Ndege Yakazovapo Sei?

PAKUPEDZISIRA vagadziri vakazosvika sei pakubudirira kugadzira ndege dzinorema kupfuura mhepo? Vakatarirazve kunyanzvi dzechokwadi dzekubhururuka—shiri. Muna 1889 mumwe injiniya wekuGermany anonzi Otto Lilienthal, akurudzirwa nekubhururuka kunoita mashuramurove, akabudisa bhuku rinonzi “Kushanda Kwendege Kwakavakirwa Pakubhururuka Kweshiri.” Makore maviri gare gare akagadzira giraidha rake rokutanga risina injini. Muna 1896, kwagadzirwa magiraidha asina injini anenge 2 000, Lilienthal akafa paakanga achirovedza kufambisa ndege yemapapiro maviri. Octave Chanute, injiniya wokuAmerica akaberekerwa kuFrance, akawedzera chigadzirwa chaLilienthal ndokugadzira giraidha raiva nemapapiro maviri maviri iro rakaratidzawo kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwechinhu chinopfuura chitundu musere musere.

Ndipo pakapindirawo vakomana vekwaWright. Varidzi veshopu yemabhasikoro muDayton, Ohio, U.S.A., Orville naWilbur Wright vakavamba kuedza kwavo kubhururuka kwekutanga muna 1900, vachivakira pane zvakaitwa naLilienthal naChanute. VanaWright vakashanda zvishoma nezvishoma uye nenzira yakarongwa kwamakore anopfuura matatu akatevera, vachiedza vaedzazve kubhururuka kuKitty Hawk, North Carolina. Vakakudziridza zvigadzirwa zvitsva vachiyamurwa nepombi dzemhepo, chekutanga chacho chavakazvigadzirira nebhokisi resitachi yekuwachisa. Nokuda kwendege yavo ine simba yekutanga, vakagadzira injini yemasirinda mana yavo pachavo, ye12-horsepower uye ndokuiisa pabapiro repasi rendege itsva. Injini yacho yaipa simba mapuropera emapuranga, imwe kurutivi rumwe nerumwe rwechidzoreso chokumashure chendege.

Musi wa14 December 1903, chigadzirwa chitsva chavanaWright chakasimuka kubva pachaigadzirirwa kekutanga—ndokumira mumhepo kwemasekondi matatu nehafu! Mazuva matatu gare gare vakomana vacho vakabhururutsa muchina wacho zvakare. Pakupedzisira chakaramba chiri mudenga kweinoda kusvika miniti yakazara uye chakafamba daro remamita 260. Ndege yakabudirira.a

Zvinoshamisa kuti chiitiko chekubudirira ichi hachina kumbokosheswa nenyika yose. Pakupedzisira apo The New York Times yakaburitsa nyaya yevakomana vekwaWright muna January 1906, yakataura kuti “ndege” yavo yakanga yagadzirwa muchinyararire chakaoma uye kuti vakomana vacho vakanga vango“budirira zvishomanene kubhururuka mumhepo” muna 1903. Zvechokwadi, Orville akanga atumira teregiramu kuna baba vake usiku ihwohwo chaihwo yekubhururuka kwacho kunokosha, achivakurudzira kuti vaudze vemapepanhau. Zvisinei, mapepanhau matatu chete muUnited States ndiwo akava nehanya yekuburitsa nyaya yacho panguva iyoyo.

Hakuna Bhizimisi Rendege Mune Remangwana Here?

Nyika yose zvayo yakanga isina chokwadi nezvekushanda kwendege mumakore ayo apakuvamba. Kunyange Chanute, mumwe wevakavamba kucherekedza kushanda kwendege, akafanotaura muna 1910 kuti: “Maererano nekufunga kwenyanzvi dzakakwaniriswa hazvibatsiri kutarisira bhizimisi rendege mune remangwana. Pane, uye nguva dzose, pachava nekuganhurirwa pakutakura kwayo zvinhu izvo zvichadzivisa kushandiswa kwayo nevanhu kana kuti kutakura zvinhu.”

