Rusununguko Rwekusarudza Chitendero—Chikomborero Here Kana Kuti Kutukwa?

Rusununguko Rwekusarudza Chitendero—Chikomborero Here Kana Kuti Kutukwa?

Kuberekwa kwepfungwa yerusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero kwakabatanidzwa nemarwadzo makuru ekubereka muchiKristudhomu. Kwaiva kutambura mukurwisana nedzidziso, kufungira zvakaipa, uye kusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero. Kwakaparira kuurawa kwezviuru mukurwisana kwechitendero kwekuteura ropa. Nhau iyi inorwadza inotidzidzisei?

“CHITAMBUDZO chinhu chakagara chiripo munhau yechiKristu,” anonyora kudaro Robin Lane Fox mubhuku rake rinonzi Pagans and Christians. VaKristu vapakuvamba vaidanwa kunzi sekete uye vaipomerwa kuti vaivhiringidza vanhu. (Mabasa 16:20, 21; 24:5, 14; 28:22) Somugumisiro, vamwe vakatsungirira kutambudzwa uye vakaurawa nezvikara munhandare yeRoma. Vachiona chitambudzo chakaomarara kudaro, vamwe, vakadai senyanzvi yezvechitendero Tertullian (ona mufananidzo uri papeji 8), vakakumbira rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero. Muna 212 C.E., akanyora kuti: “Ikodzero inokosha yemunhu, ropafadzo yaakazvarwa ainayo, yekuti munhu wose anofanira kunamata maererano nezvaanodavira.”

Muna 313 C.E., kutambudzwa kwevaKristu nenyika yeRoma kwakaguma mukutonga kwaConstantine, neChibvumirano cheMilan, icho chakapa vaKristu nevahedheni rusununguko rwakafanana rwekusarudza chitendero. Kunyoreswa pamutemo kwe“chiKristu” muUmambo hweRoma kwakagumisa fungu racho. Zvisinei, munenge muna 340 C.E., munyori anozviti muKristu akarayira kutambudzwa kwevahedheni. Pakupedzisira, muna 392 C.E., kupfurikidza neChibvumirano cheConstantinople, Mambo Theodosius I akarambidza chihedheni muumambo hwacho, uye rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero rwakaguma rusati rwambodini zvarwo. Ne“chiKristu” cheRoma sechitendero cheNyika, Chechi neNyika zvakavamba nhimbe yekutambudza iyo yakapedza mazana emakore, ichiguma nehondo dzevaKristu dzekuteura ropa dzezana ramakore rechi11 kusvikira ku13 uye neBvunzurudzo dzeutsinye, idzo dzakavamba muzana ramakore rechi12. Avo vaitsunga kupokana nechitendero chaiva chatanga kuvapo, kuva kwacho dzidziso imwe, vainzi vapanduki uye vaitsvakwa mukuvhima kwepanguva yacho. Chii chakanga chichiita kuti zvidaro?

Kusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero kwakapembedzwa nemhaka yekuti kubatana kwezvitendero kwaiumba fandesheni yakasimba yeNyika yacho uye kuti kusawirirana kwezvitendero ikoko kwaigona kuparira bongozozo. MuEngland, muna 1602, mumwe wemakurukota aMambokadzi Elizabeth akataura kuti “Hurumende haimbochengeteki kana ikabvumira zvitendero zviviri.” Chaizvoizvo, zvakanga zviri nyore zvikuru kurambidza vanopandukira chitendero kupfuura kuwana kana vaityisidzira chaizvoizvo Hurumende kana kuti chitendero chakagadzwa. The Catholic Encyclopedia inoti: “Hapana zviremera zvenyika kana kuti zvevafundisi zvakawana kamusiyano kaduku pakati pevapanduki vane ngozi nevasina.” Zvisinei, zvaizochinja nekukurumidza.

Kuberekwa Kunorwadza Kwekubvumirwa Kwezvimwe Zvitendero

Chakanyandura kuchinja muEurope chaiva kusagadzikana kwakaparirwa nechiPurotesitendi, sangano remasekete iro risina kuparara. Nekukurumidza kunoshamisa, Kuchinja kwePurotesitendi kwakakamura Europe nemhaka yechitendero, kuchitungamidza pfungwa yerusununguko rwehana. Somuenzaniso, Muvandudzi akakurumbira Martin Luther, akapembedza zvaaifunga muna 1521, achiti: “Hana yangu inodzorwa neShoko raMwari.” Kupesana kwakaparirawo Hondo yeMakore Makumi Matatu (1618-48), nhevedzano yehondo dzechitendero dzeutsinye dzakaparadza Europe.

