INqaba ITerezín—Ayikwazanga Ukuvimba Ukuhlupheka

ENDAWENI ephakathi kwamadolobha amabili iDresden nePrague enkabeni yeYurophu, kunedolobha okuthiwa iTheresienstadt (noma iTerezín). Leli dolobha linenqaba enkulu enezindonga eziphakeme eziyisivikelo. Yakhiwa ukuze kuvinjelwe amabutho ezitha angangeni ezweni futhi ibe yisivikelo nakwabahlala endaweni ezungezile.

UJoseph II, inkosi yaseJalimane enguMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma, wayala ukuba kwakhiwe le nqaba, futhi wayekhona lapho kuhlolwa indawo eyayizokwakhiwa kuyo nalapho kubekwa itshe eliyisisekelo ngasekupheleni kuka-1780. Le nqaba yakhelwa ukuhlonipha unina, iNdlovukazi uMaria Theresa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yanikwa igama lesiCzech elithi Terizín, elisho ukuthi “Idolobha LikaTheresa.”a Kuthiwa izisebenzi ezaziba khona uma kwakhiwa, zaziba ngu-14 000. Umsebenzi omningi waqedwa phakathi neminyaka emine.

Lapho iqedwa ngo-1784, iTerezín yayiyinqaba enkulu kunazo zonke emazweni aseHapsburg. Izindlela zobunjiniyela bezobuchwepheshe ezasetshenziswa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa, zazithuthuke kakhulu emlandweni wokwakhiwa kwezinqaba kuze kube yileso sikhathi. Kodwa, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iqedwe ukwakhiwa, izindlela namaqhinga okulwa kwase kushintshe ngendlela eyisimanga.

Amabutho ezitha ayengasazivimbezeli izinqaba uma ehlasela izwe. Ayezungeza imizi eseduze nazo ayiphange. Ngenxa yalokho, ngawo-1888, iTerezín ayibange isaba inqaba yezempi. Izindonga zayo ezibanzi zashintshwa zenziwa amapaki amahle anezindlela namabhentshi.

INqaba Nedolobha

INqaba iTerezín yayiklanywe yaba yidolobha elivikelekile. Ngemva kwezindonga zayo eziphakeme, kwakunendawo yokuhlala amasosha, imindeni yawo kanye nabantu abavamile nje.

Eceleni kwenqaba eyinhloko, kwakhiwa encane eyayiyijele leziboshwa zempi. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, babevalelwa kuyo abaphikisi bezombangazwe boMbuso waseHapsburg. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, iziboshwa zahlanganisa nentsha eyayihileleke ekubulaweni kweNkosana yaseSarajevo uFrancis Ferdinand. Yaphunyula ekugwetshweni intambo ngoba yayineminyaka engaphansi kwamashumi amabili. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, iningi layo lafela ejele. Yayihlukunyezwa, futhi enye yagcina isihlanya. UGavrilo Princip, okunguye owabulala inkosana, wafela kulelo jele phakathi neMpi Yezwe I.

INqaba Encane yayinedumela lokuba yijele elibi kunawo wonke e-Austria-Hungary. Ngokuvamile, iziboshwa zaziboshwa ngamaketanga asindayo emigodini ebandayo nenomswakama. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, le nqaba yayisetshenziselwa nezinjongo ezimbi nakakhulu.

Lokho “ITerezín Yokungcebeleka” Eyayiyikho Ngempela

Ngemva kokuba amaNazi enqobe indawo manje eseyaziwa ngokuthi iCzech Republic futhi ayidla, aqala ukuvalela amaJuda enqabeni enkulu ngo-1941. AmaNazi aphendula idolobha laseTheresienstadt laba yindawo ehlala amaJuda. Ayethi ukuhlukaniswa ngohlanga kwakudingeka ukuze kugwenywe izingxabano phakathi kwamaJuda nabangewona amaJuda. Nakuba iTheresienstadt yayivezwa emphakathini njengendawo evaliwe yokungcebeleka, lapho amaJuda ayephila khona ntofontofo, amaNazi ayeceba ukuwaqothula.

Engxenyeni esempumalanga yeYurophu, amaNazi akha amakamu okufa lapho amaJuda asuka eTheresienstadt nakwezinye izindawo ezifanayo athuthelwa khona kancane kancane ayesebulawa.b Nakuba ukuba khona kwamakamu anjalo kwakwaziwa kabanzi kusukela maphakathi nawo-1930, inkulumo-ze yamaNazi yayiwaveza njengezindawo zokuvuselelwa kwesimilo. Kodwa, yayanda imibiko ngezimo ezazikula makamu. Ngenxa yalokho, kwacindezelwa izikhulu zamaNazi ukuba zisho ukuthi lezi zinsolo ziyiqiniso ngempela yini. Ngakho amaNazi aceba ukunika amazwe omhlaba impendulo. Akwenza kanjani lokhu?

