Indlela Ubugebengu Obuhleliwe Obukuthinta Ngayo

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EJAPANE

Umholi weQembu Lezigelekeqe uchumbuza umunwe wemfundamakhwela. Igazi liconsela esithombeni “sikasanta.” Ngokulandelayo, lesi sithombe sishiswa ngomlilo. Lomholi utshela lensizwa: ‘Uma ungadalula noma iziphi izimfihlo zalenhlangano, umphefumulo wakho uyokusha njengalosanta.’

ISIVUMELWANO sokuwuhlaba inhlali—ngesiNtaliyane, omertà—sagcina ubugebengu obuhleliwe bufihlekile iminyaka eminingi. Nokho, namuhla amaqembu ezigebengu ayindab’egudwini kuyo yonke indawo njengoba amanye amalungu ephenduka izimpimpi. Umuntu ovelele kunabo bonke owamangalelwa yilama-pentiti, noma amambuka eQembu Lezigelekeqe, kwakunguGiulio Andreotti, owaba ngundunankulu wase-Italy izikhathi ezingu-7 futhi manje okuqulwa icala lakhe lokusebenzelana namaQembu Ezigelekeqe.

Izinhlangano zezigebengu kuyo yonke indawo ziye zahlasela yonke imikhakha yokuphila: iQembu Lezigelekeqe e-Italy nase-United States, lapho libizwa khona nangokuthi i-Cosa Nostra; amaqembu ashushumbisa izidakamizwa eNingizimu Melika; ama-Triad aseChina; ama-yakuza aseJapane. Imisebenzi yazo emibi isithinta sonke futhi yenza izindleko zokuphila zimbe eqolo.

Kuthiwa e-United States iQembu Lezigelekeqe lihlukanisa idolobha laseNew York phakathi kwamaqembu amahlanu, athola izinkulungwane zezigidi ngokuphanga, ngamaqembu okuvikela, ngokubolekisa imali ngenzalo ephakeme, ngokugembula, ngokushushumbisa izidakamizwa nangobufebe. Kuthiwa amaQembu Ezigelekeqe anethonya elinamandla phezu kwezinyunyana zezisebenzi emabhizinisini athutha udoti, amaloli, ezokwakha, ezokuthutha ukudla nawezingubo. Ngamandla anawo phezu kwezinyunyana zezisebenzi, angaxazulula izingxabano zezisebenzi noma aphazamise umsebenzi othile. Ngokwesibonelo, esizeni sokwakha ngolunye usuku ugandaganda ngeke usebenze, ngakusasa amabhuleki kagandaganda ombayo angasebenzi, futhi onjiniyela ababasebenzisayo “babambezele” umsebenzi—lezi zenzakalo nezinye ziyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umakhi amukela izimfuno zaleli qembu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziwukufumbathiswa noma izivumelwano zomsebenzi. Eqinisweni, “ukufumbathisa leli Qembu kungalethela osomabhizinisi umsebenzi ngokushesha, ukuthula nezisebenzi kanye namandla okuthola izisebenzi eziholelwa kancane,” kubika umagazini i-Time.

EColombia amaqembu amabili ashushumbisa izidakamizwa ancintisana kwaze kwaba yilapho kudutshulwa uPablo Escobar, umholi weqembu laseMedellín, ngo-1993. Ngemva kwalokho, iqembu laseCali laphatha uhwebo lokushushumbisa i-cocaine emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba langenisa ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-33) ngo-1994 e-United States kuphela, cishe laba iqembu lobugebengu obuhleliwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Kodwa ukuboshwa komholi walo ngo-1995, uJosé Santacruz Londoño, kwaba igalelo elibi kulenhlangano. Nokho, kuhlala kunomlandeli oshisekayo olindele ukuthatha isikhundla njengomholi olandelayo.

Lapho kuwa iKhethini Lensimbi, iQembu Lezigelekeqe laseRussia lasakazekela emhlabeni wonke okokuqala ngqá. Ngenxa yalokho, “wonke amabhizinisi eRussia kumelwe asebenzelane neqembu lezigelekeqe,” kusho umphathi webhange elithile owacashunwa kuyi-Newsweek. Ngisho naseBrighton Beach, eNew York, kubikwa ukuthi iQembu Lezigelekeqe laseRussia lithola izindodla zemali ngamacebo ayinkimbinkimbi okukhwabanisa uphethiloli. Abanikazi bezimoto yibona abakhokha kakhulu, kanti uhulumeni ulahlekelwa izintela. Amaqembu aseRussia aphethe nezindawo zobufebe eMpumalanga Yurophu. Awatholi sijeziso ngezenzo zawo eziningi zobugebengu. Ubani onesibindi sokubhekana nabantu ababengabasubathi nomakad’ebona bempi yase-Afghanistan abahlome ngezikhali eziyingozi?

Isimo siyefana nasemazweni aseMpumalanga. EJapane labo abangosaziwayo kufanele balindele izinkathazo eziningi uma bengalihloniphi iqembu lendawo lama-yakuza futhi bahlawule inkokhiso. Nalapha futhi kufunwa imali yesivikelo ezinkantini ngisho nasezifebeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-yakuza aye angena shí emnothweni waseJapane ngokumisa izinkampani zawo, ephanga imali emabhizinisini amakhulu, futhi esebenzelana nezinhlangano zobugebengu kwamanye amazwe.