Zvisinei, pakati pehondo, vakawanda vakasvika pakuziva kuti kurwisana kwakanga kusiri nzira yekubudirira nayo. Nokudaro, nhevedzano yezvibvumirano, zvakadai seChibvumirano cheNantes muFrance (1598), chakaedza ndokukundikana kuunza rugare muEurope yakasakadzwa nehondo. Pazvibvumirano izvi ndipo pakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma pfungwa yemuzuva razvino uno yekubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero. Pakutanga, “kubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero” kwaisafarirwa. “Kana taizobvumira masekete mumamiriro ezvinhu akati . . . , pasina mubvunzo, zvaizova zvakaipa—zvirokwazvo, zvakaipisisa zvikuru—asi kwete zvakaipa sehondo,” akanyora kudaro mudzidzi wemasikirwe evanhu Erasmus muna 1530. Nemhaka yepfungwa iyi yakaipa, vamwe, vakadai saPaul de Foix wekuFrance muna 1561, vakasarudza kutaura nezve“rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero,” panzvimbo pe“kubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero.”

Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva kubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero kwakasvika pakusarangarirwa sekwakaipa, asi sedziviriro yerusununguko. Kwakanga kusingacharangarirwezve sekubvuma kwekutera asi sekunosimbisa. Pakavamba kukosheswa kuwanda kwezvinodavirwa nekodzero yekufunga zvakasiyana sehwaro hwenzanga yazvino uno, kunyanyisa kwakamanikidzirwa kuderera.

Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi18, kubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero kwakabatanidzwa nerusununguko nekuenzana. Izvi zvakataurwa semitemo neziviso, dzakadai seZiviso yeKodzero Dzevanhu Nedzevagari Vemo (1789), yakakurumbira muFrance, kana kuti Gwaro Rekodzero Dzevanhu (1791), muUnited States. Sezvo magwaro aya akasvika pakukurudzira kufunga kwakasununguka kubvira muzana ramakore rechi19 zvichienda mberi, kubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero uye ipapo rusununguko zvakanga zvisingacharangarirwi sekutukwa asi sechikomborero.

Rusununguko Rwusina Kukwana

Nekukosha kwarwakaita, rusununguko rune muganhu. Nemhaka yerusununguko rukuru rwavose, Hurumende inopa mitemo inoderedza rumwe rusununguko. Dzinotevera dzimwe dzenhau dzine chokuita nerusununguko dziri kukurukurwa munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope: Mitemo yehurumende inofanira kushanda kusvika papi muupenyu hwemunhu oga? Inoshanda sei? Inotapura sei rusununguko?

Hurukuro pamusoro perusununguko rwavanhu vose nerwemunhu oga dzave dzichitanhamariswa nevanobudisa nhau. Mamwe mapoka echitendero akapomerwa kuvhiringidza pfungwa, kubiridzira vanhu, kubata vana zvisina kufanira, uye dzimwe mhaka zhinji dzakakomba, kazhinji kazhinji pasina ufakazi chaihwoihwo. Nyaya dzenhau dzinobatanidza mapoka echitendero maduku dzakanyatsoparadzirwa nevanobudisa nhau. Mashoko anozvidza akadai sa“sekete” zvino ava kushandiswa mazuva ose. Dzichimanikidzwa nevoruzhinji, hurumende dzakabudisawo ndaza yeanonzi masekete ane ngozi.

France inyika inodada netsika yayo yekubvumira zvimwe zvitendero pamwe nekusabatana kwechitendero neHurumende. Inozvizivisa pachayo nekudada senyika ye“Rusununguko, Kuenzana, Kubatana.” Asi, maererano nebhuku rinonzi Freedom of Religion and Belief—A World Report, “nhimbe yedzidzo muzvikoro yekukurudzira kuramba masangano matsva echitendero” yave ichirumbidzwa munyika iyoyo. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti chiito cherudzi urwu chinoisa pangozi rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero. Munzirai?

Kuiswa Pangozi Kwerusununguko Rwekusarudza Chitendero

Rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero rwechokwadi runovapo chete apo mapoka ose echitendero anoremekedza nekuteerera mutemo anobatwa zvakaenzana neHurumende. Hazvirambi zvakadaro apo Hurumende inosarudza nekuzvidira kuti chitendero chipi pakati pemapoka ezvitendero chisiri chitendero, nokudaro ndokusachibetsera nezvimwe zvinhu seHurumende. “Pfungwa inokosha zvikuru yerusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero inoguma yangova yezita apo hurumende inozvipa kodzero yekutendera zvitendero sezvainoita painopa marezinesi kuvatyairi,” yakadaro magazini yeTime muna 1997. Rimwe dare rekukwirira reFrance rakazivisa munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti kuita izvozvo “kunoita kuti, nokuziva kana kuti nokusaziva, pave neudzvinyiriri.”

