Ukulwela KweBhayibheli LesiFulentshi Ukusinda

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EFRANCE

ABANTU abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu emhlabeni bakhuluma isiFulentshi. Ngisho noma ungeyena omunye wabo, ukufunda ngokulwela kweBhayibheli lesiFulentshi ukusinda kuyathakazelisa, phakathi kokunye ngenxa yokuxhumana kwako nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule amaBhayibheli esiFulentshi amaningi aqothulwa ngonya yizitha nabangane bamanga. Nakuba babebhekene nokuphikiswa okwesabekayo, abahumushi nabanyathelisi bafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini ukuze banqobe kulempi.

Phakathi nekhulu le-12, izinguqulo zezingxenye zeBhayibheli zazitholakala ngezilimi eziningi zakuleyo ndawo, kuhlanganise nesiFulentshi. Amaqembu ayebhekwa iSonto LamaKatolika njengezihlubuki akhuthaza ukuba zisetshenziswe. Kodwa kwaze kwaba ikhulu le-19 lapho iBhayibheli laqala khona ukusakazwa ngesiFulentshi. Lokhu kudlula kwamakhulu eminyaka kubonisa uvivinyo olubi iBhayibheli lesiFulentshi eladlula kulo ukuze lisinde.

Enye yezincwadi zokuqala zesiFulentshi kwakuyisichazamazwi seBhayibheli esanyatheliswa cishe ngo-900 C.E. Sasiklanyelwe ukusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde iBhayibheli ngesiLatini, ulimi olwalusetshenziswa iSonto LamaKatolika. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi isiLatini sasingasakhulunywa abantu abavamile, ababesebenzisa izilimi eziningi eziyimixhantela. Ngakho bancishwa ithuba lokuzifundela iZwi likaNkulunkulu. Kwaba ngelabefundisi ababefunde isiLatini, futhi ababekwazi ukusifunda.

Ngo-842 C.E., kwaba khona incwadi yombuso yokuqala yesiFulentshi esemthethweni. Lokhu kwakuwukuqashelwa buthule kokuthi abantu abaningi babengasasikhulumi isiLatini. Izinkondlo zenkolo ngolimi oluvamile zaqala ukuba khona eFrance cishe ngawo-880 C.E. Nokho, kwaze kwaphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka alandela izinguqulo zeBhayibheli zingakabi bikho. Phakathi kwezokuqala kwakukhona izinguqulo zezingxenye zeBhayibheli ngesiFulentshi saseNormandy, ezakhiqizwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12.

Umshikashika Uqala Ngokuzimisela

Umzamo wokuqala ophikelelayo wokwenza imiBhalo Engcwele itholakale kubantu baseFrance ngolimi ababengayifunda ngalo wenziwa uPeter Waldo, umthengisi wekhulu le-12 waseLyons, eFrance emaphakathi. UWaldo waqondisa ukuhunyushwa kwezingxenye zeBhayibheli ngesiFulentshi saseningizimu-mpumalanga yeFrance. Ngo-1179, eMkhandlwini Wesithathu WeSonto Ofundisayo, wethula ingxenye yenguqulo yakhe yeBhayibheli kuPapa Alexander III.

Kamuva, isonto lalahla uWaldo nabalandeli bakhe njengezihlubuki, futhi izindela zashisa izinguqulo aqondisa ukuhunyushwa kwazo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, isonto lamelana nanoma yimiphi imizamo yokuba iZwi likaNkulunkulu litholakale kubantu abavamile.

Isonto lalenza lacaca icebo lalo ngo-1211 ngokushisa amaBhayibheli edolobheni laseMetz, empumalanga yeFrance. Ngo-1229 uMkhandlu WaseToulouse wakuvimbela ngokusobala ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli lanoma yiluphi ulimi lwendawo ngabantu abavamile. Ngo-1234 uMkhandlu WaseTarragona, eSpain, walandela kulokhu, wenqabela abantu ngisho nabefundisi ukuba babe neBhayibheli nganoma yiluphi ulimi lwesiRomance (ulimi olususelwa kolwesiLatini).

