Ukuhlola Ezinye Zezingadi Ezidumile

ULWAZI lomuntu ngePharadesi lwaqala engadini eyayisendaweni okuthiwa i-Edene, cishe eduze kweLake Van eseTurkey yanamuhla. Umfula owawuhlukana ube imifula emine wawunisela ingadi ka-Adamu no-Eva, okwakudingeka ‘bayilime, bayigcine.’ Yeka injabulo okwakuzoba yiyo ukunakekela ingadi eyayigcwele “imithi yonke ebukekayo, emihle, edliwayo!”—Genesise 2:8-15.

I-Edene yayiyikhaya eliphelele. U-Adamu no-Eva nenzalo yabo kwakudingeka banwebe imingcele yayo, ngokungangabazeki besebenzisa umklamo kaNkulunkulu wokuqala omuhle njengesibonelo sabo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wonke umhlaba wawuyoba ipharadesi eligcwele abantu ngendlela ekahle. Kodwa ukungalaleli ngamabomu kwabazali bethu bokuqala kwaphumela ekuxoshweni kwabo kulendawo engcwele. Ngokudabukisayo, bonke abanye bomkhaya wesintu bazalelwa ngaphandle kwaleli khaya lase-Edene.

Noma kunjalo, uMdali wenza isintu ngendlela yokuba sihlale ePharadesi. Ngakho kwakungokwemvelo ukuba izizukulwane ezilandelayo zizame ukuzizungeza ngelokuzenzela.

Izingadi Zakuqala

IHanging Gardens yaseBabiloni iye yaba enye yezimangaliso ezidunyiswayo zasendulo. Yakhiwa iNkosi uNebukadinesari eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2500 edlule akhela umkakhe ongumMediya owayekhumbula amahlathi nezintaba zangakubo. Lesi sakhiwo esiphakeme ngamamitha angu-22 esinophahla oluyindilinga, okwakutshalwe kuso izinto ezinothile, sasinenhlabathi eyanele ukuba kungatshalwa izizemazema zemithi. Lendlovukazi eyayikhumbula ekhaya cishe yaduduzeka lapho ishaywa umoya kulendawo etshaliwe efana ne-Edene.

Ukulungiswa kwengadi kwakuvamile eNile Valley evundile yaseGibithe. “IGibithe,” kusho i-Oxford Companion to Gardens, “yilapho kuvela khona izithombe zezingadi ezindala kakhulu zasemhlabeni nalapho kukhona khona isiko elidala kakhulu . . . lokwenza ingadi.” Isithombe sokubukeka kwengadi yesikhulu saseGibithe eThebes, esihlehlela emuva ko-1400 B.C.E., sibonisa amadamu, imigwaqo ephahlwe izihlahla nezakhiwo ezinemipheme. Ngemva kwezingadi zasebukhosini, izingadi zasemathempelini zazizinhle kunazo zonke, nezihlahla zakhona, izimbali nemifino okwakuniselwa ngemisele yamadamu namachibi ayegcwele izinyoni zasemanzini, izinhlanzi nezimbali zasemanzini.—Qhathanisa no-Eksodusi 7:19.

NabasePheresiya bangenela ngokushesha ekwenzeni izingadi. Izingadi zasePheresiya nezaseGibithe zazikhanga kangangokuba lapho amabutho anqobayo ka-Alexander Omkhulu ebuyela eGreece ngekhulu lesine B.C.E., abuya ephethe izimbewu, izitshalo nemiqondo. E-Athene, u-Aristotle nomuntu ayemfundisa uTheophrastus baqoqa izimbali ezazanda bavula ingadi yezimbali, ukuze bafunde ngezitshalo futhi bazihlukanise ngezinhlobo zazo. AmaGreki amaningi acebile, njengabaseGibithe namaPheresiya awandulelayo, ayenezingadi zikanokusho.

Izakhamuzi zasedolobheni eRoma zazenza izingadi emakhaya endaweni ecinene yasedolobheni. Abanothile babakha amapaki okuzijabulisa amahle emakhaya abo ayizithabathaba asemaphandleni. Ngisho nomashiqela uNero wayefuna ukuba ne-Edene yakhe, ngakho ngonya waxosha amakhulu emikhaya, wadiliza izindlu zayo, wabe esenza ipaki lakhe elingamahektare angaphezu kuka-50 esigodlweni sakhe. Kamuva, cishe ngo-138 C.E., emzini oyisithabathaba woMbusi uHadrian eTivoli, ukwenza izingadi kwamaRoma kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba wakho. Leli khaya eliyisithabathaba lalinamapaki angamahektare angu-243, amadamu, amachibi nemithombo.