Rusununguko runokosha rwunoiswawo pangozi apo rimwe boka rimwe bedzi rinenge richibudiswa munhau. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti izvi zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kuitika munyika dzakawanda. Semuenzaniso, pakuedza kurondedzera zviri zvakarurama mune zvechitendero, masangano asingadi masekete akazviita muchuchisi, mutongi, uye dare rinobetsera vatongi uye ipapo akaedza kupa veruzhinji pfungwa yavo yekusarura nekuvanobudisa nhau. Zvisinei, sezvakataurwa nepepanhau rekuFrance Le Monde, nekuita kudaro, masangano aya dzimwe nguva anoratidza “kuva masekete zvakafanana zvirizvo anofungidzirwa kuti ari kurwisa uye vachida kuparira kuti vanhu va‘vhimwe’ vachiurawa.” Pepanhau racho rakabvunza kuti: “Kuzvidzwa kwemapoka echitendero maduku munzanga . . . kunoisa pangozi rusununguko runokosha here?” Martin Kriele, ane mashoko ari muZeitschrift für Religionspsychologie, (MagaziniYeruzivo Rwechitendero), akati: “Kuvhimwa kwemasekete kunopa zvikonzero zvakawanda zvekunetseka kupfuura ruzhinji rukuru ‘rweanonzi masekete nemapoka ezvepfungwa.’ Zvichitaurwa zvakapfava: Vagari venyika vasingadariki mutemo vanofanira kusiiwa nerugare. Chitendero neuzivi zvinofanira kusununguka ndokuramba zvakasununguka, kunyangewo muGermany.” Ngatimborangarirai muenzaniso mumwe.

“Vagari Venyika Vemuenzaniso,”—Vakanzi Vane “Ngozi”

Iboka ripi rechitendero rakataurwa kuva “rine ngozi zvikurusa pamasekete ose” sokufunga kwevakuru vakuru veKaturike vane mashoko ari mupepanhau rakakurumbira reSpain reABC? Ungashamiswa kuziva kuti ABC yakanga ichitaura nezveZvapupu zvaJehovha. Zvavakapomerwa zvine chinangwa chekusasarura here? Cherekedza zvakaziviswa zvinotevera zvakabva kumwewo:

“Zvapupu zvinodzidzisa vanhu kuripira mitero nokutendeka, kusapindira muhondo kana kuti kugadzirira hondo, kusaba, tingangoti, kutevera mararamire okuti dai aizoteverwa nevamwe aizoparira kuvandudzika kwemagariro evanhu.”—Sergio Albesano, Talento, November-December 1996.

“Mukupesana nekutaura kwakaparadzirwa pane dzimwe nguva, [Zvapupu zvaJehovha] hazviratidziki kwandiri sezvine ngozi kana napaduku kumasangano eHurumende. Izvo vagari venyika vanoda rugare, vanodzorwa nehana, uye vanoremekedza zviremera.”—Mutevedzeri wenhengo yeparamende yeBelgium.

“Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinozikanwa sevanhu vakatendeseka muFederal Republic.”—Pepanhau reGermany Sindelfinger Zeitung.

“Ungarangarira [Zvapupu zvaJehovha] sevagari venyika vemuenzaniso. Zvinobhadhara mitero nemwoyo wose, zvinotarisira vanorwara, zvinorwisa kusagona kurava nekunyora.”—Pepanhau reU.S. San Francisco Examiner.

“Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinobudirira zvikuru kupfuura mitezo yemamwe masangano mukuchengeta mibatanidzwa yeroorano yakasimba.”—American Ethnologist.

“Zvapupu zvaJehovha zviri pakati pevanhu vakatendeseka zvikurusa nevanoshingaira pavagari vose venyika dzeAfrica.”—Dr. Bryan Wilson, Oxford University.

“Mitezo yechitendero ichocho yakabetsera zvikurusa kwemakumi emakore kuwedzera rusununguko rwehana.”—Nat Hentoff, Free Speech for Me—But Not for Thee.

“Vakabetsera . . . chaizvo pakuchengetwa kwezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinokosha muhurumende yedu inosarudzwa nevanhu.”—Purofesa C. S. Braden, These Also Believe.

Sezvinoratidza mashoko akataurwa ari pamusoro apa, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinozivikanwa pasi rose sevagari venyika vemuenzaniso. Uyewo, zvinozivikanwa nokuda kwebasa razvo redzidzo yapachena yeBhaibheri uye nokuda kwekutsigira kwazvo zvinokosha zvemhuri. Kirasi dzazvo dzekudzidzisa kurava nekunyora dzabetsera mazana ezviuru, nepo mabasa avo emutsa kwemakumi amakore akabetsera zviuru, zvikurukuru muAfrica.

