Ukubuka Okwezwe

Imilutha Yokugembula YaseFrance

Naphezu kokwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi nesimo sezomnotho esiqhubeka siba sibi eYurophu, i-INSEE (iNhlangano Yesizwe Yezibalo Zomphakathi yaseFrance) ithi abantu baseFrance bachitha imali eningi kunanini ngaphambili ekugembuleni nasekubhejeleni ezemidlalo. Ngo-1992 kwachithwa ama-franc angaphezu kwezigidi zezinkulungwane ezingu-70 (R120,4 thousand million) ekugembuleni, okungamaphesenti angu-16 ngaphezu kwawangonyaka ongaphambi kwalowo. Kwabaningi, isifiso sokugembula asisalawuleki. “Kuwukulutheka okungenazidakamizwa,” kusho udokotela wezifo zengqondo waseFrance uJean Ades. “Njengoba izindlela zokubheja zanda . . . kanye nethala lasikhathi sonke lezigijimi ezivela ezikhangisweni nasemithonjeni yezindaba elikhuthaza abantu ukuba bagembule, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bayaqaphela ukuthi baluthekile.” Abagembuli balutheka “lapho beqala ukugembula ngemali engaphezu kwaleyo abanayo futhi bengayinaki imiphumela engokwezimali yokuziphatha kwabo kubo ngokwabo nasemikhayeni yabo,” kubika iphephandaba laseFrance i-Monde, futhi “ukugembula kungolunye lwezinhlobo zokulutheka okunzima kakhulu ukuzelapha.” Owayengumlutha wezidakamizwa uthi: “Kwakulula ukuyeka izidakamizwa kunokuyeka ukugembula.”

Bambalwa Abantu BaseSweden Abaya Esontweni

Ukuhlola i-Institute of Public Opinion Research yaseSweden eyakwenzela iSonto LaseSweden kubonisa ukuthi phakathi kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-1 000 ababuzwa ukuthi bayakholelwa yini kuNkulunkulu, amaphesenti angu-47 aphendula ngokuthi yebo. Nokho, inani labantu abaya esontweni alikubonisi lokhu. Phakathi kwalabo okwaxoxwa nabo, amaphesenti angu-9 kuphela aya njalo eSontweni. “Abantu abagobhozeli eSontweni kuze kube yilapho beba nomuzwa wokuthi liyindawo abangathola kuyo abakufunayo,” kusho u-Anders Swärd, iphini likasihlalo woMkhandlu Wabaqondisi BeSonto LaseSweden.

Izikhumbuzo Ezibulalayo ZeMpi Yezwe II

Cishe eminyakeni engu-50 ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, idolobha laseJalimane iHamburg lisenezikhumbuzo ezibulalayo zaleyompi. Iphephandaba i-Süddeutsche Zeitung libika ukuthi enkathini yezinyanga ezingu-12 eyaphela ngo-July 1993, amalungu angu-23 e-Weapons Disposal Unit yalelidolobha alahla amabhomu angaphezu kuka-500, amagobolondo eziqhumane angu-2 440, amabhomu esandla angu-97, imicibisholo yamabhomu acitshwayo engu-24, amabhomu amane ambelwa phansi okubhubhisa izinqola zempi, kanye namakhilogremu angu-149 eziqhumane ezisabalele eziphuma emhlabathini nasemanzini eHamburg. Ngokokulinganisela, kunamanye amabhomu angu-2 000 emhlabathini walelidolobha ongaphansi. “Kuzothatha ezinye izizukulwane ezimbili ukuwathola,” kubika leliphephandaba.

Ayikho Imali Yokusindisa Ukuphila

Nakuba i-pneumonia nokuhuda kulapheka, kubulala abantwana abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7,5 unyaka ngamunye, kubika umthombo wezindaba i-Agence France-Presse. Emhlabeni wonke, kunabantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-40 abaphathwa yi-pneumonia nabangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane abaphathwa uhudo. Nokho, uDokotela Ralph Henderson we-WHO (World Health Organization) wavuma ukuthi lezizifo “kulula futhi akubizi ukuzelapha.” Ngeshwa, kwadingeka ukuba izinhlelo eziningi ezihlelwe yi-WHO zokulwisana nalezizifo ezimbili ziqedwe noma zihlehliselwe isikhathi esingaziwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali. Ngokwe-WHO, ingxenye yokufa okubangelwa ukuhuda nengxenye yesithathu yokufa okubangelwa yi-pneumonia ibingase igwenywe uma imali ibitholakala.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Iwayini LeMisa

Okutholwe muva nje kubonisa ukuthi nakuba ngonyaka kuthengiswa amalitha angaba ngu-10 000 000 ewayini elisetshenziselwa iMisa e-Italy, “iziphuzo ezingcwele” zithatha amalitha angaba ngu-1 000 000 kuphela. Kungani kunalomehluko? Ngokusho komunye uchwepheshe, “ukuba beliphuzwa ngasese umfana onakekela i-altare nombheki-sonto kuphela beliyothengiswa ngokuphindwe kabili.” I-Corriere della Sera ithi: “Iqiniso liwukuthi kuba neziphuzo eziphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyishumi ematafuleni okudla kuwo ababhishobhi, abefundisi nabapristi.”

