Ukubuka Okwezwe

Isibonakude Samaza Omsakazo Esisemkhathini

I-Science News ibika ukuthi muva nje i-Institute of Space and Astronautical Science yaseJapane icibe isibonakude samaza omsakazo esinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-8 emkhathini. Okuvelele ngalesi sibonakude esisha ukuthi sixhunywe nezibonakude zamaza omsakazo ezingaba ngu-40 ezisezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni. Lesi simiso saziwa ngokuthi i-Very Long Baseline Space Observatory. Amaza akhishwa izinto ezisemkhathini, njengama-quasar nemigodi emnyama, athathwa yilemishini ethé chithi saka futhi ahlanganisiwe ukuze aveze isithombe esisodwa. Lapho lezi zibonakude zigqagqene kakhulu khona, kulapho liba likhulu khona ikhono lokuhlaziya isithombe ezizosikhipha ekugcineni. Lesi sibonakude siyobe sesiwujikeleze wonke umhlaba ngemva kwamakhilomitha angaba ngu-20 000. Lesi sibonakude esisha esisemkhathini sinekhono lokuhlaziya eliphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1000 kunele-Hubble Space Telescope lapho isebenzisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo. I-Science News ithi: “Njengoba sinekhono lokuhlaziya elinjalo, umuntu osisebenzisayo angathi eseLos Angeles abone uhlamvu lwelayisi oluseTokyo.”

Ingabe I-TV Ibalungele Ojahidada?

Ukuze bathole isikhathi sokwenza imisebenzi edingekayo, abazali abaxakekile babantwana bangase bathambekele ekuyekeni abantwana babo babukele i-TV. Kodwa ngokukamagazini i-Parents, lokhu kufaka umntwana engozini. Uthi: “Izinhlelo ezinobudlova,” kuhlanganise nopopayi abaningi, “kuye kwaboniswa ngokucacile ukuthi zibangela abantwana ukuba babe nobudlova kakhulu.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola okwenziwa uDorothy Singer waseYale University kubonisa ukuthi “ukubuka njalo komntwana ithelevishini ngaphambi kokuba angene enkulisa kuhlanganiswa nokuba nemikhuba emibi yokuziphatha nokuthuntubezeka kwekhono lokufunda” kamuva. USinger utusa ukuba abantwana abanonyaka owodwa ubudala bangayibuki i-TV imizuzu engaphezu kwengu-30 ngosuku. Enye into ekhathazayo izingozi ezingase zivele lapho umntwana eshiywe yedwa ebuka i-TV. Umlobi uMilton Chen uyaphawula: “Kuthatha isikhashana nje ukuba ujahidada ongagadiwe futhi oyiqhalaqhala angene engozini.” Umagazini i-Parents usikisela ukuba ubeke umntanakho endaweni ozombona kuyo lapho edlala bese umnikeza amathoyizi aphephile ngesikhathi upheka noma uphendula ucingo.

I-Internet Addiction Disorder

“Umphumela wamuva nje wenkathi yokwazi kungase kube ukuluthwa i-Internet,” kubika i-Canadian Medical Association Journal. UDkt. Kimberly Young wahlola abantu abangu-496 abayisebenzisa kakhulu i-Internet, abangu-396 kubo wathola ukuthi yase ibaluthile. Lokhu kucwaninga kwembula ukuthi imiphumela yokuluthwa i-Internet ihlanganisa “ukuzehlukanisa nomphakathi, ukungezwani emshadweni, ukungaphumeleli kwezemfundo, izikweleti ezinkulu, [kanye] nokuyeka umsebenzi.” UDkt. Young uthi lokhu kuphazamiseka “kungokoqobo njengokuluthwa utshwala noma ukuluthwa ukugembula.” Leli phephabhuku lanezela ukuthi “abantu abanama-computer emakhaya basengozini kakhulu.” Nakuba wonke umuntu engase aluthwe i-Internet, uDkt. Young uthi “abantu abalutheka kakhulu abesifazane abaqinile abanemfundo ephansi.” Phakathi kwezimpawu zalengozi ukuchitha isikhathi eside usebenzisa i-computer “nokuyekelela imisebenzi ebalulekile emphakathini noma emsebenzini wokuziphilisa” ukuze usebenzise i-Internet.

