Ithemba Eliqinile Phakathi Nomshophi WaseChernobyl
Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! e-Ukraine
NGO-APRIL 26, 1986, kwenzeka ingozi yenuzi embi kunazo zonke emlandweni esikhungweni saseChernobyl, e-Ukraine. Kamuva ngalowo nyaka uMikhail Gorbachev, owayengumongameli waseSoviet ngaleso sikhathi, waphawula ukuthi lenhlekelele yayiyisikhumbuzo esibi sokuthi “isintu asikakabi nekhono lokulawula amandla amakhulu esiye sawathola.”
Igcizelela ubukhulu balenhlekelele yaseChernobyl, i-Psychology Today yesiJalimane ka-February 1987, yabika: “Inhlekelele endaweni yamakhemikhali eChernobyl . . . yayiyinkathi yenguquko emlandweni wempucuko yanamuhla. Futhi kwakuyinhlekelele eyosithinta kakhulu amakhulu eminyaka.” I-New York Times yathi “[kwakhishelwa] emoyeni, emhlabathini nasemanzini amandla emisebe ahlala isikhathi eside angangeyakho konke ukuhlolwa kwenuzi nawo wonke amabhomu ake aqhunyiswa.”
Iphephandaba laseJalimane i-Hannoversche Allgemeine labikezela ukuthi “eminyakeni engu-50 ezayo abantu abalinganiselwa ku-60 000 emhlabeni wonke bayobulawa umdlavuza ngenxa yokuqhuma kwendawo yamakhemikhali eSoviet . . . Abanye abangu-5000 bayoba nokulimala okubi kwezakhi zofuzo futhi abangaba ngu-1000 bayokhubazeka ngokwempilo kusukela ekuzalweni.”
Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl yabangela ifu lokwesaba, ukukhathazeka nokungaqiniseki eliye lagubuzela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Nokho, abanye baye baba nethemba eliqinile phakathi nalomshophi omkhulu. Cabanga ngomkhaya wakwaRudnik, owakhiwe uVictor no-Anna namadodakazi abo amabili, u-Elena no-Anja. Ngo-April 1986 abakwaRudnik babehlala ePripet, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphansi kwamathathu ukusuka endaweni yamakhemikhali yaseChernobyl.
Usuku Lwengozi
Ekuseni ngalowo Mgqibelo wenhlekelele, isenzo sobuqhawe sabacimi-mlilo endaweni yamakhemikhali eyayilimele savimbela umphumela omubi nakakhulu. Emahoreni ambalwa labacimi-mlilo base bephethwe isifo esibangelwa ukukhishwa kwemisebe, futhi iningi labo lafa kamuva. UGrigori Medwedew, owayeyisekela likanjiniyela ophethe eChernobyl ngawo-1970, uyachaza encwadini yakhe ethi Burned Souls: “Ifu lanqamula ehlashaneni likaphayini elihlukanisa lendawo yamakhemikhali nedolobha, lamboza leli hlashana ngemvula yomlotha yamandla emisebe.” Kubikwa ukuthi amathani amaningi omhwamuko wemisebe akhishelwa emkhathini!
Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuphila ePripet, idolobha elinezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-40 000, kwabonakala kuhamba ngendlela ejwayelekile ngalowo Mgqibelo. Abantwana babedlala emigwaqweni, futhi abantu babelungiselela umkhosi weholide laseSoviet ngo-May 1. Akuzange kukhishwe simemezelo ngalengozi, futhi akuzange kube khona sixwayiso ngayo. U-Anna Rudnik wayeshaywa umoya nendodakazi yakhe eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, u-Elena, lapho behlangana nosingayise ka-Anna. Wayezwile ngalengozi. Ekhathazekile ngengozi yokukhishwa kwemisebe, wabaphuthumisa ngemoto emzini wakhe oqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-16.