Naphezu kokunjalo ukuphikiswa okunonya, inguqulo yokuqala yeBhayibheli eliphelele ngolimi lwesiFulentshi yaba khona engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-13. Njengoba ayengaziwa umhumushi, leli Bhayibheli lasakazwa kancane. Ngalesi sikhathi iBhayibheli lalingatholakali nhlobo kubantu abavamile. Amakhophi ayebhalwa ngesandla. Inani eliphakeme nokutholakala okulinganiselwe kweBhayibheli kwabangela ukuba litholwe cishe yiziqumama nabefundisi kuphela.

Ukuvikelwa KweBhayibheli Kuyaqhubeka

Ngemva kokuba uJohannes Gutenberg esungule umshini wokunyathelisa nendlela yokuhlelwa kwezinhlamvu zokunyathelisa cishe ngo-1450, iFrance yathonywa ngokunamandla inguquko ekunyatheliseni eYurophu. Amadolobha amathathu aseFrance—iParis, iLyons, neRouen—aba izikhungo ezibalulekile zokunyathelisa, isivikelo esiqinile seBhayibheli.a

Kuze kufike kuleli qophelo lomshikashika, izinguqulo zeBhayibheli zesiFulentshi zazisekelwa kuyi-Vulgate yesiLatini. Umbhalo wesiLatini wawonakaliswe amaphutha amaningi ngemva kokukopishwa ngokuphindaphindiwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka, kodwa isonto lanamathela kuyi-Vulgate. Nokho, umKatolika waseFrance uJacques Lefèvre d’Étaples wanquma ukuba enze iBhayibheli litholakale kubantu. Ngo-1530 wahumushela i-Vulgate olimini lwesiFulentshi, elungisa amanye amaphutha ngokuqhathanisa nemibhalo yesandla yesiHeberu nesiGreki eyayisanda kutholakala. Futhi wasusa izincazelo zezimfundiso eziyindida isonto elalizifake emibhalweni.

Inguqulo kaLefèvre ngokushesha yahlaselwa. Ezinye izinguqulo kwadingeka zinyatheliswe ngaphandle kwaseFrance. Zabekwa ohlwini lwezincwadi ezazinqatshelwe isonto. Isikhathi esithile uLefèvre kwadingeka acashe eStrasbourg, idolobha elisempumalanga yeFrance elalikhululekile ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba kunjalo inguqulo yakhe yaphumelela.

Inguqulo yokuqala yeBhayibheli yesiFulentshi eyayisekelwe emibhalweni yolimi lokuqala yanyatheliswa ngo-1535. Umhumushi kwakungumProthestani waseFrance uPierre-Robert Olivétan, umzala woMholi Wezinguquko uJohn Calvin. Ngenxa yokuphikisa kwesonto, yayingenakunyatheliswa eFrance, ngakho lenguqulo yanyatheliswa eNeuchâtel, eSwitzerland, umphakathi omusha wamaProthestani. Inguqulo yeBhayibheli lesiFulentshi ka-Olivétan yasebenza njengesisekelo sokubukeza okuningi okwalandela nokuhunyushelwa kweBhayibheli kwezinye izilimi.

Ukulwa Okuyingozi

EFrance abanye abanyathelisi abanesibindi, njengo-Étienne Dolet ngo-1546, bashiswa esigxotsheni ngenxa yokunyathelisa iBhayibheli. UMkhandlu WaseTrent, ngo-1546, waqinisekisa kabusha “ubuqiniso” be-Vulgate, naphezu kwamaphutha ayo, futhi kusukela lapho kuqhubeke isonto lamelana ngokuqinile nezinguqulo zezilimi zendawo. Ngo-1612 iNkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eSpain yangenela umkhankaso onamandla wokuqeda amaBhayibheli ngezilimi zendawo.

Ushushiso ngezinye izikhathi lwaholela ekusunguleni izinto ngokuhlakanipha. Kwakhiqizwa amaBhayibheli i-‘chignon,’ noma i-‘bun,’ ayemancane ngokwanele ukuba afihlwe ngaphansi kwegoda lezinwele zowesifazane. Futhi, ngo-1754, izingcaphuno zemiBhalo yesiHeberu neyesiGreki zabhalwa encwadini engamasentimitha amathathu ububanzi namahlanu ubude.

