“Zvechokwadi Denga Rakazaruka”!
“CHISHUVO chekubhururuka ndechekare kufanana nerudzi rwemunhu,” akatsinhira kudaro munyori wenhau Berthold Laufer muThe Prehistory of Aviation. Zvinonyorwa zvenhau zvekare zvechiGiriki, Egipita, Asiria, uye ngano dzeKumabvazuva zvine nyaya dzakawanda dzemadzimambo, vamwari, uye magamba akaedza kushandisa simba rekubhururuka. Muchinenge chiitiko chose, nyaya dzacho dzinobatanidza vanhu vachitevedzera kubhururuka nemapapiro kweshiri.
Somuenzaniso, vokuChina vanotaura nezveMutongi akachenjera uye akashinga Shun, uyo anofungidzirwa kuti akararama makore anopfuura 2 000 Jesu Kristu asati aberekwa. Maererano nengano, Shun akarambira pamusoro pedura raitsva, akazvipfekedza manhenga, ndokutiza achibhururuka. Imwe nhoroondo inotaura kuti akasvetuka kubva pashongwe ndokushandisa ngowani mbiri dzetsanga separachuti kuti adzike pasi zvakachengeteka.
Pakati pevaGiriki, pane nyaya yekare yemakore 3 000 yaDaedalus, munyori wemifananidzo mukuru uye muvambi, uyo akagadzira mapapiro eminhenga, twaini, nenamo kuitira kuti iye nemwanakomana wake Icarus vagone kutiza kubva kuCrete, kwavaichengetwa muutapwa. “Chokwadi denga rakazaruka, uye ndiyo nzira yatichaenda,” akazivisa kudaro Daedalus. Pakutanga, mapapiro acho akashanda zvakanyatsonaka. Asi Icarus, afadzwa zvikuru nekukwanisa kubhururuka mudenga, akabhururuka achienda mudenga denga kusvikira kupisa kwezuva kwanyungudutsa namo yakanga yakabatanidza mapapiro ake pamwe chete. Mukomana wacho kamwe kamwe akawira mugungwa ndokufa.
Nyaya dzakadaro dzakakurudzira kufungidzira kwevavambi nevazivi vaishuva kukwanisa kubhururuka zvechokwadi. Kare muzana ramakore rechitatu C.E., vaChina vakanga vachigadzira nokuedza nezvikaiti, vachiratidza kunzwisisa mitemo yakati inoita kuti zvibhururuke kare kuedza kwerudzi urwu kusati kwatombotangwa muEurope. Muzana ramakore rechi15, Giovanni da Fontana, chiremba wekuVenice, akaedza nezvitundu musere musere zvakangogadzirwa nemapuranga nemapepa zvaimutswa nekuputika kweunga. Munenge muna 1420, da Fontana akanyora kuti: “Zvirokwazvo, ini ndine chokwadi chekuti zvinoita kunamira munhu mapapiro anogona kubhabhamiswa, ayo anokwanisa kuzvisimudza nawo kuenda mumhepo ndokufamba kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe uye kukwira shongwe nekuyambuka pane mvura.”
Mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi16, Leonardo da Vinci, mumwe mupendi, muvezi, uye makanika wemichina, akaita micherechedzo yemaherikoputa nemaparachuti pamwe chete nemagiraidha aive nemiromo yemapapiro inobhabhama. Uchapupu hunoratidza kuti akagadzira micherechedzo yedzimwe dzendege dzaakakurudzira. Zvisinei, hapana nechimwe chezvigadzirwa zvake da Vinci chaishanda zvechokwadi.
Kubva mumazana maviri amakore akatevera mune nhoroondo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenhamburiko dzevanhu vakashinga vakanamira mapapiro ekugadzira pamiviri yavo ndokuedza kuabhabhama sezvavaisvetuka kubva pamakomo nepashongwe. ‘Vatyairi vendege vaiedza’ vepakutanga vakanga vakashinga uye vari rudzi rwevanhu vakagadzirira kuisa upenyu hwavo mungozi—asi nhamburiko dzavo hadzina kubudirira zvachose.
Mabharumu Emoto Ne“mhepo Isingatani Kutsva”
Muna 1783 nyaya yeruzivo rwunoshamisa rwekubhururuka yakasvika pakupararira muParis nemumaruwa eFrance. Vakomana vaviri, Joseph-Michel naJacques-Étienne Montgolfier, vakawana kuti vaigona kugadzira zvibharumu zvidiki zvemapepa zvinokwira mudenga nokukurumidza uye zviri nyore kuburikidza nokuzvipombera mhepo inopisa. Bharumu ravo guru remoto rekutanga, sokudanwa kwaraiitwa, rakanga rakagadzirwa nepepa nejira uye rakanga rakazadzwa utsi hwainhuwa hwakabva pamoto mukuru. Bharumu racho risingadzorwi rakakwira mudenga mamita 1 800 pakubhururuka kwekutanga. Musi wa21 November 1783, bharumu racho rakatakura vanhu vaviri—vakadanwa kunzi vatyairi vebharumu nevanhu—richitenderera muParis kwemaminiti 25. Mugore rimwe chete iroro, mumwe akatanga kugadzira, Jacques Charles, akagadzira bharumu rekutanga rinozadzwa negasi, rakanga rakapomberwa hydrogen, kana kuti “mhepo isingatani kutsva,” sekuzivikanwa kwayaiitwa panguva yacho.
Sezvo ruzivo rwekugadzira mabharumu rwakafambira mberi, denga rakatanga ku“zaruka” nekukurumidza kuvatyairi vemabharumu vaiisa upenyu hwavo pangozi. Pakasvika 1784, mabharumu akanga ava kuenda mudenga kupfuura mamita 3 400. Gore rimwe chete gare gare, Jean-Pierre-François Blanchard akabudirira kuyambuka English Channel ari mubharumu rehydrogen akatakura tsamba dzenyika dzekutanga kutakurwa nendege. Pakasvika 1862, vatyairi vemabharumu vakanga vafamba nzendo dzekuyambuka Europe nemuUnited States mese uye vakanga vakwanisa kukwira mudenga kupfuura makiromita 8!
Asi vatyairi vemabharumu vekutanga vakanga vachiri kudzorwa nemhepo; pakanga pasina nzira yekudzora nayo kwainanga bharumu kana kuti kumhanya kwaro. Kubudirira kwendege dzepeturu nedzinoshandisa simba remagetsi muhafu yekupedzisira yezana ramakore rechi19 kwakaita kuti kufamba mumhepo kubudirire zvikuru, asi ndege dzakaita sesochisi dzakareruka kupfuura ndege dzemudenga dzaifamba zvishoma nezvishoma—kazhinji kazhinji pakati pemakiromita 10 ne30 paawa. Imwe nzira itsva yaidiwa kana munhu aizo“zvitakura kuenda mumhepo ndokufamba kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe,” sezvakanga zvafanotaurwa nada Fontana.
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Daedalus naIcarus Vengano
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Leonardo da Vinci
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Kubva mubhuku raLeonardo da Vinci, 1898
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Vakomana vekwaMontgolfier vakagadzira bharumu remweya unopisa rekutanga rinotakura vanhu