Ifu lokukhishwa kwemisebe lakhuphukela emkhathini futhi lasakazeka ibanga elide kulo lonke elase-Ukraine, eBelorussia (manje eyiBelarus), eRussia nasePoland kanye naseJalimane, e-Austria naseSwitzerland. NgoMsombuluko olandelayo, ososayensi eSweden naseDenmark baqala ukukhathazeka lapho bethola amazinga aphakeme okukhishwa kwemisebe.
Umphumela
Amasosha aseSoviet, abacimi-mlilo, ochwepheshe bezokwakha nabanye bathunyelwa eChernobyl. Leli qembu—labantu abangaba ngu-600-000—laziwa ngokuthi “abaqothuli.” Lavimbela inhlekelele embi ngokwengeziwe eYurophu ngokwemboza lendawo yamakhemikhali ngensimbi nokhonkolo okuyizitezi eziyishumi ukuphakama nohlonze olungamamitha amabili.
Ukukhishwa kwabantu ezindaweni eziseduze kwaqala phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa ezalandela. “Kwadingeka sishiye indlu yethu, sishiye konke—izingubo zokugqoka, imali, izincwadi ezinemininingwane yethu, ukudla—yonke into esasinayo,” kuchaza uVictor. “Sasikhathazeke kakhulu, njengoba u-Anna ayekhulelwe umntwana wethu wesibili.”
Abantu abangaba ngu-135 000 kwadingeka bathuthe—kuwo wonke amadolobhana angamakhilomitha angaba ngu-30 ukusuka kulendawo yamakhemikhali kwakukhala ibhungane. AbakwaRudnik bathutha bayohlala ezihlotsheni. Nokho, ngokushesha lezi zihlobo zesaba ukuthi abakwaRudnik bangase bazithelele ngesifo sokukhishwa kwemisebe. “Zaqala ukukhathazeka,” kusho u-Anna, “futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zasicela ukuba sihambe.” Abanye abantu ababethuthile baba nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu okufanayo. Ekugcineni, ngo-September 1986 abakwaRudnik bazinza eKaluga, engamakhilomitha angaba ngu-170 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMoscow, eRussia.
“Khona-ke ekugcineni sathola ukuthi yayingekho indlela yokuphindela emuva,” kuphawula u-Anna. “Sasilahlekelwe indlu yakithi esiyithandayo, lapho sasiwumsinsi wokuzimilela khona. Kwakuyindawo enhle enezimbali ezinhle nezimfunda, namazibu emhoshaneni. Ihlathi laligcwele amajikijolo namakhowe.”
Akukhona kuphela ukuthi ubuhle be-Ukraine baphazamiseka kodwa futhi nendima yayo njengomkhiqizo wokusanhlamvu waseSoviet Union yathinteka. Ingxenye enkulu yesivuno salelizwe sasenkwindla yayonakele. Ngokufanayo, eScandinavia, amaphesenti angu-70 enyama yamaphiva kwathiwa ayikufanelekele ukudliwa ngoba lezi zilwane zaziklabe kuma-lichen ayethole imisebe. Kanti ezingxenyeni ezithile zaseJalimane, imifino eyizilimo yayekwa yabola emasimini ngenxa yokwesaba ubuthi.
Imiphumela Yokukhishwa Kwemisebe Empilweni
Izibalo ezingokomthetho ezakhishwa eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kwalengozi zithi abantu abangu-576 000 bachayeka ekukhishweni kwemisebe. Kubikwa ukuthi izifo zomdlavuza nezingezona ezomdlavuza ziphakeme phakathi kwabantu abanjalo. Intsha iye yathinteka kakhulu. Umagazini i-New Scientist ka-December 2, 1995, wabika ukuthi omunye wochwepheshe bezindlala zegilo abaphambili eYurophu ukholelwa ukuthi “abantwana abangamaphesenti angaba ngu-40 abachayeka emazingeni aphakeme okukhishwa kwemisebe eChernobyl lapho besengaphansi konyaka owodwa ubudala bangase babe nomdlavuza wezindlala zegilo lapho sebekhulile.”
