Isimo Sezulu Esibi

ININGI lethu lithembele emithonjeni yamandla ebaselwayo. Sishayela izimoto nezinye izinto zokuhamba ezisebenzisa uphethiloli noma u-diesel. Sisebenzisa ugesi ophehlwa izikhungo ezisebenzisa amalahle, igesi engokwemvelo, noma uwoyela. Sibasa ngezinkuni, ngamalahle, nangegesi engokwemvelo ukuze sipheke noma sifudumale. Zonke lezi zinto zikhiphela isikhutha emkhathini. Le gesi ibamba ukushisa okuvela elangeni.

Sinezela namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. I-nitrous oxide iphuma emqubeni we-nitrogen osetshenziswa kwezolimo. I-methane iphuma emasimini erayisi nasemadlelweni ezinkomo. Ama-chlorofluorocarbon (ama-CFC) abangelwa izifutho zokuzenzela nezinye izinqubo zasezimbonini. Ama-CFC awabambi ukushisa kuphela kodwa abhubhisa nongqimba lomhlaba lwe-ozone okuthiwa i-stratosphere.

Ngaphandle kwama-CFC, asebekelwe imingcele, la magesi abamba ukushisa aphumela emkhathini ngamazinga akhulayo. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kubangelwa ukwenyuka kwenani labantu emhlabeni, kanye nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, imisebenzi yasezimbonini nezolimo. Ngokwe-Environmental Protection Agency ezinze eWashington, unyaka ngamunye abantu bakhiphela emkhathini amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha esikhutha namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa. La magesi abamba ukushisa awanyamalali; angahlala emkhathini amashumi eminyaka.

Zimbili izinto ososayensi bonkana abaqiniseka ngazo. Okokuqala, emashumini nasemakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje, izinga lesikhutha namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini liye lenyuka. Okwesibili, kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, isilinganiso sezinga lokushisa emhlabeni siye senyuka ngezinga eliphakathi kuka-0,3° no-0,6°C.

Kuphakama umbuzo, Ingabe kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi kokufudumala kwembulunga nokunqwabelana kwamagesi abamba ukushisa okubangelwa abantu? Abanye ososayensi bathi mhlawumbe akukho, babonisa ukuthi ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kubangelwa ukuguquguquka okungokwemvelo nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kubangelwa ilanga. Nokho, ochwepheshe abaningi besimo sezulu bavumelana nombiko we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Wathi ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa “cishe akunakubangelwa yimvelo kuphela” nokuthi “ubufakazi obuningi bubonisa ukuthi abantu banethonya elikhulu esimweni sezulu sembulunga yonke.” Nokho, akunasiqinisekiso sokuthi izinto ezenziwa abantu ziyayifudumeza iplanethi—ikakhulukazi ukuthi umhlaba uyofudumala ngokushesha kangakanani ekhulwini lama-21 nokuthi imiphumela iyoba yini ngempela.

Ukungaqiniseki Kudala Impikiswano

Uma izazi zesimo sezulu zibikezela ukushisa kwesikhathi esizayo, zincika emiklamweni yesimo sezulu esebenza ngama-computer asheshayo nanamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Nokho, isimo sezulu somhlaba sinqunywa ukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuzungeza komhlaba, umkhathi, izilwandle, iqhwa, ukwakheka kwezwe nelanga. Njengoba kunezici eziningi kangaka ezihilelekile, akunakwenzeka nganoma iyiphi i-computer ukuba ibikezele ngokunembile okuyokwenzeka eminyakeni engu-50 noma eyikhulu ukusuka manje. Umagazini i-Science waphawula muva nje: “Ochwepheshe abaningi besimo sezulu baxwayisa ngokuthi akukacaci kahle ukuthi izenzo zabantu seziqalile yini ukufudumeza iplanethi—noma ukuthi ukufudumala okubangelwa amagesi kuyoba kubi kangakanani lapho kufika.”

Ukungaqiniseki kwenza kube lula ukuphika ukuthi kunosongo. Ososayensi abakungabazayo ukufudumala kwembulunga, kanye nezimboni ezinamandla ezinesithakazelo sokulondoloza isimo sazo esingokwezimali, baphikisa ngokuthi ulwazi olukhona manje alukuvumeli ukuthathwa kwesinyathelo esibizayo sokulungisa isimo. Bathi ikusasa lingase lingabi libi njengoba abanye abantu becabanga.