Kunyange zvakadaro, ruzivo rwekushanda kwendege rwakafambira mberi nekukurumidza mumakore akatevera mushure mekubhururuka kwekutanga kwavanaWright. Mumakore mashanu vakomana vacho vakanga vagadzira ndege ine mapapiro anoti rimwe pamusoro rimwe pasi yaitakura vanhu vaviri yaigona kumhanya makiromita 71 paawa nokukwira mudenga kusvika pamamita 43. Muna 1911 ndege yekutanga yeUnited States inoyambuka kondinendi yakagadzirwa; rwendo rwekubva kuNew York kuenda kuCalifornia rwakatora anenge mazuva 49! MuHondo Yenyika I, kumhanya kwendege kwakawedzerwa kubva pamakiromita 100 paawa kusvika anopfuura makiromita 230 paawa. Kukwira mudenga nokukurumidza kwakapfuura mamita 9 000.

Mbiri yekubudirira kwekushanda kwendege yakapfuurira kubuda pamisoro mikuru yemapepanhau muma1920. Vakuru vakuru vemauto vaviri vekuAmerica vakabhururuka pasina kumira kekutanga muUnited States muna 1923, vachibva kumhenderekedzo kusvika kumhenderekedzo muasingasviki maawa 27. Makore mana gare gare Charles A. Lindbergh akawana mukurumbira wapakarepo nekubhururuka kubva kuNew York kuenda kuParis asina kumira kwemaawa 33 nemaminiti 20.

Munguvayi, ndege itsva dzinotakura vanhu dzakanga dzava kutanga kukwezva vaida kutakurwa. Pakupera kwa1939, kufamba nendege kwakanga kwatopararira kusvika padanho rekuti ndege dzeUnited States dzakanga dzava kutakura vanhu vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni matatu pagore roga roga. Ndege inogamuchirika yekupera kwema1930, DC-3, yaingotakura vanhu 21 ichibhururuka makiromita 270 paawa; asi Hondo Yenyika II yapera, ndege dzinotakura vanhu dzakakura zvikuru uye dzakawedzera kusimba, dzichisvika pakumhanya makiromita anopfuura 480 paawa. Britain yakaburitsa ndege inotakura vanhu yeturbojet muna 1952. Uye majumbo jet, akadai seBoeing 747 anotakura vanhu 400, akatanga kuoneka muna 1970.

Kumwe kufambira mberi kwakaitika muna 1976 apo chikwata chemainjiniya eBritain neFrance chakaburitsa Concorde, jeti ine bapiro rekumashure rine mativi matatu inokwanisa kutakura vanhu 100 ichimhanya zvinopfuura kumhanya kweruzha nekaviri—kupfuura makiromita 2 300 paawa. Asi kudhura kwendyiko dzekushandisa kwakaderedza kupararira kwekushandiswa kwendege dzinomhanya zvikuru dzinotakura vanhu.

Kudzora Nyika

Kunyange kana usati wambobhururuka nendege, upenyu hwako sezvingabvira hwave huchidzorwa nekufambira mberi kunokurumidza kweruzivo urwu rwekugadzira zvinhu. Kushanda kwendege dzinotakura zvinhu kunobatanidza pasi rose; kazhinji kazhinji, zvokudya zvatinodya, mbatya dzatinopfeka, uye michina yatinoshandisa kubasa kana kuti kumba yakaunzwa nendege kubva kumhiri kwemakungwa kana kuti kubva kune imwe kondinendi. Tsamba nemapasuru zvinotakurwa kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe nendege dzinotakura tsamba. Mabhizimisi anovimba zvakasimba nemabasa ekutakura zvinhu anoitwa nendege kuti afambise zvinhu zvebhizimisi zvezuva nezuva. Zvinhu nemabasa atinowana nemitengo yatinozvibhadharira zvose zvave zvichipesvedzerwa nekukwanisa kwemunhu kubhururuka nendege.

Kushanda kwendege kwakaparirawo kuchinja kwenzanga kukuru. Pasina mubvunzo, nyika yose yaita sediki nemhaka yekushanda kwendege. Mumaawa mashomanene, unogona kuva kunenge kupi nekupi munyika—kana uchigona kuzviita. Nhau dzinofamba nekukurumidza, uye ndizvo zvinoitawo vanhu.

