Amacebo Omuntu Okulondeka Kwezizwe Zonke

“Lapho konke lokhu sekudlulile, sifuna ukuba abantu abelaphayo. Sifuna ukwenza konke esingakwenza ukuze sikwenze kube nokwenzeka lokho ngethemba engingase ngikubize ngokuthi uhlelo lwezwe elisha.”—Umongameli waseU.S. uGeorge Bush, ngoJanuary 1991, ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala kwempi eyayilwiwa neIraq.

“Umbono woHlelo Lwezwe Elisha kaMongameli Bush ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokubusa komthetho nenkolelo yokuthi izizwe zizonke zinomthwalo wemfanelo wenkululeko nobulungisa. Ngokuphela kweMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo, kuqala inkathi entsha.”—Inxusa leU.S. eliseAustralia, ngoAugust 1991.

“Namuhla ebusuku, njengoba ngibona izenzakalo ezenzekayo zokubusa kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, mhlawumbe—mhlawumbe sesiseduze nalelozwe elisha kunanini ngaphambili.”—Umongameli waseU.S. uGeorge Bush, ngoSeptember 1991.

ABAHOLI bezwe abaningi, abanjengoMongameli Bush, bakhuluma benethemba ngekusasa. Ingabe ukuba kwabo nethemba kunesiqinisekiso? Ingabe izenzakalo ezenzeka kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II zinikeza isisekelo sokuba nethemba okunjalo? Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi abezombangazwe bayakwazi ukuletha ukulondeka kwezizwe zonke?

Icebo Elikhulu Lomuntu

“Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokugcina yempi yezwe yesibili,” kuchaza uhlelo olwaboniswa kuthelevishini oluthi Goodbye War, “kwakubulawa abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa inyanga ngayinye.” Ngalesosikhathi, izizwe zazizwa zinesidingo esiphuthumayo secebo elalizovimbela ukuba impi enjalo iphinde ibe khona futhi. Njengoba impi yayiqhubeka, abameleli bezizwe ezingu-50 basungula icebo lokulondeka kwezizwe zonke elikhulu kunawo wonke ake asungulwa umuntu: uMthetho-sisekelo WeZizwe Ezihlangene. Isandulela saloMthetho-sisekelo sakhuluma ngokuzimisela “ukusindisa izizukulwane ezilandelayo ekuhlushweni yimpi.” Izizwe ezazizoba amalungu eZizwe Ezihlangene kakumelwe “zihlangane ukuze zilondoloze ukuthula nokulondeka kwezizwe zonke.”

Ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amane nanye kamuva, indiza yawisa ibhomu leathomu phezu kweHiroshima, eJapane. Laqhuma ngaphezu kwenkaba yedolobha, labulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-70 000. Lokho kuqhuma, kanye nalokho okwalandela ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva okwenzeka eNagasaki, kwayiqeda ngempumelelo impi eyayilwiwa neJapane. Njengoba iJalimane eyayisiza iJapane yacela umaluju ngoMay 7, 1945, kanjalo iMpi Yezwe II yaphela. Nokho, ingabe lokho kwaba ukuphela kwazo zonke izimpi?

Cha. Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, isintu siye sabhekana nezimpi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-150 eziye zathatha ukuphila kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-19. Ngokusobala, icebo elikhulu leUN alikakulethi ukulondeka kwezizwe zonke. Konakala kuphi?

IMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo

Abasunguli becebo leUN bahluleka ukubona umbango owaba khona ngokushesha phakathi kwezizwe ezazisizana phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. AmaZwe amaningi ahlanganyela kulokhu kulwela ukubusa, okwabizwa ngokuthi iMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo, futhi ngokwengxenye, okwakuwukulwa phakathi kobuKhomanisi nesimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile. Esikhundleni sokuba zihlangane ekuvimbeleni impi, izizwe ezingamaqembu amabili zasekela izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ezingxabanweni zezifunda futhi ngalendlela zalwa zodwa eAsia, eAfrika, nasemazweni aseMelika.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, iMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo yaqala ukudamba. Lokhu kudamba kwafinyelela emvuthwandaba ngo-1975 lapho amaZwe angu-35 esayina lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iSivumelwano SaseHelsinki (Helsinki Agreement). Phakathi kwamazwe ayesayinile kwakukhona iSoviet Union neUnited States, kanye nabasizi bawo baseYurophu. Wonke athembisa ukusebenzela “ukuthula nokulondeka” kanye “nokuyeka . . . ukusongela noma ukusebenzisa amandla ekumelaneni nokuthembela kwabantu ezweni lakubo noma ukuzibusa ngokwezombangazwe kwanoma yiliphi iZwe, noma nganoma iyiphi indlela engavumelani nezinjongo zeZizwe Ezihlangene.”

Kodwa lemiqondo ayizange ibe nezithelo. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, ukulwa phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu kwaphinda kwashuba. Izinto zaba zimbi kangangokuba ngo-1982 unobhala-jikelele weZizwe Ezihlangene owayesanda kumiswa, uDkt. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, wakuvuma ukuhluleka kwenhlangano yakhe futhi waxwayisa “ngesiyaluyalu esisha sezizwe zonke.”

Nokho, namuhla, lonobhala-jikelele weUN kanye nabanye abaholi bazwakalisa ukuba nethemba. Imibiko yezindaba ikhuluma “ngenkathi yangemva kweMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo.” Lwenzeke kanjani lolushintsho?