Izinhlangano zezigebengu ezizinze eHong Kong naseTaiwan nazo zisakazekela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ngaphandle kwegama lazo, elithi ama-Triad, akukho lutho olwaziwayo ngendlela ezihlelwe ngayo. Umlando wazo uhlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-17, lapho izindela zamaShayina zabumbana ngokumelene nabaseManchuria abathatha iChina. Nakuba enamashumi ezinkulungwane zamalungu, kuthiwa ama-Triad aseHong Kong akha izinhlangano zesikhashana zobugebengu obuthile noma zochungechunge lwezenzo zobugebengu, okwenza kube nzima ngamaphoyisa ukuthungatha imikhondo yawo. Azuza izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi ngokushushumbisa i-heroin futhi aye aphendula iHong Kong isikhungo somgunyathi wamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti.

Encwadini yakhe ethi The New Ethnic Mobs, uWilliam Kleinknecht ubhala ngobugebengu e-United States: “Emkhakheni omusha wobugebengu obuhleliwe, awekho amaqembu ezigebengu obuhlanga anekusasa eliqhakazile kunamaShayina. . . . Amaqembu ezigebengu aseChina anda ngokushesha emadolobheni kulo lonke izwe. . . . Alandela ezithendeni zeQembu Lezigelekeqe laseNew York.”

Ngokuqondene nolunye uhwebo olungemthetho lwaseHong Kong, isikhulu esithile soMnyango Wezobulungisa e-United States sithi: “Ukuhweba ngabantu bangaphandle kuyisibonakaliso sobugebengu obuhleliwe.” Ezinye izikhulu zilinganisela ukuthi amaShayina angu-100 000 angena e-United States ngokungemthetho unyaka ngamunye. Isihambi esivamile esingemthetho kudingeka sikhokhe okungenani ama-dollar angu-15 000 (R70 000) ukuze sifinyelele ezweni elicebile, kanti iningi laleyo mali siyikhokha ngemva kokufika ezweni esiya kulo. Ngakho, ezihambini eziningi ukuphila ezweni ezilifiselayo kuba ubunzima obukhulu bokugqilazwa isikhathi eside nasezikhungweni zezifebe.

Ngenxa yokuthi awuhileleki emisebenzini yobugebengu, ungase ube nomuzwa wokuthi ubugebengu obuhleliwe abukuthinti. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela? Imilutha eminingi yezidakamizwa, ehlala emazwekazini amaningana, iphendukela ebugebengwini ukuze ikhokhele izidakamizwa ezitholakala emaqenjini ashushumbisa izidakamizwa aseNingizimu Melika. Amaqembu obugebengu obuhleliwe ayaqikelela ukuthi izivumelwano zezinto ezenzelwa umphakathi zinikezwa izinkampani ezisebenzelana nawo; ngenxa yalokho, izakhamuzi zikhokha kakhulu. I-President’s Commission on Organized Crime (IKhomishane KaMongameli Yobugebengu Obuhleliwe) yake yathi e-United States, “ubugebengu obuhleliwe bushintsha izindleko ngokweba, ngokuphanga, ngokufumbathisa, ngokungashintshi amanani entengo nangokulinganisela uhwebo” nokuthi abathengi baphoqeleka ukuba bakhokhe “inani eleqile” eliya eQenjini Lezigelekeqe. Ngakho, akukho muntu ongagwema imiphumela yobugebengu. Sonke sikhokha izindleko.

Kodwa kungani ubugebengu obuhleliwe buchuma namuhla?

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 5]

Iqembu Lezigelekeqe—Imvelaphi Yalo

“IQembu Lezigelekeqe lasungulwa eSicily ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, lapho ngokunokwenzeka laqala khona njengenhlangano yangasese eyayihlose ukugumbuqela ukubusa kwabanqobi bangaphandle abahlukahlukene abanqoba lesi siqhingi—ngokwesib., ama-Arabhu, abaseNormandy nabaseSpain. IQembu Lezigelekeqe lasungulwa futhi lathola amalungu alo emabuthweni amaningi amancane angasese, noma ama-mafie, ayeqashwe abanikazi bezindawo abahambile ukuba avikele izindawo zabo ezigebengwini phakathi nokudlanga kobugebengu eSicily phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Phakathi nekhulu le-18 nele-19, lezi zixhwanguxhwangu ezishisekayo kulamabutho angasese zazihlela futhi zaba namandla kangangokuba zaphendukela abanikazi bezindawo futhi zashaya umthetho kweziningi zalezi zindawo, ziphanga imali kubanikazi bezindawo ngenxa yokuvikela izilimo zabo.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Zasebenza ngokuphanga imali yesivikelo. Zadlulisela izinqubo zazo e-United States, lapho zahileleka khona ekugembuleni, ekuphoqeleleni izisebenzi, ekubolekiseni imali ngenzuzo ephakeme, ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa nasebufebeni.