Kusadiwa Kwezvimwe Zvitendero Nhasi
“Munhu wose ane kodzero yerusununguko rwekufunga, rwehana nerwekusarudza chitendero; kodzero iyi inobatanidza rusununguko rwekuchinja chitendero chake kana kuti zvaanodavira, uye rusununguko rwekuratidza chitendero chake kana kuti zvaanodavira mudzidziso, mumiitiro, mukunamata nemukuchengeta, ari oga kana kuti munzanga nevamwe uye pachena kana kuti pachivande.” Chikamu 18, Universal Declaration Of Human Rights, 1948.
UNE rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero munyika yako here? Nyika dzakawanda pasi pose dzinobvumirana nemutemo uyu wakanaka zvechipameso, uyo wakabatanidzwa kakawanda muzvinoziviswa nenyika yose. Zvisinei, zvinofungidzirwa kuti munyika dzakawanda umo kusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero nerusaruro zviri kuitika chaizvoizvo, mamiriyoni asingaverengeki evanhu nhasi haasi kuwana rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero. Kune rumwe rutivi, vanhu vakawanda vanogara munzanga dzine marudzi akawanda, madzinza akawanda, kana kuti zvitendero zvakawanda umo rusununguko runopiwa nemutemo uye kubvumirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero kunoratidzika sekuri mutsika dzerudzi rwacho.
Asi, kunyange munzvimbo idzi, rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero rwevamwe vanhu rwuri pangozi. “Rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachitendero kana kuti zvinodavirwa runowanika mudzinenge gadziriro dzose dzezveupfumi, dzenzanga, uye dzemagariro mumativi ose enyika,” akadaro Angelo d’Almeida Ribeiro, aichimbova Muturi Wemashoko akagadzwa neUN Commission on Human Rights. Mubhuku ravo rinonzi Freedom of Religion and Belief—A World Report, rakabudiswa muna 1997, vapepeti venhau vanoti Kevin Boyle naJuliet Sheen vanoti: “Kutambudzwa kwemapoka maduku ezvitendero [uye] kurambidzwa kwezvitendero nerusaruro rwakapararira . . . zviri kuitika zuva nezuva pamugumo wezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri.”
Zvisinei, rusaruro rwechitendero harungotapuri mapoka maduku ezvitendero chete. Purofesa Abdelfattah Amor, Muturi Wemashoko Ekusadiwa Kwezvimwe Zvitendero, weUN Commission on Human Rights, anorangarira kuti “hakuna chitendero chakachengeteka zvokusagona kuvhiringidzwa.” Saka, zvingangodarowo, kuti zvimwe zvitendero zvekwaunogara zviri kuwanzotarisana nekusadiwa nerusaruro.
Zvimiro Zvakasiyana-siyana Zverusaruro
Rusaruro rwechitendero rwunogona kuitwa muzvimiro zvakawanda. Dzimwe nyika dzinorambidza zvakananga zvitendero zvose zvichisiya chimwe chete, chaizvoizvo, dzichichiita chitendero cheNyika yacho. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo iyo yakanzwisiswa sekuona kwemunhu. Rangarira kuti zvinobvira sei kuminamisa mutemo wakaiswa muIsrael wekuranga vanopinza, kudhinda, kuparadzira, kana kuti vanowanikwa vane mabhurocha kana kuti zvinhu “zvinokurudzira kuchinja chitendero.” Hazvishamisi kuti pepanhau reInternational Herald Tribune rinoti: “MuIsrael, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvave zvichinetswa nekurwiswa.” Imwe Horo yoUmambo yeZvapupu zvaJehovha muLod yakapazwa katatu ndokuparadzwa kaviri nevashingairi vanonyanyisa vetsika dzechiJudha. Mapurisa akaramba kupindira.
Bhuku rinonzi Freedom of Religion and Belief rinopa mimwe mienzaniso yekusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero: “Kupesana nedzidziso dzechechi nekupanduka hazvisi pfungwa yenguva yakapfuura chete. . . . Kuramba, kutambudza nekusarura avo vakatora nzira yakasiyana kunoramba kuri chikonzero chikuru chekusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero. VaAhmadis muPakistan nava[Bahai] muEgypt, Iran, nemuMalaysia mimwe mienzaniso sezvakaita Zvapupu zvaJehovha munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEastern Europe, muGreece neSingapore.” Zvakajeka kuti, rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero rwuri pangozi munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika.
Achirangarira izvi, Federico Mayor, mutungamiriri weUnited Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, akazivisa kuti nyika iri kuuya yemunguva yemberi iri pedyo “haikurudziri mbavarira yemwoyo wose. . . . Mhepo dzerusununguko dzakakuchidzira pfungwa yeruvengo.” Achisimbisa kutya uku, mutungamiriri weHuman Rights Centre of the University of Essex, United Kingdom, akatsinhira kuti: “Uchapupu hwose hunonongedzera pakuti tigume tati kusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero . . . kuri kuwedzera panzvimbo pekuderera munyika yanhasi.” Kuwedzera kwekusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero kwakadaro kunoisa pangozi rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero, zvimwe rusununguko rwako rwekusarudza chitendero. Kunyange zvakadaro, nei rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero ruchinyanyokosha?
Chii Chiri Mungozi?
“Rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero ndicho chinodiwa chinokosha nzanga ipi neipi isati yagona kunzi yakasununguka. . . . Pasina rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero nekodzero yekuti munhu aparadzire kutenda kwake hapagoni kuva nekodzero dzehana uye hapagoni kuva nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu yepachokwadi,” yakatsinhira kudaro nyanzvi yezvekugara kwevanhu Bryan Wilson mubhuku rake rinonzi Human Values in a Changing World. Uye, sezvakacherekedzwa nedare reFrance munguva pfupi yapfuura, “rusununguko rwechitendero chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zverusununguko rwavose.” Nokudaro, ungave uri wechitendero kana kuti kwete, unofanira kufarira kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero.
Zvinofungwa nenyika nezverusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero zvinotapurawo zvikuru mukurumbira wayo nekuvimbwa kwayo nenyika yose. Mushumo wakapiwa muna 1997 kumusangano wemarudzi 54 weOrganization for Security and Cooperation muEurope wakati: “Rusununguko rwekusarudza Chitendero ndicho chimwe chezvinokosha zvikurusa mumubatanidzwa wekodzero dzevanhu, runosvika pamwoyo chaipo pechiremera chevanhu. Hapana gadziriro inoputsa, kana kuti inobvumira kuputswa kwekodzero dzakadaro, inogona kuzviti zvapamutemo ndeimwe yenzanga nenyika dzinoruramisira dzezvido zveruzhinji dzinoremekedza kodzero dzevanhu.”
Rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero rwakafanana nerutivi rwefandesheni yechivako. Rumwe rusununguko—rwevagari vemo, rwezvamatongerwe enyika, rwetsika, uye rweupfumi—rwakavakirwa parwuri. Kana fandesheni ikasekeswa, zvinokanganisa chivako chose. Purofesa Francesco Margiotta-Broglio anopfupikisa nenzira iyi: “Panguva ipi neipi apo rusununguko rwekusarudza [chitendero] runovhiringidzwa, rumwe rusununguko runovhiringidzwawo.” Kana rumwe rusununguko rwose rwuchizochengetedzwa, rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero runofanira kutanga kuchengetedzwa.
Kuti unzwisise kuti zvakanyanyonakirei kuchengetedza chimwe chinhu, zvinokosha kuchinzwisisa. Rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero rwakabva kupi? Rwakavambwa sei, uye pamutengoi?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 4]
Kusadiwa kwezvimwe zvitendero kwakabva kure