Ngenxa yokuthi u-Anna wayechayeke ekukhishweni kwemisebe lapho ekhulelwe, odokotela baphikelela ngokuthi kufanele akhiphe isisu. Lapho uVictor no-Anna benqaba, kwadingeka basayine incwadi yokuthi bayathembisa ukuthi bayomnakekela umntwana ngisho noma ezalwa ekhubazekile. Nakuba u-Anja engakhubazekile, akaziboni izinto ezikude, unezinkinga zemigudu yokuphefumula nezifo eziphathelene nenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo yamanye amalungu omkhaya wakwaRudnik iye yawohloka kusukela kwavela lenhlekelele. UVictor no-Elena bobabili baba nezinkinga zenhliziyo, futhi u-Anna ungomunye wabaningi abaziwa njengeziguli zenhlekelele yaseChernobyl.
Phakathi kwabantu abathola kakhulu ukukhishwa kwemisebe kwakungabantu ababemboza lendawo yamakhemikhali eyayibhidlikile. Izinkulungwane ezasiza ngokuhlanza kuthiwa ziye zafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kusukela lapho. Abaningi abasinda banezinkinga zezinzwa nezengqondo. Ukucindezeleka kwandile, futhi nokuzibulala kuyinsakavukela.
U-Angela ungomunye wabasinda abaqala ukuba nezinkinga ezingathi sína zempilo. Ngesikhathi salenhlekelele, wayehlala eKiev, inhloko-dolobha yase-Ukraine, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-80 ukusuka eChernobyl. Kodwa ngemva kwalokho, wachitha isikhathi ediliva izinto kubantu ababesebenza kulendawo yamakhemikhali. USvetlana, omunye owasinda, ohlala e-Irpin’, ngaseKiev, waba nomdlavuza futhi wahlinzwa.
Ukubheka Emuva
Ngo-April 1996, eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kwalomshophi, uMikhail Gorbachev wavuma: “Sasingasilindele neze isimo esinjalo.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMongamel’uYeltsin waseRussia wathi: “Isintu asikaze sivelelwe yishwa elikhulu ngalolu hlobo, elinemiphumela emibi kangaka futhi okunzima kangaka ukuyiqeda.”
Ngokuphawulekayo, i-Scientific American yesiJalimane yaqhathanisa imiphumela yenhlekelele yaseChernobyl nalokho okwakungaba umphumela wempi yenuzi esesilinganisweni. Abanye balinganisela inani labantu abafa ngenxa yalenhlekelele kubantu abangaba ngu-30 000.
Ngokombiko othile wezindaba ngonyaka odlule, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi lengozi yenzeka, kwakusenendawo engamakhilomitha angu-29 ngakulesi sikhungo engakufanelekele ukuhlala abantu. Nokho, lombiko waphawula ukuthi “izakhamuzi ezingu-647 ezizimisele zangena ngesinyenyela, zafumbathisa noma zaphindela kulendawo kubona wonke umuntu.” Waphawula: “Ngokuqinisekile akekho ohlala endaweni engamamayela ayisithupha [amakhilomitha ayishumi] ukusuka kulesi sikhungo. Kwenye indawo engamamayela angu-12 [amakhilomitha angu-20] ukusuka lapho kulapho abantu abangamakhulu ambalwa beye baphindela khona.”
Ukuba Nethemba Phakathi Nokwesaba Okusakazekile
Ezinkulungwaneni eziningi ezazihlala ngaseChernobyl, ukuphila bekunzima futhi kusenzima kakhulu. Okunye ukuhlolwa kwabantu abathutha kwembula ukuthi abangamaphesenti angu-80 abajabulile emakhaya abo amasha. Bazizwa bedumele, bekhathele, bekhathazekile, benesififane futhi benesizungu. IChernobyl kwakungeyona nje ingozi yenuzi—kwakuyinhlekelele yezenhlalo nengokwengqondo yezinga elishaqisayo. Akumangalisi ukuthi abaningi babhekisela ezenzakalweni ngokuthi ezangaphambi kweChernobyl noma ezangemva kweChernobyl.