Ngo-1944 nango-1945, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kwamenywa amanxusa eNhlangano Yomhlaba Yesiphambano Esibomvu ukuba azohlola inqaba eyinhloko ukuze azibonele ukuthi kwenzekani. Kodwa, ukuze bawakhohlise ngokuthi le nqaba yayiyindawo yokungcebeleka, amaNazi enza umsebenzi omkhulu wokuyihlobisa.

Izinombolo zamajele zathathelwa indawo amagama emigwaqo amnandi. Kwenziwa ibhange lomgunyathi, isikole sabaqalayo, kanye nezitolo. Kwavulwa ngisho nethilomu kule ndawo. Kwavuselelwa ingaphandle lezindlu, kwatshalwa utshani nezimbali phakathi nepaki, kwakhiwa indawo ephakeme yokuhlala lapho kwakudlalwa khona umculo.

Ngemva kwalokho, amanxusa eSiphambano Esibomvu amenywa ukuba azobuka le ndawo. Ayevunyelwe ukukhuluma namanxusa “kahulumeni ozilawulayo” wamaJuda kuphela. Kodwa, laba bantu babeyizakhamuzi zakule ndawo ezazikhethwe ngokucophelela, ezaziphendula imibuzo ngendlela ezazifundiswe ngayo amaNazi. Eziwombeni ezimbili zokuhlola, amaNazi aphumelela ekukhohliseni izihambeli zeSiphambano Esibomvu. Embikweni wazo, lezi zihambeli zachaza iTheresienstadt njengedolobha elivamile lamaJuda elinabantu abanakekelwa kahle. Lapho amanxusa eNhlangano Yomhlaba YeSiphambano Esibomvu ehamba eTheresienstadt, amaJuda asele aqhubeka nokuhlukumezeka, ukulamba nokufa. Ambalwa aphila kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II.

INqaba Encane

INqaba Encane nayo amaNazi ayeyisebenzisa njengejele. Izimo kuyo zazifana nezasemakamu okuhlushwa. Ezinkulungwaneni zamadoda nabesifazane ababeboshwe kuyo, le Nqaba Encane yayimane nje iyisitobhi sendlela ebheke kwamanye amakamu amakhulu endaweni yoMbuso weJalimane (German Reich).

Cishe bangu-20 kuphela oFakazi BakaJehova, abavela ePrague, ePilsen nakwezinye izingxenye zezwe ababeboshwe eNqabeni Encane. Babeboshelweni? Ukwenqaba ukusekela amaNazi nokulondoloza ukungathathi hlangothi kwabo kwezombangazwe. Naphezu kokuvinjelwa komsebenzi wabo wokushumayela, oFakazi baqhubeka bekhuluma nabantu ngezindaba ezinhle zeBhayibheli. Babehlushwa ngenxa nje yokholo lwabo, abanye babulawa noma bahlukunyezwa baze bafa.

Isifundo Esingasifunda

IBhayibheli lithi: “Ningabeki ithemba lenu ezicukuthwaneni, noma endodaneni yomuntu wasemhlabeni, okungekhona okwayo ukusindisa. Umoya wayo uyaphuma, iphindela emhlabathini wayo; ngalolo suku imicabango yayo iyashabalala.” (IHubo 146:3, 4) INqaba iTerezín iyisibonelo esigqamile saleli qiniso.

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OFAKAZI BAKAJEHOVA ENQABENI ENCANE

OFakazi BakaJehova abaningi ababeboshwe eTheresienstadt baqale bahlukunyezwa ekomkhulu lamaGestapo ePrague. Ngemva kweTheresienstadt, ngokuvamile babethuthelwa emakamu okuhlushwa eJalimane. Babebhekana kanjani nezimo ezimbi, hhayi nje ezasejele kuphela, kodwa nanokuhlukaniswa nabantu?

Owesifazane onguFakazi owaboshwa eTheresienstadt uthi: “Ngenxa yokuthi ngangingafuni ukukhohlwa izimfundiso zeBhayibheli, ngangiziphindaphinda njalo. Kuwo wonke amajele engangithuthelwa kuwo ngangifuna abanye oFakazi; uma ngibathola, ngangizama ukuxhumana nabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngangizama ukushumayela kwabanye noma nini uma izimo zivuma.”

Ngokusobala, indlela ayenza ngayo yasebenza. Waqhubeka eqotho kuNkulunkulu phakathi nayo yonke inkathi ayichitha ejele kanye naseminyakeni eyalandela.

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Isitembu esibonisa iTerezín enhle phakathi neMpi Yezwe II

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Iziboshwa ezisanda kufika zazifakwa emabhalekisi. Lolu phawu lufundeka kanje ngesiJalimane: “Arbeit Macht Frei” (Umsebenzi Uyakhulula)

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Imibhede yepulangwe engxenyeni yenqaba yabesifazane

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Umnyango omkhulu ongena eNqabeni Encane

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Both photos: With courtesy of the Memorial Terezín