Ama-Israyeli asendulo nawo ayenezingadi namapaki. Isazi-mlando esingumJuda uJosephus sibhala ngamapaki ajabulisayo ayegcwele imifudlana endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Etam, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-13 kuya kwangu-16 ukusuka eJerusalema. Kungenzeka ukuthi amapaki ase-Etam ayephakathi ‘kwezivande namahlathi, amachibi namapaki’ iBhayibheli elithi uSolomoni ‘wazenzela khona.’ (UmShumayeli 2:5, 6) Ngaphandle nje kweJerusalema eNtabeni yemiNqumo kwakuneNsimu yaseGetsemane, uJesu Kristu ayenza yaziwa. Lapha, uJesu wathola isiphephelo ayengafundisela kuso abafundi bakhe ngokuthula.—Mathewu 26:36; Johane 18:1, 2.

Ukusuka Ezingadini Zama-Arabhu Ukuya KwezamaNgisi

Lapho amabutho ama-Arabhu esabalalela empumalanga nasentshonalanga ngekhulu lesi-7 C.E., nawo, njengo-Alexander, athola izingadi zasePheresiya. (Qhathanisa no-Esteri 1:5.) “Ama-Arabhu,” kubhala uHoward Loxton, “athola izingadi zasePheresiya zifana nsé nepharadesi elalithenjiswe abakholekile kuyiKoran.” Njengozakwabo wasePheresiya, ingadi yama-Arabhu, esuka eMoorish Spain kuya eKashmir, yayihlukaniswe imifudlana emine yaba izingxenye ezine ezihlanganiswa maphakathi yidamu noma umthombo, okusikhumbuza imifula emine yase-Edene.

Enyakatho nelaseNdiya, eduze neLake Dal eVale of Kashmir enhle, ababusi bekhulu le-17 abangamaMogul benza izingadi ezingaphezu kuka-700 ezifana nepharadesi. Zazenza ibhodi elicwebezelayo lemibala ehlukaniswa amakhulu amaningi emithombo, izindawo ezilungiswe kahle nezimpophoma. Umpheme omnyama owakhiwe ngemabula osogwini lweLake Dal owakhiwa uShah Jahan (umakhi weTaj Mahal) usenalombhalo: “Uma likhona ipharadesi emhlabeni, lilapha, lilapha, lilapha.”

Emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa ngaphambili, iYurophu yayisuka eNkathini Ephakathi ingena ekhulwini le-14 leNkathi Yempucuko. Isiko lokwenza ingadi eRoma, elaqedwa lapho kuqala iNkathi Ephakathi ngekhulu lesihlanu C.E., laphinde lachuma futhi—manje ngaphansi kokubusa kwesonto. ELobukholwa labona ingadi ‘njengeyipharadesi lesikhashana.’ Isithombe sekhulu lesi-9 sesigodlo sezindela sibonisa izingadi ezibizwa ngokuthi “iPharadesi.” Izingadi zeLobukholwa ngokushesha zaba zinkulu futhi zaba zinhle kakhulu, kodwa kunokuba ziveze imiqondo engokomoya, eziningi zaba izimpawu zamandla nengcebo.

Lapho uCharles VIII waseFrance enqoba iNaples, e-Italy, ngo-1495, wabhalela ekhaya: “Ngeke nikholwe ukuthi nginezingadi ezinhle kanjani kuleli dolobha . . . Kubonakala sengathi u-Adamu no-Eva kuphela abashodayo ukuze libe ipharadesi lomhlaba.” Kodwa ukube uCharles waphila kwaze kwaba ikhulu le-17, wayeyobona odedangendlale bezingadi zeNkosi uLouis XIV eFrance. Incwadi i-Garden igomela ngokuthi izingadi zasesiGodlweni saseVersailles “kusengashiwo ukuthi zingezinkulu nezinhle ukuzedlula zonke emhlabeni.”

Nokho, iNkathi Yempucuko yaba nencazelo entsha yepharadesi: imvelo kufanele ibe ngaphansi komuntu okhanyiselekile okufanele abuse ingadi ngokuqeda ukuba kwayo ihlane. Imithi nezimbali konke kwakuhlelwe ngendlela yobuciko. Ngakho, i-topiary yamaRoma—ubuciko bokulungisa imithi nezihlahla ezincane ngokuzinquma nokuzilolonga—yabuye yavuselelwa ngendlela emangalisayo.