Ngokungafani nabanye abaningi, umkhaya wakwaRudnik ubhekana nalesi simo kahle kakhulu. Waqala ukufunda iBhayibheli noFakazi BakaJehova, futhi ngenxa yalokho, waba nokholo oluqinile ezithembisweni ezitholakala eZwini likaNkulunkulu ngokuqondene nezwe elisha lokulunga. (Isaya 65:17-25; 2 Petru 3:13; IsAmbulo 21:3, 4) Khona-ke, ngo-1995, uVictor no-Anna babonakalisa ukuzinikezela kwabo kuNkulunkulu ngobhapathizo lwamanzi. Kamuva indodakazi yabo u-Elena nayo yabhapathizwa.
UVictor uyachaza: “Ukufunda iBhayibheli kwasenza ukuba sazi uMdali wethu, uJehova uNkulunkulu, nezinjongo zakhe ngesintu emhlabeni. Asisacindezelekile njengoba sazi ukuthi lapho uMbuso kaNkulunkulu ufika, izingozi ezimbi kanjalo ngeke ziphinde zenzeke. Sibheke phambili esikhathini lapho amathafa angasemzini wakithi esiwuthandayo ngaseChernobyl eyovuselelwa esimweni sawo esiyincithakalo abe ingxenye yepharadesi elihle.”
U-Angela noSvetlana, nabo abathembele ezithembisweni zikaNkulunkulu zezwe elisha lokulunga, banethemba elifanayo eliqhakazile naphezu kwezifo ezibaphethe ezabangelwa ukukhishwa kwemisebe. “Ngaphandle kolwazi ngoMdali wethu nezinjongo zakhe,” kuphawula u-Angela, “ukuphila bekuyoba nzima. Kodwa ukuba nobuhlobo obuseduze noJehova kungisiza ukuba ngihlale nginethemba. Isifiso sami siwukuba ngiqhubeke ngimkhonza njengomshumayeli weBhayibheli wesikhathi esigcwele.” USvetlana wanezela: “Abafowethu nodadewethu abangamaKristu bawusizo olukhulu kimi.”
Ukufunda iBhayibheli kuye kwembulela abanjalo ukuthi izingozi ezibangelwa ‘isikhathi nethuba’ zithinta abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlalaphi nokuthi bangobani. (UmShumayeli 9:11) Kodwa abafundi beBhayibheli baye bathola nokuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingase zibathene amandla kangakanani izinkinga zabo, awukho umonakalo uJehova uNkulunkulu angenakuwulungisa, akukho ukulimala angenakukwelapha, futhi akukho ukulahlekelwa angenakukubuyisela.
Ungalakha kanjani nawe ithemba ezithembisweni zikaNkulunkulu kanjalo ujabulele ithemba eliqhakazile? Umlobi wencwadi yeBhayibheli yezAga uyaphendula: “Ukuba ithemba lakho libe-kuJehova, ngikwazisile khona namuhla.” (IzAga 22:19) Yebo, kudingeka ungenise ulwazi ngesifundo seBhayibheli sasikhathi sonke. OFakazi BakaJehova endaweni yangakini bayokujabulela ukukusiza wenze lokhu. Banikeza uhlelo lwesifundo seBhayibheli samahhala esiyoqhutshwa ngesikhathi nasendaweni evumelana nawe.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 14]
“Isintu asikaze sivelelwe yishwa elikhulu ngalolu hlobo, elinemiphumela emibi kangaka futhi okunzima kangaka ukuyiqeda.”
UMongameli waseRussia uYeltsin
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 15]
IChernobyl kwakungeyona nje ingozi yenuzi—kwakuyinhlekelele yezenhlalo nengokwengqondo yezinga elishaqisayo
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 12]
Tass/Sipa Press