Ukucindezeleka Okuzuzisayo Nokucindezeleka Okuyingozi

“Njengoba ukucindezeleka kuwukusabela nje komzimba kunoma yisiphi isidingo, wonke umuntu uhlala ecindezelekile ngandlela-thile.” —Dkt. Hans Selye.

UKUZE umdlali we-violin akwazi ukudlala ngayo umculo, izintambo zayo kumelwe ziqine—kodwa ngokwesilinganiso esithile. Uma ziqine kakhulu, zingagqashuka. Kodwa uma izintambo zithambe kakhulu, ngeke neze ziwukhiphe umsindo. Izinga lokuqina elifanele liphakathi nendawo.

Kungokufanayo nangokucindezeleka. Okukhulu kakhulu kungaba yingozi, njengoba sesibonile kakade. Kodwa kuthiwani uma kungekho nhlobo ukucindezeleka? Nakuba lokho kungase kuzwakale kujabulisa, iqiniso liwukuthi uyakudinga ukucindezeleka—okungenani ngokwezinga elithile. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi uwela umgwaqo, ngokungazelele ubone imoto igijima iza ngakuwe. Ukucindezeleka yikona okukwenza ukwazi ukubalekela ingozi—ngokushesha!

Kodwa ukucindezeleka akusizi kuphela ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Uyakudinga futhi ukucindezeleka ukuze ufeze imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Wonke umuntu uhlala ecindezelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. ‘Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokubalekela ukucindezeleka ukufa,’ kusho uDkt. Hans Selye. Unezela ukuthi igama elithi “ucindezelekile” alisho lutho njengoba negama elithi “uyashisa” lingasho lutho. USelye uthi: “Esisuke sikusho ngempela ngamagama anjalo ukuthi umuntu ucindezeleke ngokweqile noma umzimba ushisa ngokweqile.” Ngokwalo mongo ukuzilibazisa nakho kubangela ukucindezeleka, kanjalo nokulala, njengoba inhliziyo yakho kumelwe iqhubeke ishaya namaphaphu akho aqhubeke esebenza.

Izinhlobo Ezintathu Zokucindezeleka

Njengoba kunamazinga ahlukahlukene okucindezeleka, kukhona nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokucindezeleka.

Ukucindezeleka okukhulu kubangelwa izingcindezi zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngokuvamile, kuhilela izimo ezingajabulisi okudingeka zixazululwe. Njengoba lezi zimo zingalindelekile futhi zingezesikhashana, ngokuvamile lokhu kucindezeleka kunganqotshwa. Yiqiniso, kukhona abanye abahlale bengena ezinkingeni njalo—yebo, izinkinga zibonakala ziyingxenye yobuntu babo. Ngisho naleli zinga lokucindezeleka lingalawulwa. Nokho, ocindezelekile angase enqabe ukushintsha kuze kube yilapho eqaphela ukuthi indlela yakhe yokuphila ekhathazayo imthinta kanjani yena nabantu abamzungezile.

Nakuba ukucindezeleka okukhulu kungokwesikhashana, ukucindezeleka okungamahlalakhona akupheli. Ocindezelekile akaliboni ikhambi lesimo esinzima, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sidalwa izinkinga zobumpofu noma usizi lomsebenzi obukelwa phansi—noma ukuswela umsebenzi. Ukucindezeleka okungamahlalakhona kungabangelwa nayizinkinga zomkhaya eziqhubekayo. Ukunakekela isihlobo esigulayo nakho kungabangela ukucindezeleka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini imbangela, ukucindezeleka okungamahlalakhona kukhathaza isisulu usuku nosuku, isonto nesonto, inyanga nenyanga. “Isici esibi ngokucindezeleka okungamahlalakhona siwukuthi abantu bayakujwayela,” kusho incwadi ethile ngale ndaba. “Abantu basheshe bakuqaphele ukucindezeleka okukhulu ngoba akuvamile; abakushayi mkhuba ukucindezeleka okungamahlalakhona ngoba bayakwazi, bakujwayele, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, cishe bayakwamukela.”