Khona-ke, ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, ukuhlola nokuhweba kwasolwandle kwembulela izwe lasentshonalanga izitshalo ezintsha nemiqondo emisha yokwenza ingadi. INgilandi yaqala ukuklama izingadi. “Ngekhulu le-18 eNgilandi,” kusho i-New Encyclopædia Britannica, “umuntu waliqaphela ngokwandayo izwe elingokwemvelo ayeyingxenye yalo. Kunokuba abuse izwe elingokwemvelo ngobuciko bakhe azenzele bona, waqala ukulungisa ukuphila kwakhe kwavumelana nalo.” Abantu abafana noWilliam Kent noLancelot Brown babesampula ekulungiseni izingadi. UBrown waklama izindawo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eNgilandi. Amadoda amabili aba omongameli base-United States, uThomas Jefferson noJohn Adams, bavakashela elaseNgilandi ngo-1786 beyofunda ngezingadi zakhona.

Ukulungisa Izingadi KwaseMpumalanga

Isiko laseChina lokwenza ingadi lithonye impucuko yaseMpumalanga ngendlela amasiko aseGibithe, eGreece naseRoma athonye ngayo iNtshonalanga. Ekuqaleni amaShayina ayeqhuba inkolo yokusebenzisa imimoya, okwakuthi kuyo imifula, amadwala nezintaba kubhekwe njengemimoya ephenduke izinto ezithile ngakho kwakudingeka kuhlonishwe. Ngemva kwalokho, ubuTao, ubuConfucian nobuBuddha bathonya izwe lonke futhi baveza ezabo izinhlobo zezingadi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi loLwandle lwaseJapane, izingadi zamaJapane zaba nesitayela esingafani nezinye, ziqhakambisa indlela yazo yokubukeka ngaphezu kombala futhi yonke into inendawo yayo. Ezama ukulingisa ubuhle nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo, ngendlela elinganiselwe, umlimi wengadi ubeka amadwala akhe ngokucophelela abese etshala futhi elungisa ingadi yakhe ngokuqikelela. Lokhu kubonakala kuyi-bonsai (okusho “isitshalo esitshalwe esitsheni”), ubuciko bokulungisa isihlahla esincane noma mhlawumbe isixhobo semithi sibe sesimweni esihle.

Nakuba isitayela sayo singahluka kwesaseNtshonalanga, ingadi yaseMpumalanga nayo ibonisa ukulangazelela iPharadesi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkathi kaHeian eJapane (794-1185), kubhala isazi-mlando sezingadi zamaJapane uWybe Kuitert, abalimi bezingadi bazama ukuvusa umoya “wepharadesi lasemhlabeni.”

Uthando Lwembulunga Yonke

Kuhlanganise ngisho nezizwe ezingabazingeli nabaqoqi bokudla, ezazihlala ezingadini “zemvelo”—emahlathini amancane namakhulu nasemaqeleni—uthando lwengadi lungolwembulunga yonke. Mayelana “nama-Aztec aseMexico nama-Inca asePeru,” kusho i-Britannica, “abanqobi babika ukuthi kunezingadi ezinkulu ezinhle eziphahlwe amagquma, izihlahla, imithombo namadamu ahlobisile . . . okufana nezingadi zaseNtshonalanga.”

Yebo, izihlahla zasendulo eziphahle iNile, izingadi zaseMpumalanga, amapaki amadolobha anamuhla nezingadi—kwembulani? Ukulangazelela kwesintu iPharadesi. Ephawula “ngesifiso” somuntu esingapheli “sePharadesi,” umbhali uTerry Comito wathi: “Izingadi ziyizindawo abantu abazizwa besekhaya kuzo.” Futhi imuphi umuntu ongeke akujabulele ukuthi, ‘Umuzi wami ufana neNgadi Yase-Edene’? Kodwa ingabe i-Edene yembulunga yonke—okungeyona nje eyabacebile kuphela—imane iyiphupho? Noma ingabe iyinto engokoqobo yesikhathi esizayo?

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Umbono womdwebi weHanging Gardens yaseBabiloni

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Ingadi yohlobo oluphambili eJapane

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

EVersailles, eFrance

Kusukela kudala abantu bebelokhu belangazelela iPharadesi

[Umthombo]

French Government Tourist Office/Rosine Mazin