Mubayiro Wokufambira Mberi

Asi kufambira mberi kwakadaro kwakauya nomubayiro. Nekuwanda kwezvinofamba mumhepo, vamwe vanotyira kuti matenga ari kuva ane ngozi zvikuru. Gore rimwe nerimwe kubonderana kwendege dzevanhu pachavo nedzinotakura vanhu kunouraya vanhu vakawanda. “Dzichimanikidzwa nokukwikwidzana, ndege dzakawanda dziri kudarika mitemo yokuchengetedza iyo yadzaichengeta nguva dzose apo dzaigona kuita kuti vanhu vaitakurwa vabhadhare ndyiko dzomuraudzo,” inodaro magazini yeFortune. Federal Aviation Administration, yakapihwa basa rekuva nechokwadi chekuchengeteka kwendege muUnited States, ine “mari shoma, vashandi vashoma, uye iri kutarisirwa zvakashata,” yakataura kudaro magazini yacho.

Panguva imwe chete, nhamba iri kuwedzera yenyanzvi dzemhoteredzo iri kushamiswa nekuwedzera kwekushatiswa kwemhepo neruzha zvinoparirwa nekufamba kwemajeti akawanda. Kubata nekunetseka pamusoro pezvinetso zveruzha kuri “pakati penhau dzinoparira kusabatana mukushanda kwendege munyika yose,” yakadaro magazini inonzi Aviation Week & Space Technology.

Zvinetso izvi zvinowedzerwa nokuti ndege dzacho dziri kusakara: Muna 1990, ndege imwe pandege ina dzeUnited States yakawanwa kuti yakanga yave nemakore anopfuura 20, uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chadzo chakanga chashandiswa kupfuura “nguva yadzinofanira kushanda” yadzakatarirwa sezvakarongwa pakuvamba nemugadziri wacho.

Nokudaro, mainjiniya emitemo yekubhururuka ari kutarisana nezvinetso zvinotyisa. Vanofanira kukudziridza nzira dzakachengeteka nedzisingadyi mari yakawanda dzekutakura nadzo vanhu vakawanda, kunyange sezvo mitengo inowedzera uye zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zvichiwedzera.

Zvimwe zvichaita kuti mitengo iderere zvatovamba kare kuoneka. Jim Erickson, achinyora muAsiaweek, anotaura kuti chikwata cheFrance neBritain cheRuzivo Rwekubhururuka neRuzivo Rwekubhururuka rweBritain chiri kuronga kugadzira ndege inogona kutakura vanhu vanosvika ku300 ichimhanya kupfuura kumhanya kweruzha nekaviri. Ndyiko nekushanda kwemafuta pamunhu mumwe nemumwe zvichaderera. Uye achipindura nezvekuwandisa kwendege panhandare dzakawanda dzendege, mamwe maindasitiri achitarira zviri mberi akakurudzira rudzi rutsva rwemaherikoputa makuru anotakura vanhu—imwe neimwe ichikwanisa kutakura vanhu 100. Vanodavira kuti ndege idzi, rimwe zuva dzinogona kuzoshandiswa kufamba nzendo pfupi dzakawanda dzendege idzo dzinofambwa zvino nedzimwe ndege dzine mapapiro.

Maherikoputa makuru nendege dzinomhanya zvikuru zvichaita zvinodiwa nokukurumidza zveindasitiri yendege mumakore achauya here? Kufamba kwenguva chete ndiko kuchaita kuti zvive pachena sezvo munhu anoedza nepaanogona napo kuronda ku‘zarurira matenga’ kubhururuka kwemunhu.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Otto Lilienthal, munenge muna 1891

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Raibhurari yeCongress/Corbis

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Charles A. Lindbergh achisvika muLondon pashure pekuyambuka achibhururuka kuenda kuParis, muna 1927

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Corbis-Bettmann

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Sopwith Camel, muna 1917

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Museum of Flight/Corbis

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DC-3, muna 1935

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Photograph courtesy of Boeing Aircraft Company

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Sikorsky S-43 chikepe chinobhururuka, muna 1937

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Varindi veMahombekombe vanonunura herikoputa

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Pitts inopidiguka-pidiguka, yekufananidzira yakaitwa naSamson

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Concorde yakavamba nzendo dzekubhururuka dzakarongwa muna 1976

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Airbus A300

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Pakuonekazve, chitundu musere musere chinova giraidha risina injini rinomhanya zvikuru

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“Rutan VariEze,” 1978