Ukucindezeleka ngenxa yenhlekelele kuwumphumela wesigigaba esikhulu, njengokudlwengulwa, ingozi, noma inhlekelele engokwemvelo. Omakad’ebona bempi abaningi nabantu abasinda emakamu okuhlushwa banalolu hlobo lokucindezeleka. Izimpawu zalokhu kucindezeleka zingase zihlanganise ukuyikhumbula ngokucacile inhlekelele, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi, kanye nokushesha komuntu azwele nasezimweni ezingasho lutho. Ngezinye izikhathi kutholakala ukuthi ocindezelekile unesifo sokucindezeleka ngemva kwesenzakalo esibuhlungu (PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder]).—Bheka ibhokisi elingenhla.

Ukusheshe Ukuzwele Ukucindezeleka

Abanye bathi indlela esikusingatha ngayo ukucindezeleka manje ixhomeke kakhulu ekutheni kungakanani futhi kunjani ukucindezeleka esiye sabhekana nakho esikhathini esidlule. Bathi izenzakalo ezibuhlungu empeleni zingashintsha “ukwakheka” kwamakhemikhali obuchopho, okwenza umuntu asheshe akuzwele ukucindezeleka esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ehlola omakad’ebona abangu-556 beMpi Yezwe II, uDkt. Lawrence Brass wathola ukuthi ingozi yokushaywa unhlangothi yayiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-8 kulabo ababeyiziboshwa zempi kunakulabo ababengezona—ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-50 yaleyo nhlekelele. “Ukucindezeleka ngenxa yokuba i-POW [prisoner of war (isiboshwa sempi)] kwakukukhulu kangangokuba kwashintsha indlela laba bantu ababeyosabela ngayo ekucindezelekeni esikhathini esizayo—kwabenza ukuba basheshe bazwele.”

Ochwepheshe bathi izenzakalo ezicindezelayo zasebuntwaneni akufanele zithathwe kalula, ngoba zingaba nethonya eliphawulekayo. “Izingane eziningi ezibhekana nesimo esibuhlungu aziyiswa kudokotela,” kusho uDkt. Jean King. “Zibhekana nenkinga, ziqhubeke nokuphila, bese ziza kithina ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, sezicindezelekile noma sezinesifo senhliziyo.” Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela usizi lokulahlekelwa umzali. UDkt. King uthi: “Ukucindezeleka okungako okwenzeka lapho usemncane kungase kusishintshe unomphela isimo sobuchopho, kubushiye bungakwazi ukusingatha ukucindezeleka okuvamile, kwansuku zonke.”

Yiqiniso, ukuthi umuntu ukusingatha kanjani ukucindezeleka kungaxhomeka nakwezinye izici, kuhlanganise nokuqina komzimba wakhe nemithombo yosizo anayo ukuze abhekane nezenzakalo ezicindezelayo. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubangelwa yini, ukucindezeleka kunganqotshwa. Kuyavunywa, lokhu akulula. UDkt. Rachel Yehuda uyaphawula: “Ukutshela umuntu osheshe azwele ukucindezeleka ukuthi akamane azole kunjengokutshela umuntu oqwashayo ukuthi akamane azumeke.” Nokho, kuningi umuntu angakwenza ukuze anciphise ukucindezeleka, njengoba isihloko esilandelayo sizobonisa.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 7]

Ukucindezeleka Emsebenzini—“Kuyinkinga Yembulunga Yonke”

Umbiko weZizwe Ezihlangene uthi: “Ukucindezeleka sekungenye yezinkinga zempilo ezingathi sína ekhulwini lama-20.” Kusobala kakhulu ukuthi kukhona emsebenzini.

• Inani lemibiko yokucindezeleka kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni e-Australia liye lanyuka ngamaphesenti angu-90 eminyakeni nje emithathu.

• Ukuhlola okwenziwa eFrance kwembula ukuthi abahlengikazi abangamaphesenti angu-64 nothisha abangamaphesenti angu-61 bathi bakhathele yisimo esicindezelayo abasebenza ngaphansi kwaso.

• Ukugula okubangelwa ukucindezeleka kudla uhulumeni wase-United States imali elinganiselwa emaRandini ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-900 ngonyaka. Kuthiwa amaphesenti angu-75 kuya kwangu-85 azo zonke izingozi zasemsebenzini ahlobene nokucindezeleka.

• Emazweni amaningi, kwatholakala ukuthi abesifazane bacindezeleke kakhulu kunamadoda, cishe ngenxa yokuthi benza imisebenzi eminingi ekhaya nasemsebenzini.