Ukubuya Kwezinduku

Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isimo sashintsha. Ngemva kokuba iBhayibheli limelane nokuhlaselwa ngonya amakhulu eminyaka, isikhuni sabuya ngomkhwezeli. Imibono emisha nenkululeko yokukhulekela, eyanikezwa ngemva kweNguquko YaseFrance, yashaya khona kanye emnyombweni wokuphikisa kwesonto ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1803 iTestamente Elisha LamaProthestani lanyatheliswa eFrance, elokuqala eminyakeni engu-125!

Usizo lwaqhamuka nasezinhlanganweni zeBhayibheli. Ngo-1792 kwasungulwa i-French Bible Society eLondon, eNgilandi, “ukuze yenze okusemandleni ayo, ukuba ithole amaBhayibheli esiFulentshi, itholele abantu baseFrance ababengenalo leli gugu laphezulu ngolimi ababeluqonda.” Ezinye izinhlangano zeBhayibheli zazibandakanya kulokhu kulwa. Umgomo wazo wokukhiqiza nokusakaza iBhayibheli ngesiFulentshi waphumelela.

Igalelo Lokugcina

ISonto LamaKatolika lamelana nanoma yiluphi ushintsho ngamaqhinga alo, kodwa lalihlulwa empini. Phakathi nalo lonke ikhulu le-19, opapa bakhipha uhide lwemiyalo eyayimelene ngokungenasihawu namaBhayibheli olimi lwendawo. Muva nje ngo-1897, uPapa Leo XIII waphinda waqinisekisa ukuthi “zonke izinguqulo zeziNcwadi Ezingcwele ezenziwe yinoma ubani ongeyena umKatolika nganoma yiluphi ulimi, azivunyelwe, ikakhulu lezo ezinyatheliswe izinhlangano zeBhayibheli, eziye zalahlwa kaningi nguPapa waseRoma.”

Nokho, ngenxa yokutholakala kwamaBhayibheli amaProthestani angabizi ayenyatheliswa izinhlangano zeBhayibheli, iSonto LamaKatolika lavumela izazi ezingamaKatolika ukuba zihumushele iBhayibheli olimini lwesiFulentshi. Inguqulo ka-Augustin Crampon, eyaqale yanyatheliswa ngemiqulu engu-7 (1894-1904) yabe isinyatheliswa ngomqulu owodwa (ngo-1904), yayiyinguqulo yesiFulentshi yokuqala yamaKatolika eyayisekelwe emibhalweni yokuqala. Okwakuphawuleka kwakuyimibhalo yaphansi eminingi neqiniso lokuthi uCrampon walisebenzisa kaningi elithi Jéhovah, indlela yesiFulentshi yegama likaNkulunkulu.

I-Vatican, ishintsha umbono, kuyi-Divino Afflante Spiritu eyathunyelwa kubabhishobhi, ngo-1943, ekugcineni yamisa iziqondiso zokuhunyushelwa kweBhayibheli ezilimini zendawo. Kusukela lapho kuye kwanyatheliswa izinguqulo eziningi zamaKatolika, kuhlanganise nedumile i-Jerusalem Bible, eyaqale yakhishwa ngesiFulentshi kwathi kamuva yahunyushelwa kwezinye izilimi eziningi, kuhlanganise nesiNgisi.

Okuwukuphela kweBhayibheli eliye lasiza abantu abakhuluma isiFulentshi emhlabeni wonke uhlelo lwesiFulentshi lwe-New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Kwaqala ukunyatheliswa ephelele ngo-1974, yabukezwa kabusha ngo-1995. I-New World Translation inikeza uMlobi weBhayibheli udumo, ezilimini eziningi esinyatheliswe ngazo, ngokubuyisela igama lakhe elithi Jehova, emiBhalweni YesiHeberu, nalapho kufaneleka khona, emiBhalweni YesiGreki. Kuze kube manje, angaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu amakhophi ohlelo lwesiFulentshi aye anyatheliswa. Ngokungangabazeki, iBhayibheli liye lanqoba ekulweleni kwalo ukusinda ngesiFulentshi.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 16]

IBhayibheli likaLefèvre d’Étaples lika-1530

[Isithombe ekhasini 16]

IBhayibheli lika-Olivétan lika-1535

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Isibonelo esiyivelakancane ‘seBhayibheli Lekhulu Le-13’

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 17]

Bibles: Bibliothèque Nationale de France