I-Project Tiger Iyehluleka

Ngo-1973, kwamiswa i-Project Tiger eNdiya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqothulwa kwezilwane zakulelizwe. Ngaleso sikhathi inani lamahlosi eNdiya kakade lase linciphe laba ngu-1827. Lomkhankaso wasekelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi waphumelela kakhulu. Ngo-1989 inani lamahlosi eNdiya lase lenyuke laba ngaphezu kuka-4000. Nokho, ngokwe-India Today, ihlosi seliphinde laba sengcupheni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lamahlosi eNdiya selinciphe laba ngaphansi kuka-3000. Kungani? Abanye bathi abazingeli abangemthetho, ngokwesilinganiso, ababulala okungenani ihlosi elilodwa ngosuku. I-Project Tiger yayihloselwe ukuvikela ihlosi. Kodwa kubonakala ingakwazi ukukwenza lokho. Lombiko uthi: “Ngokuvamile unogada uyadutshulwa, akasitholi isikhuthazo, akahlomile ngokwanele.” Ihlosi “lisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.”

Babukeka Bebadala Kodwa Bafa Besebancane

Njengoba kuboniswa imibiko elandelayo, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukubhema kungase kusheshise inqubo yokuguga. Ngokwe-Lancet yaseBrithani, abantu osekuyisikhathi eside bebhema basengozini ngokuphindwe kane yokuba mpunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi basengozini ngokuphindwe kabili yokuba nempandla. Ibika ngalokhu, i-UC Berkeley Wellness Letter yathi abantu ababhemayo banemibimbi eminingi futhi basengozini ngokuphindwe kabili yokuphuma amazinyo kunabantu abangabhemi. Lombiko ubhekisela ekuhloleni kwamuva nje okwabikwa kuyi-British Medical Journal okubonisa ukuthi amadoda osekuyisikhathi eside ebhema anethuba eliyingxenye lokufinyelela eminyakeni engu-73 ubudala kunamadoda angabhemi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umagazini i-Good Housekeeping ubika ukuthi “abantu abangabhemi abahlala nabantu ababhemayo basengozini engamaphesenti angu-20 yokuphathwa yisifo senhliziyo.”

Ingozi Yombani

Iphephandaba i-Australian liyabika: “Ukushaywa umbani okubulalayo kuvame kakhulu kunalokho abantu abakucabangayo.” Lombiko uchaza ukuthi umbani ubulala abantu abaphakathi kwabahlanu nabayishumi e-Australia unyaka ngamunye futhi ulimaza abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu. UPhil Alford we-Bureau of Meteorology yaseMelbourne uthi asikho isixwayiso sengozi ezogadla nakuba “abanye abantu abacishe bashaywa umbani beye babika ukuthi bezwa kusiphuzela izinwele.” Ukuze uthuthukise amathuba okugwema ukushaywa umbani, u-Alford utusa ukuthi lapho izulu liduma liqeqebula kufanele ukhosele ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esiqinile noma emotweni enophahla oluqinile engasondelene nezinto eziyinsimbi.

Ukucindezeleka Kwabantu Asebekhulile

“Ukucindezeleka kwabantu asebekhulile kubonakala ngendlela ehlukile kunasentsheni,” kubika i-Jornal do Brasil. Kunokuba kubonakale njengosizi noma ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka okunjalo “kubonakala ngokulahleka kwamakhono okuhluzeka kwengqondo—inkumbulo, ukugxilisa ingqondo nekhono lokucabanga.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokukaProfesa Paulo Mattos waseFederal University yaseRio de Janeiro, “abantu asebekhulile abacindezelekile babonisa ukuba nomuzwa wecala ngokwedlulele ngezinto ezingasho lutho. Baphelelwa isithakazelo kulokho ababethanda ukukwenza noma okwakuvame ukubajabulisa,” kuhlanganise nengxoxo. Lombiko uthi ngezinye izikhathi izimpawu ezinjalo ngephutha zibhekwa njengeziyingxenye yokuguga. Ukuze kuqashelwe izinguquko ezinjalo ekuziphatheni futhi kubonwe ukucindezeleka, uDkt. Mattos uthi “kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantu bahlale bexhumana namalungu emikhaya yabo asekhulile.”