Ngokuqinisekile, njengoba kusho umbiko we-UN, ukucindezeleka emsebenzini “kuyinkinga yembulunga yonke.”

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I-PTSD—ukusabela Okungokwemvelo Esenzakalweni Esingavamile

‘Ezinyangeni ezintathu ngemva kokushayisa ngemoto, ngangisakhala njalo, noma ngingakwazi ukulala ebusuku. Ukuphuma nje endlini kwakusabisa.’—Louise.

ULOUISE unesifo sokucindezeleka kwangemva kwesenzakalo esibuhlungu (PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder]), isifo esithena amandla esiphawuleka ngokukhumbula okuphindelelayo nokuphazamisayo noma ukuphupha ngesenzakalo esibuhlungu. Umuntu one-PTSD angase futhi ahlalele ovalweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uchwepheshe wezempilo yengqondo uMichael Davis ulandisa ngomakad’ebona wempi yaseVietnam, okwathi ngosuku lwakhe lomshado, wabalekela ehlathini lapho ezwa ukuqhuma kwenjini yemoto eyayiduma. UDavis uthi: “Kwakunezimpawu ezihlukahlukene kule ndawo okwakufanele zimtshele ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle. Kwakungemva kweminyaka engu-25 impi yaphela; wayese-United States, hhayi eVietnam; . . . wayegqoke isudi emhlophe, hhayi izingubo zamasosha. Kodwa lapho kuvela isiphazamiso ayesikhumbula kusukela kudala, wabaleka wayocasha.”

Ukushaqiswa impi kumane kungenye imbangela ye-PTSD. Ngokwe-Harvard Mental Health Letter, lesi sifo singabangelwa yinoma isiphi “isenzakalo noma uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezihilela ukufa ngokoqobo noma usongo lokufa noma ukulimala kabi noma usongo lwengozi. Kungase kube inhlekelele engokwemvelo, ingozi, noma isenzo somuntu: isikhukhula, umlilo, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukushayisa ngemoto, ukuqhuma kwebhomu, ukudutshulwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuthunjwa, ukuhlaselwa, ukudlwengulwa, noma ukuxhashazwa ebuntwaneni.” Ukusibona nje isenzakalo esibuhlungu noma ukufunda ngaso—mhlawumbe ngobufakazi obucacile noma ngezithombe—kungase kubangele izimpawu ze-PTSD, ikakhulukazi uma abantu abahilelekile bengamalungu omkhaya noma abangane abaseduze.

Yiqiniso, abantu basabela ngendlela engafani lapho bebhekene nesenzakalo esibuhlungu. “Abantu abaningi ababhekana nesenzakalo esibuhlungu abaphazamiseki kakhulu engqondweni, futhi nalapho zikhona izimpawu zokuphazamiseka, azifani neze-PTSD,” kuchaza i-Harvard Mental Health Letter. Kuthiwani ngalabo ukucindezeleka kwabo okubangela i-PTSD? Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abanye bayakwazi ukusingatha imizwa ehlobene naleso senzakalo esibuhlungu futhi bazizwe bengcono. Abanye bayaqhubeka belwa nenkumbulo yesenzakalo esibuhlungu iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokuba senzekile.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, labo abane-PTSD—nalabo abafuna ukubasiza—kufanele bakhumbule ukuthi ukululama kudinga isineke. IBhayibheli likhuthaza amaKristu ukuba ‘akhulume ngokududuzayo nemiphefumulo ecindezelekile’ futhi ‘abe ababhekakade kubo bonke.’ (1 Thesalonika 5:14) ULouise, ocashunwe ekuqaleni kwesihloko, kwaphela izinyanga eziyisihlanu ngaphambi kokuba aphinde ashayele imoto. Eminyakeni emine ngemva kwengozi, wathi: “Naphezu kwentuthuko esengiyenzile, ukushayela ngeke kusaba mnandi njengakuqala. Kungokuthile okumelwe ngikwenze, ngakho ngiyakwenza. Kodwa sengingcono kakhulu kunangesikhathi ngiphelelwe yithemba ngemva kokwehlelwa yingozi.”

[Isithombe ekhasini 9]

Izisebenzi eziningi zasemahhovisi zicindezelekile

[Isithombe ekhasini 9]

Akukhona konke ukucindezeleka okuyingozi kuwe