Abalondolozi bemvelo baphikisa ngokuthi ukungaqiniseki kososayensi akufanele kwenze abaphethe banganaki. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi isimo sezulu sesikhathi esizayo singase singabi sibi njengoba abanye becabanga, kusenokwenzeka ukuthi isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu! Babonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi yini ezokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo akusho ukuthi akukho okufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abayeka ukubhema abaqali ngokufuna ubufakazi obungokwesayensi bokuthi uma beqhubeka bebhema, nakanjani bayoba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu eminyakeni engu-30 noma engu-40 kamuva. Bayeka ukubhema ngoba beqaphela ingozi futhi befuna ukuyinciphisa noma ukuyiqeda.

Yini Eyenziwayo?

Njengoba kunempikiswano engaka ngobukhulu benkinga yokufudumala kwembulunga—ngisho nangokuthi le nkinga ikhona yini ngempela—akumangalisi ukuthi kunemibono engqubuzanayo ngalokho okufanele kwenziwe ngayo. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi amaqembu okulondolozwa kwemvelo ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemithombo yamandla engangcolisi. Amandla kagesi angadonswa elangeni, emoyeni, emifuleni nasemithonjeni yesitimu namanzi ashisayo engaphansi komhlaba.

Abalondolozi bemvelo baye banxusa nohulumeni ukuba bashaye imithetho yokunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa akhishelwa emkhathini. Ohulumeni baye basabela ngokusayina izivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1992, eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Wonke eRio de Janeiro, eBrazil, abameleli bamazwe angaba ngu-150 basayina isivumelwano sokuzimisela kwabo ukunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa, ikakhulukazi isikhutha. Umgomo kwakuwukuthi ngonyaka ka-2000, kube sekuncishiswe amagesi abamba ukushisa emazweni ezezimboni afinyelele emazingeni ango-1990. Nakuba amazwe ambalwa eye enza intuthuko, amazwe amaningi acebile awasondele ngisho nasekugcineni isithembiso sawo esingatheni. Kunokuba anciphise, amazwe amaningi akhiqiza amagesi abamba ukushisa amaningi kunanini ngaphambili! Ngokwesibonelo, kucatshangwa ukuthi e-United States ngonyaka ka-2000, ukukhishelwa kwesikhutha emkhathini cishe kuyobe kuphakeme ngamaphesenti angu-11 kunango-1990.

Muva nje, kuye kwathathwa izinyathelo zokuqinisa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kunokuba amazwe azikhethele ukunciphisa la magesi njengoba kwenziwa ngo-1992, kunezicelo zokuba imigomo yokunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa ibe umthetho obophayo.

Izindleko Zoshintsho

Abaholi bezombangazwe bafisa ukubhekwa njengabanakekeli bomhlaba. Nokho, babheke nemiphumela ushintsho olungase lube nayo kwezomnotho. Njengoba kusho umagazini i-Economist, amaphesenti angu-90 omhlaba athembele ezintweni ezibaselwayo ze-carbon, ukuyeka ukuzisebenzisa kungaletha ushintsho olukhulu; kanti izindleko zoshintsho ziyimpikiswano eshubile.

Kungabiza malini ukunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa ngonyaka ka-2010 abe amaphesenti ayishumi ngaphansi kwezinga lango-1990? Impendulo yalowo mbuzo ixhomeke ekutheni ubuza bani. Cabangela imibono etholakala e-United States, izwe elikhiphela emkhathini amagesi abamba ukushisa amaningi kunanoma yiliphi. Ochwepheshe basezimbonini baxwayisa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa okunjalo kungadla elase-United States izigidi zezinkulungwane zama-dollar unyaka ngamunye futhi kulahlekisele abantu abangu-600 000 imisebenzi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, abalondolozi bemvelo bathi ukufinyelela umgomo ofanayo kungalondoloza izigidi zezinkulungwane zama-dollar unyaka ngamunye futhi kuvule amathuba amasha emisebenzi engu-773 000.

