondolozweni kwezindawo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko ezifudukela kuzo.

Isibonelo esikhulu salokhu iDelaware Bay, engasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNew Jersey, e-U.S.A. Lapho, ama-red knot angaba izinkulungwane eziyikhulu ebuthana khona entwasahlobo ezozitika ngamaqanda ezinkalankala. Lezi zinyoni ziyazigcingca ngempela, njengoba zisuke zisanda kuqeda “uhambo olude kunalo lonke oluthathwa izinyoni, zindiza zingami ndawo.” Ngamasonto amabili zisuke sezindize amakhilomitha angu-8 000 ziza kule ndawo zisuka eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi zisuke sezinciphe ngesigamu sesisindo.

Imizamo yezazi zokulondolozwa kwemvelo ingase isize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zingathintwa izindawo ezinjalo ezithandwa yilezi zinyoni zasogwini. Mhlawumbe ikhona indawo enjalo engekude nalapho uhlala khona. Uma nje usuke wawubona umhlambi wazo uphenduphenduka phezu kwamagagasi noma usuke wezwa umsindo wazo othinta inhliziyo, uyokuthola kunzima ukuzikhohlwa.

Njengoba nje isazi semvelo u-Arthur Morris sibhala, “bonke abantu abathanda ukubuka izinyoni zasogwini bazizwa ngendlela efanayo: ngamunye wethu uke wema izikhathi ezingenakubalwa ogwini olungenamuntu noma emaxhaphozini angasolwandle wabuka umhlambi wama-sandpiper ushaya amaphiko ansundu nakhanyayo, uphenduphenduka kanyekanye njengoba undiza. Futhi isikhathi ngasinye lapho lokhu kwenzeka sivele sikhexe ngenxa yomuzwa wokumangala.”

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 18]

Abajikelezi Bomhlaba Abangomakadebona

Ama-“red knot” kungenzeka yiwo aphuma phambili ekufudukeleni emajukujukwini omhlaba. Lawo azalela emajukujukwini asenyakatho yeCanada ngokuvamile achitha isikhathi sasebusika eNtshonalanga Yurophu noma emajukujukwini aseNingizimu Melika (eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-10 000)

[Umthombo]

KK Hui

Imihlambi yama-“dunlin” angaba yisigidi iye yabonwa eNetherlands naseMauretania

Ama-“godwit” anamabala esisileni asuka endaweni azalela kuyo eSiberia asakazekele kuyo yonke indawo, aye eBritish Isles, eNingizimu Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Australia, noma eNew Zealand

Ama-“sanderling” angatholakala egijigijima ngasogwini cishe nomaphi emhlabeni. Amanye angazalela endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-950 ukusuka eNorth Pole

[Isithombe ekhasini 16, 17]

Ukuze zikwazi ukunqamula izilwandle ezinkulu, izinyoni zasogwini kumelwe zigcine amafutha amaningi emzimbeni, ngoba azikwazi ukuphumula emanzini

[Isithombe ekhasini 16, 17]

Ama-“sanderling” andiza njengomhlambi ukuze alondeke

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

I-“oystercatcher” yaseYurophu nase-Asia

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

I-“redshank” emibalabala ifuna ukudla emaxhaphozini

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 16]

Top and bottom panoramic photos: © Richard Crossley/VIREO