Ake Ngikwethule Kumngane Wabalimi—Umanqulwane
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EBRITHANI
NAKUBA amabhungane engezona izinambuzane ezithandwa yibo bonke abantu, omanqulwane (ladybird) ngokuvamile bayathandwa. Bazikhanga kakhulu izingane, kanti nabalimi bezivande nabamapulazi babamukela ngezandla ezivulekile. Yini le ebenza bathandwe kangaka?
Okubenza Bathandwe
Iningi lalawa mabhungane amancane awusizo liyakuthanda ukudla ama-aphid (aboniswe kwesobunxele), izinambuzane ezinomzinjana othambile ezibulala izilimo ngokuzimunca. Abanye omanqulwane asebekhulile bangadla izinkulungwane eziningana zalezi nambuzane lapho besaphila—kanti namaqhimiza adla kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mabhungane adla nezinye izinambuzane eziningi eziwuhlupho, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zawo ziyazifela ngesikhunta esibulala izimila. Yingakho abatshali bezivande nabalimi bebamukela ngezandla ezimhlophe kangaka omanqulwane!
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800, izinambuzane okuthiwa ama-cottony-cushion scale zathunyelwa ngephutha eCalifornia e-U.S.A. zisuka e-Australia. Lezi zinambuzane eziwuhlupho zanda ngokuphindaphindiwe kangangokuthi zasongela ukubulala izihlahla zohlobo lwamawolintshi kanye nemboni yawo. Njengoba sasazi ukuthi emuva ekhaya lezi zinambuzane zazingelona usongo ezilimweni, isazi sezinambuzane saya e-Australia siyofuna isitha sazo esingokwemvelo. Sathola ukuthi yi-vedalia, uhlobo oluthile lukamanqulwane. Kwathunyelwa lolu hlobo lwamabhungane olungaba ngu-500 eCalifornia, futhi kwathi kungakapheli nonyaka ayesephelé nya la ma-cottony-cushion scale. Izihlahla zohlobo lwamawolintshi zasinda ekuqothulweni.
Ukuphila Kukamanqulwane
La mabhungane amancane akhangayo anomzimba oyindilinga noma owunxande futhi ingaphansi lomzimba wawo liyisicaba. Nakuba zidla kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningi zikamanqulwane zingaphansi kwamamilimitha angu-12 ubude. Amaphiko aqinile futhi acwebezelayo abizwa ngokuthi i-elytra, avikela amaphiko antekenteke okundiza angaphansi, futhi enza la mabhungane abe nemibala egqamile. Lapho la mabhungane endiza, la maphiko ayavuleka abese ephakama asuke endleleni. Nakuba zivame ukuchazwa njengezinombala obomvu namabala amnyama, lezi zinhlobo zamabhungane ezingaba ngu-5 000 empeleni zinemibala namabala ahlukahlukene. Ezinye zinemibala esawolintshi noma ephuzi namabala amnyama. Ezinye zimnyama bese ziba namabala abomvu. Ezimbalwa azinawo amabala. Ezinye zinamabala ayizikwele anemibala ehlukahlukene, noma nemithende.
Izinhlobo eziningi ziphila isikhathi esingangonyaka. Phakathi nobusika, omanqulwane abadala balala endaweni eyomile evikelekile kuze kudlule leyo nkathi ebandayo. Lapho sekuqala ukufudumala, bayavuka bese bendiza bethungatha izitshalo ezigcwele ama-aphid. Ngemva kokukhwelana, omanqulwane bensikazi bazalela inqwaba yamaqanda amancane aphuzi (aboniswe ngakwesokudla) ohlangothini olungemuva lwecembe eduze nendawo enama-aphid amaningi. Lapho iqanda ngalinye lichanyuselwa, kuphuma iqhimiza elinemilenze eyisithupha elingafani neze nomanqulwane kodwa elifana nengwenya encane (eboniswe ngakwesobunxele). Njengoba amaqhimiza echitha isikhathi sawo edla ama-aphid, akhula ngokushesha aze angabe esanela esikhunjeni sawo. Ngemva kokudabuka kwesikhumba izikhathi eziningana, anamathela ezitshalweni ezithile abe nesikhumba esisha sesiphungumangathi. Ngaphakathi kwesiphungumangathi, iqhimiza liyaqhubeka likhula kuze kube yilapho sekuphuma ibhungane ekugcineni. Njengoba eqala ngokuba nomzimba othambile futhi ophaphathekile, amabhungane ahlala esitshalweni njengoba imizimba yawo isaqina. Kuthi kuphela usuku, amabala awo aphawulekayo asuke esebonakala.