Nakuba amaqembu alondoloza imvelo enxusa ukuba kuthathwe isinyathelo ngokushesha, kunezimboni ezinamandla—abenzi bezimoto, izinkampani zikawoyela nabakhiqizi bamalahle, uma sibala ezimbalwa—ezisebenzisa imali yazo eningi nethonya ekudambiseni usongo lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke futhi zeqise lapho zikhuluma ngomphumela ongokomnotho wokuyeka ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla ebaselwayo.

Impikiswano isaqhubeka. Nokho, uma abantu beshintsha isimo sezulu kodwa bangenzi lutho ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngakho, inkulumo ethi bonke abantu bakhuluma ngesimo sezulu kodwa akukho muntu owenza okuthile ngaso iyoba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 5]

ISivumelwano SaseKyoto

Ngo-December 1997 abameleli abangaphezu kuka-2 200 basemazweni angu-161 bahlangana eKyoto, eJapane, bezoqinisa isivumelwano sokwenza okuthile ngosongo lokufudumala kwembulunga. Ngemva kwezingxoxo ezathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto, laba bameleli banquma ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2012, amazwe asethuthukile kufanele abe esenciphise amagesi abamba ukushisa abe sesilinganisweni esingamaphesenti angu-5,2 ngaphansi kwamazinga ango-1990. Izijeziso zalabo abaphula lesi sivumelwano sasizonqunywa kamuva. Ake sithi wonke amazwe anamathela kulesi sivumelwano, ukunciphisa ngamaphesenti angu-5,2 kuyokwenza mehluko muni? Ngokusobala, uyoba mncane kakhulu. Umagazini i-⁠Time wabika: “Kuyodingeka ukunciphisa ngo-60% ukwenza umehluko emagesini abamba ukushisa abelokhu enqwabelana emkhathini kusukela ekuqaleni kwenguquko kwezezimboni.”

[Ibhokisi/Umdwebo ekhasini 7]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Ukucacisa Umphumela Wamagesi Abamba Ukushisa

Umphumela Wamagesi Abamba Ukushisa: Umkhathi womhlaba, njengamafasitela engilazi endlu yokugcina izitshalo, ubamba ukushisa kwelanga. Ukukhanya kwelanga kufudumeza umhlaba, kodwa ukushisa okuba khona—okuthwalwa yimisebe e-infrared—akukwazi ukuphuma kalula emkhathini. Kunalokho, amagesi abamba ukushisa avimba le misebe futhi abuyisele eminye emhlabeni, kanjalo anezele ekushiseni komhlaba.

1. Ilanga

2. Imisebe e-infrared engakwazi ukuphuma

3. Amagesi abamba ukushisa

4. Imisebe ebalekayo

[Ibhokisi/Umdwebo ekhasini 8, 9]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Amandla Alawula Isimo Sezulu

Ukuze siqonde impikiswano ekhona ngokuphathelene nokufudumala kwembulunga, kudingeka siqonde amanye amandla amakhulu alawula isimo sethu sezulu. Ake sicabangele amanye ayisisekelo.

1. Ilanga—Umthombo Wokushisa Nokukhanya

Ukuphila emhlabeni kuxhomeke eziko elikhulu elinamandla enuzi esilibiza ngokuthi ilanga. Njengoba lilikhulu kunomhlaba ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyisigidi, ilanga lihlala njalo likhipha ukushisa nokukhanya. Ukuncipha kwamandla elanga kungamboza iplanethi yethu ngeqhwa; ukwanda kwawo kungenza umhlaba ube imbawula evuthayo. Njengoba umhlaba uzungeza ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-150 ukusuka elangeni, uthola ingxenye kuphela yamandla elanga ayingxenye eyodwa kweziyizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Noma kunjalo, lawo mandla anele ukubangela isimo sezulu esenza izinto ziphile.

2. Umkhathi—Ingubo Efudumeza Umhlaba

Akulona ilanga kuphela elinquma izinga lokushisa lomhlaba; umkhathi wethu nawo unendima ebalulekile. Umhlaba nenyanga kuqhele elangeni ngebanga elifanayo, ngakho kokubili cishe kuthola ukushisa okulinganayo okuvela elangeni. Noma kunjalo, nakuba isilinganiso sezinga lokushisa komhlaba singu-15°C., enyangeni isilinganiso singu-18°C. ngaphansi kwezinga-qhwa. Kungani kunomehluko? Umhlaba unomkhathi; inyanga ayinawo.