“Inkathi Yangemva KweMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo”

Isici esiphawulekayo kwaba umhlangano weNhlangano eyakhiwa izizwe ezingu-35 yokuLondeka Nokubambisana EYurophu. NgoSeptember 1986 zasayina lokho okwabizwa ngokuthi iSivumelwano SaseStockholm (Stockholm Document), ziphinda ziqinisa ukunamathela kwazo eSivumelwaneni saseHelsinki sango-1975.a ISivumelwano SaseStockholm siqukethe imithetho eminingi ebusa ukuphathwa kwemisebenzi yezempi. “Imiphumela yeminyaka emithathu edlule iyakhuthaza futhi izinga lalokho osekufeziwe seliqala ukuzidlula izibopho ezibhaliwe zalesoSivumelwano SaseStockholm,” kubika iSIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) kuyiYearbook yayo ka-1990.

Khona-ke, ngo-1987, imibuso emikhulu yafinyelela esivumelwaneni esiphawulekayo esibeka imfuneko yokuba kubhujiswe zonke izikhali zayo ezicitshwa zisemhlabathini ezinganemba into esebangeni lamakhilomitha aphakathi kwangu-500 nangu-5 500. “Ukubhujiswa okungokoqobo kwezikhali ezicitshwayo nemishini yokuziciba kunjengoba kuhleliwe futhi izinto ezishiwo ezivumelwaneni ziqashelwa njengoba kufanele uhlangothi ngalunye,” kusho iSIPRI.

Kuye kwathathwa ezinye izinyathelo zokunciphisa ingozi yokuba kube nempi yenuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1988 imibuso emikhulu yasayina isivumelwano esiphathelene “nezikhali ezizitshuzela ngokwazo ezingadabula amazwekazi kanye nezikhali ezizitshuzela ngokwazo ezicitshwa imikhumbi-ngwenya.” Ngaphambi kokuciba izikhali ezinjalo, uhlangothi ngalunye kumelwe lwazise olunye esikhathini “esingengaphansi kwamahora angamashumi amabili nane kusengaphambili, sosuku oluhleliwe, indawo ezizocitshwa zikuyo, kanye nendawo ezoba isisulu.” NgokweSIPRI, izivumelwano ezinjalo “cishe zivimbela ithuba lokuba izenzakalo zasezweni elithile zibhebhetheke zibe impi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke.”

Phakathi nelesosikhathi, amacebo okuthuthukisa ukulondeka kwezizwe zonke ashesha. NgoMay 1990, phakathi nomhlangano wemibuso emikhulu eWashington, D.C., owayengumongameli waseSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev wahlongoza ukuba izizwe ezingamaqembu amabili zaseYurophu zisayine isivumelwano sokuthula. NgoJuly, izizwe ezingu-16 zaseNtshonalanga zeNATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) zahlangana eLondon. Ukusabela kwazo esihlongozweni sikaMikhail Gorbachev kwaba ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili zisayine “isivumelwano esihlanganyelwe esisho kuso ngokuqinile ukuthi asisezona izitha futhi siqinisekisa inhloso yethu yokuyeka ukusongela nokusebenzisa amandla.” Isihloko esikhulu esasisekhasini lokuqala ephephandabeni laseAfrika sabiza lokhu ngokuthi “Isinyathelo Esikhulu Esiholela Ekuthuleni Kwezwe.”

Khona-ke, ngokushesha ngaphambi komhlangano owawuphakathi kwemibuso emikhulu eHelsinki, eFinland, owayekhulumela uhulumeni waseU.S. wathi “ithuba lokuba kube nempi [eMpumalanga Ephakathi] libangela ukuba kusungulwe icebo elisha elihlanganyelwe lokuthula kwezwe.” Ukuthula kuye kwabhuntshiswa lapho i-Iraq ingena ngendlov’ iyangena eKuwait futhi amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ebonakala esengozini yokuhlaselwa yimpi. Kodwa ngegunya leZizwe Ezihlangene, amasosha avela ezizweni zonke ayeholwa iUnited States awaphindisela ezweni lawo siqu amasosha ayengene ngendlov’ iyangena kulelozwe. Ukuba nenjongo eyodwa kwezizwe zonke okwaboniswa kuleyompi kwakhuthaza abanye ukuba bathembele ekutheni sekuqale inkathi entsha yokubambisana.

Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, izenzakalo zezwe ziye zaqhubekela phambili. Ngokukhethekile, sona kanye isimo salokho okwake kwaba iSoviet Union sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. AmaZwe aseBaltic avunyelwa ukuba ngazibusayo, futhi namanye amaripabhuliki eSoviet Union enza okufanayo. Kwaba nemibango engokohlanga enobudlova emazweni ayebonakala ebumbene ngaphansi kokulawula okukodwa kobuKhomanisi. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1991, iSoviet Union yayingasekho ngokusemthethweni.

Lezinguquko ezinkulu esimweni sezwe sezombangazwe ziye zayivulela umnyango wethuba inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene. Ngalokhu iNew York Times yathi: “Ukudamba kokushuba kwezimo emhlabeni wonke kanye nomoya omusha wokubambisana phakathi kweUnited States neSoviet Union kungabangela ukuba inhlangano yomhlaba wonke ibe nendima entsha nenamandla ngokwengeziwe ezindabeni zezizwe zonke.”

Ingabe ekugcineni sekuyisikhathi sokuba leyonhlangano eneminyaka engu-47 ikhona ibonise ukuthi ingenzani? Ingabe ngempela singena kulokho iUnited States ekubiza ngokuthi “ikhulu elisha leminyaka, kanye nenkulungwane entsha yeminyaka, enokuthula, inkululeko nokuchuma”?

[Umbhalo waphansi]