Kukosha Kwechinangwa

Nzanga yazara nevanhu vasina tsika vanokuvadza vanhu vasina mhaka. Semugumisiro, zvinokosha kwazvo kuva vakangwarira zvikuru pakutaura nezvechitendero. Asi zvine chinangwai uye zvinobetserei parusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero apo vamwe vatori venhau, panzvimbo pekubvunza nyanzvi dzechinangwa, vanovimba nemashoko anobva kumachechi awo ari kuona zviverengero zvawo zvichiderera kana kuti kubva kumasangano anorwisana nemasekete awo ane chinangwa chisina chokwadi? Pepanhau rakadana Zvapupu zvaJehovha kuti “sekete rine ngozi zvikurusa pamasekete ose” somuenzaniso, rakabvuma kuti rondedzero dzaro dzakabva ku“kunyanzvi dzeChechi” yeKaturike. Uyewo, imwe magazini yekuFrance yakataura kuti nyaya dzakawanda dzinobata nemasekete anofungidzirwa dzakabva kumasangano anorwisa masekete. Izvi zvinonzwika kwauri senzira isina rusarura zvikurusa yekuwana nayo mashoko asina chinangwa here?

Matare nemasangano enyika yose ane hanya nekodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha, akadai seUN, anotaura kuti “musiyano uri pakati pechitendero nesekete hauna kunyatsojeka zvokuva unogamuchirika.” Saka nei vamwe vachipfuurira kushandisa shoko rinozvidza rekuti “sekete”? Humwe uchapupu hwekuti rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero rwuri pangozi. Saka, rusununguko urwu rwunokosha runogona sei kuchengetedzwa?

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 8]

Vadziviriri Verusununguko Rwekusarudza Chitendero

Zvikumbiro zvakasimba zverusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero zvakavamba mukurwisana kwakateura ropa kwezvitendero muEurope muzana ramakore rechi16. Zvikumbiro izvi zvichiri kushanda pahurukuro dzerusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero.

Sébastien Chateillon (1515-63): “Mupanduki chii? Handiwani chinhu chipi nechipi kunze kwekuti tinoona vose vasingabvumirane nezvatinofunga sevapanduki. . . . Kana uchionekwa semunamati wechokwadi muguta rino kana kuti ruwa, ucharangarirwa semupanduki mune rimwe racho.” Mushanduri weBhaibheri wekuFrance ane mukurumbira uye mudziviriri akasimba wekubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero, Chateillon akataura chimwezve chinhu chinokosha mukukurukurirana nezverusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero: Ndiani anotaura kuti mupanduki ndiani?

Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (1522-90): “Tinorava kuti munguva yakapfuura . . . kunyange Kristu pachake muJerusarema uye ipapo vakawanda vakafira kutendeka vaiva muEurope . . . vakavhiringidza [nzanga] nemashoko avo echokwadi. . . . Zvinorehwa neshoko rekuti ‘vhiringidza’ zvinofanira kunyatsorondedzerwa zvakarurama uye zvakajeka.” Coornhert akati kusawirirana pane zvechitendero hakufaniri kuenzaniswa nokumutsa bongozozo. Akabvunza kuti: Avo vanoteerera nekuremekedza mutemo nokutendeseka vanoisa pangozi chaizvoizvo kugadzikana kwevanhu here?

Pierre de Belloy (1540-1611): “Kusaziva kudavira kuti kusiyana-siyana kwezvitendero kunoparira uye kunokurudzira bope muNyika.” Belloy, gweta rekuFrance richinyora panguva yeHondo dzeChitendero (1562-98), rakakurudzira kuti kubatana kweNyika hakubvi pakuva nezvitendero kutoti, kana hurumende yacho hayo ichibvuma kumanikidzwa nezvitendero.

Thomas Helwys (c. 1550-c. 1616): “Kana vanhu vake [vamambo] vari vanhu vanoteerera uye vakatendeseka kumitemo yose yevanhu, hapana chimwe chaanofanira kuvabvunza.” Helwys, mumwe wevakavamba English Baptists, akanyora achitsigira kusabatana kweChechi neHurumende, achikurudzira mambo kupa rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero kumachechi ose nemasekete uye kugutsikana nesimba rehurumende pavanhu nezvinhu. Zvinyorwa zvake zvakasimbisa mubvunzo wazvino uno wekuti: Hurumende inofanira kudzora vanhu kusvika papi pane zvokunamata?

Munyori Asingazivikanwi (1564): “Kuti pave nerusununguko rwehana, hazvina kukwana kubvumira munhu kurega chitendero chaasingade kana, nechikonzero chakafanana, rusununguko rwokushandisa chaanoda rusingapiwi.”

[Mifananidzo]

Tertullian

Chateillon

De Belloy

[Kwazvakatorwa]