Umkhathi wethu—oyibhande elimboze umhlaba lomoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen namanye amagesi—ubamba ukushisa kwelanga okuthile futhi udedele okunye. Le nqubo ngokuvamile iqhathaniswa nendlu yokugcina izitshalo. Njengoba kungenzeka uyazi, indlu yokugcina izitshalo iyisakhiwo esinezindonga nophahla lwengilazi noma lwepulasitiki. Ukukhanya kwelanga kungena kalula kufudumeze ingaphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uphahla nezindonga kunciphisa ukushisa okuphumayo.

Ngokufanayo, umkhathi wethu uvumela ukukhanya kwelanga kungene kufudumeze umhlaba. Umhlaba ube usubuyisela lokhu kushisa emkhathini kuyimisebe e-infrared. Eminingi yale misebe ayibuyeli ngokuqondile emkhathini ongaphandle ngoba amagesi athile emkhathini ayayibamba futhi ayiphindisele emhlabeni, okwandisa ukufudumala komhlaba. Le nqubo yokufudumala kuthiwa umphumela wamagesi abamba ukushisa. Ukube umkhathi wethu ubungakubambi ngale ndlela ukushisa kwelanga, umhlaba ubungeke ube nezinto eziphilayo njengoba kunjalo nasenyangeni.

3. Umhwamuko—Igesi Ebamba Ukushisa Ebaluleke Kakhulu

Amaphesenti angu-99 omkhathi wethu akhiwa amagesi amabili: i-nitrogen nomoya-mpilo. Nakuba la magesi efeza indima ebalulekile emijikelezweni eyinkimbinkimbi esekela ukuphila emhlabeni, awanandima eqondile ekulawuleni isimo sezulu. Isimo sezulu silawulwa iphesenti elilodwa lomkhathi elisele, amagesi abamba ukushisa, ahlanganisa umhwamuko, isikhutha, i-nitrous oxide, i-methane, ama-chlorofluorocarbon ne-ozone.

Igesi ebamba ukushisa ebaluleke kakhulu—umhwamuko—ngokuvamile ayibhekwa njengegesi, njengoba sivame ukucabanga ngamanzi njengento ewuketshezi. Nokho, ingqamuzana ngalinye lomhwamuko emkhathini liqukethe amandla okushisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umhwamuko osefwini uphola futhi ujiya, ukhipha ukushisa, okunamaza anamandla. Ukuhamba ngokushesha komhwamuko emkhathini wethu kunendima ebalulekile neyinkimbinkimbi ekunqumeni isimo sezulu.

4. Isikhutha—Sibalulekile Ekuphileni

Igesi okukhulunywa ngayo kakhulu lapho kuxoxwa ngokufudumala kwembulunga isikhutha. Kungaba ukuzikhohlisa ukubheka isikhutha njengento engcolisayo nje. Isikhutha siyisakhi esibalulekile kuyi-photosynthesis, inqubo esetshenziswa yizitshalo eziluhlaza ekukhiqizeni ukudla. Abantu nezilwane baphefumula umoya-mpilo bese bekhipha isikhutha. Izitshalo zithatha isikhutha bese zikhipha umoya-mpilo. Eqinisweni, lokhu kungelinye lamalungiselelo oMdali enza kube nokuphila emhlabeni.a Nokho, ukuba nesikhutha esiningi kakhulu emkhathini kungacishe kufane nokweleka enye ingubo. Kungenza izinto zifudumale ngokwengeziwe.

Amandla Anhlobonhlobo Ayinkimbinkimbi

Akulona ilanga nomkhathi kuphela okunquma isimo sezulu. Okuhilelekile futhi izilwandle nezintaba zeqhwa, amaminerali nohlaza, izimiso zezinto eziphila emhlabeni, izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo kanye nokuzungeza komhlaba. Ukuhlola isimo sezulu kuhilela cishe zonke izinqubo zesayensi emhlabeni.

Ilanga

Umkhathi

Umhwamuko (H₂0)

Isikhutha (CO₂)

[Imibhalo yaphansi]