Umuhlwa Omba Igolide

Ngo-1984 isakhamuzi sasedolobhaneni elithile sathola igolide ezweni lase-Afrika iNiger, futhi kusukela lapho abantu abavela emazweni amaningi bathuthelekela khona bezofuna igolide. Isazi sokwakheka komhlaba saseCanada uChris Gleeson, sakhumbula ukuthi abantu base-Afrika endulo babesebenzisa iziduli zomuhlwa ukuze bathole izindawo ezinegolide. ENiger kunomuhlwa owakha iziduli ezinkulu, ezinye ezinokuphakama okungamamitha angu-1,8 nobubanzi obungamamitha angu-1,8. Umagazini i-National Geographic uthi lezi ziduli ziyakhula njengoba umuhlwa umba—ngezinye izikhathi ujula ngamamitha angu-75—ufuna amanzi. UGleeson wathatha amasampula enhlabathi ezidulini eziningi enethemba lokuthi ayezombonisa lapho kwakufanele ambe khona. Amasampula amaningi ayengenalo igolide, kodwa amanye ayenalo! Wathola ukuthi “noma yisiphi isiduli esasineminonjana yegolide sasinalo sonke.” Kubonakala sengathi njengoba umuhlwa umba ufuna amanzi, noma yini oyitholayo uyikhiphela ngaphandle, kuhlanganise negolide.

Imikhuba Emihle Yezingcingo Eziphathwayo

Ngokwe-Far Eastern Economic Review, ukuvela kwezingcingo eziphathwayo kuye kwagcizelela isidingo semikhuba emihle eyisidala. Umxhumanisi wosomabhizinisi waseHong Kong uTina Liu ukhuthaza ukubonisa inhlonipho nokucabangela, kokubili kumuntu okhuluma naye nalabo okungenzeka baseduze kwakho. Ululeka abantu ukuba bakhulume ngokucacile kodwa bangamemezi futhi bangadli noma baphuze ngesikhathi bekhuluma ocingweni. ULiu futhi utusa ukuba umuntu anciphise izingcingo aziphendulayo lapho esemihlanganweni nokuthi lapho esezibhedlela, emitatsheni yezincwadi nasemahholo omphakathi adlulise noma ashintshe ucingo lwakhe lungabangi umsindo lapho lukhala. Ukuphazamisa imibuthano yokuzijabulisa ngokuphendula ucingo kungenza abangane noma izihlobo zizizwe zinganakiwe. Ngokuphathelene nokuyodla endaweni yokudlela, uLiu uthi: “Insizwa ekhuluma ocingweni lapho ihamba nentokazi kungaba ngcono isheshe iqede ukukhuluma ngaphambi kokuba isixha sezimbali eyiphe sona siphelelwe ukubaluleka kwaso.”

‘Uketshezi Oluhlakaniphile’

Uma nje ugesi usetshenziswa oketshezini olunezinhlayiyana ezintantayo, lezi zinhlayiyana ziyahlangana, zenze ukuba uketshezi lushube kakhulu. Lenqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-Winslow effect, iqanjwe ngoDkt. W. M. Winslow, owayisungula ngo-1940. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izimboni zezimoto kanye nabanye abantu, kuhlanganise noDkt. Winslow ngokwakhe, manje oneminyaka engu-93 ubudala, bayaqhubeka befuna izindlela eziwusizo zokusebenzisa lolu ‘ketshezi oluhlakaniphile.’ Abacwaningi baseMichigan State University e-United States babazi ukuthi ushokoledi wobisi oluncibilikisiwe unezici ezithile ezifana nezalolu ‘ketshezi oluhlakaniphile.’ Njengoba kwakulindelekile, ekucwaningeni kwamuva nje, iqhuzu likashokoledi elincibilikisiwe laphenduka cishe ngokushesha laqinaqina lapho lishukunyiswa ngogesi onamandla. Olunye ‘uketshezi oluhlakaniphile,’ olwakhiwe ngesitashi esenziwe ngofulawa bese lufakwa kuphalafini, luphenduka lube ubisi noma ibhotela lapho kushintshwa amandla kagesi.