Izitha ziyafunda ukugwema omanqulwane abanemibala ekhangayo. Lapho la mabhungane esongelwa, emalungwini awo kutsaza uketshezi oluphuzi olunuka kabi nolunganambitheki neze. Abahlaseli, abanjengezinyoni noma izicabucabu, abasikhohlwa neze isikhathi esibuhlungu abaqala ukunqwamana ngaso nalesi sinambuzane, futhi umbala waso ogqamile uyisikhumbuzo esihlala njalo.
Umanqulwane Oyinkinga
Olunye uhlobo lukamanqulwane, ekuqaleni olwalusetshenziselwa ukuqeda izinambuzane eziwuhlupho, sekubonakala kuyilona uqobo oluyisinambuzane esiwuhlupho. Umanqulwane okuthiwa i-harlequin, owuhlobo lwase-Asia olunemibala ehlukahlukene, uhlala ngenjabulo nezinye izinhlobo zikamanqulwane endaweni otholakala kuyo enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ngenxa yothando lwayo olukhethekile lokudla ama-aphid nezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane eziwuhlupho, muva nje i-harlequin yayiswa eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Ngeshwa, yafaka engozini omanqulwane bendawo ngokudla konke ukudla kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ukudla kwawo akuthandayo kuphela—futhi zingekho izitha zawo zokuwalawula—la mabhungane alambile ashwabadela bonke omanqulwane bendawo nezinye izinambuzane eziwusizo. Izazi zezinambuzane zibheka ikusasa ngokwesaba njengoba zibona ukuqothulwa kwezinye zezinhlobo zikamanqulwane. I-harlequin ibuye izenze ingathandwa ngokushwabadela izithelo ezivuthiwe esezilungele ukuvunwa nangokuhlasela izindlu ngamanani amakhulu entwasahlobo ibalekela amakhaza asebusika.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa zikamanqulwane zidla izilimo eziyigugu kunokudla izinambuzane eziwuhlupho. Kodwa okujabulisayo ukuthi iningi lazo liyajabulisa kubalimi bezivande.
Yamukela Omanqulwane
Ungabaheha kanjani omanqulwane ukuze beze esivandeni sakho? Izimila zendawo eziqhakazayo ziwumthombo othandwayo wempova nompe. Isiqeshana sendawo enokhula nomcengezana onamanzi kuyobakhuthaza ukuba beze esivandeni sakho. Uma kungenzeka, gwema ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezinamakhemikhali. Amanye amaqabunga afile asezitshalweni noma phansi phakathi nobusika aba indawo ethokomele phakathi nobusika. Zama ukuba ungaciphizi noma isiphi isinambuzane noma amaqanda owathola esivandeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi ubulala isizukulwane esilandelayo somanqulwane.
Khumbula, la mabhungane amancane ambalwa akhangayo ayokusiza ekuqedeni izinambuzane eziwuhlupho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezinamakhemikhali ayingozi. Uma uwanakekela, ayokuvuza. La mabhungane angesinye isibonelo sokuhlakanipha koMdalli wethu, njengoba umhubi akuqaphela lokhu lapho ethi: “O Jehova, yeka ukuthi miningi kangakanani imisebenzi yakho! Yonke uyenzé ngokuhlakanipha. Umhlaba ugcwele imikhiqizo yakho.”—IHubo 104:24.
[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 16]
Top: © Waldhäusl/Schauhuber/Naturfoto-Online; left two: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, USDA; middle: Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org; eggs: Bradley Higbee, Paramount Farming, www.insectimages.org
[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 17]
Left: Jerry A. Payne, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org; 2nd from left: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, www.insectimages.org; 3rd from left: Louis Tedders, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org; 4th from left: Russ Ottens, The University of Georgia, www.insectimages.org; ladybirds on a leaf: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, USDA