Ingozi Entsha Yesifo Sohudo

Ubhadane olusha lwesifo sohudo oselusakazeke ngokushesha kulo lonke elaseNdiya naseBangladesh kuqhubekele naseThailand lungase lubangele umqedazwe walesisifo wesishiyagalombili womhlaba wonke kusukela ngo-1817, kusho izikhulu zezempilo. Kuye kwakhishwa izixwayiso eziya emazweni ase-Asia, e-Afrika, naseLatin America. Ukuhlasela kwasekuqaleni kobhadane lwakudala akunikezi isivikelo esihlala njalo salolu olusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolubhadane olusha alunakuthungathwa ngezindlela ezivamile zokuhlola ezindaweni zokucwaninga, futhi imijovo etholakalayo manje ayiphumeleli ekulunqandeni. “Njengoba singenakuyibikezela indawo noma indlela leligciwane elisha eliyosakazeka ngayo, kumelwe amazwe ahlale ezilungiselele ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokuba neso elibukhali, ngokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokwelashwa nangokulungiselela amanzi ahlanzekile nezindlela ezifanelekile zokulahla indle,” kubhala odokotela uDavid L. Swerdlow no-Allen A. Ries be-Centers for Disease Control, njengoba kubikwa kuyi-Lancet. Umqedazwe wesikhombisa, owaqala e-Asia ngo-1960, usadlangile, njengoba kubikwa iziguli ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu namashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abafayo.

IJapane Ifuna Abantu Bayeke Ukubhema

Njengoba inamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-60 amadoda asekhulile abhema ugwayi, iJapane inabantu ababhemayo abaningi ukwedlula wonke amazwe athuthukile, ngokusho kwe-Mainichi Daily News. Inethemba lokuthi abaningi bazoyeka, i-Health and Welfare Ministry yaseJapane yakhipha iphepha elalinesixwayiso esithi ukubhema kukhubaza ikhono lokuzwa, kwenza abantu baguge ngokushesha, futhi kubangela ukufinyela kobuchopho, i-osteoporosis, nokuzalwa kwabantwana abazacile. Lathi ugwayi onetiyela elincane awusizi ekugwemeni ukuvaleka kwemithambo yenhliziyo. Abantu abayekayo ukubhema bakhuluphala ngamakhilogremu angaba mabili, kodwa lokhu akubangeli inkinga empilweni. Lombiko wathola ukuthi nakuba amaphesenti angu-80 abantu ababhemayo ezama ukuyeka lomkhuba, ukunciphisa inani losikilidi umuntu ababhema usuku ngalunye akuphumeleli njalo. I-Ministry ithi indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuyeka ukubhema iwukulahla ugwayi ngokuphelele, futhi amazinga empumelelo angaphindeka kabili lapho kusetshenziswa izimiso eziqondiswa odokotela.

Ubudlova Basemsebenzini

“Abahlengikazi nezinye izisebenzi zezempilo babhekana nobudlova basemsebenzini amaphoyisa abhekana nabo,” kubika i-Vancouver Sun. Uprofesa wezifundo eziphathelene nobugebengu uNeil Boyd waseSimon Fraser University wenza ukuhlola ngobudlova basemsebenzini eBritish Columbia, eCanada. Wathola ukuthi izinga lengozi amaphoyisa nezisebenzi zezempilo ezibhekana nalo “liphinda izinga lanoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi izikhathi ezine” nokuthi izenzakalo zobudlova ziye zakhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-400 kusukela ngo-1982. Leliphepha lathi iziguli “cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi yizona ezibangela ubudlova ngokumelene nezisebenzi zezokwelapha,” futhi izenzo ezinjalo ngokuvamile zenzeka lapho izisebenzi “zivusa noma zigeza isiguli.” Lokhu kuhlola kwaveza ukuthi “izisebenzi zasemajele, onogada abaqashwa abantu, abashayeli bamathekisi namabhasi nonobhala bamabhizinisi ezimpahla” nabo babhekene nezingozi ezinkulu zobudlova basemsebenzini.

I-yen Elikhuphukayo

“Eminyakeni engu-22 edlule, i-yen [laseJapane] liye lashintsha ngendlela engavamile,” kuphawula i-Wall Street Journal. “Alizange nje kuphela likhuphuke ngama-225% uma liqhathaniswa ne-dollar phakathi nalesosikhathi, kodwa futhi liye lazuza ukuvelela okuye kwazuzwa izimali ezimbalwa emhlabeni wonke. . . . Ukuze uluqonde lolushintsho, iya esitolo sikakhaphethi e-Istanbul, qasha umqondisi wezivakashi eMpumalanga Yurophu, noma uvakashele isitolo sezimpahla eSydney.” Abathengisi abaningi ngokwengeziwe emhlabeni wonke bamukela i-yen, futhi abanye baze bakhethe lona. “Ngokuqinisekile, i-yen kusamelwe lithuthuke kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba lidlule i-dollar njengemali yomhlaba eyinhloko,” kusho i-Journal. I-dollar “liseyimali elondolozwa kakhulu emhlabeni” futhi “lingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezingokomnotho ezihlukahlukene, futhi liseyimali ethandwayo emabhizinisini angekho emthethweni emhlabeni. Kodwa i-yen lithuthuka ngendlela esheshayo.”

Ingabe Ukudla Kwamasiko ObuJuda Kungcono?

Kungatholakala imikhiqizo yamasiko obuJuda engaphezu kuka-20 000 emashalofini ezitolo ezinkulu zase-U.S. futhi ithengwa abaningi abangewona amaJuda ngokwenkolo noma amaSulumane azinikele (anomthetho wokudla ofanayo). Kungani? Ngoba abantu “bahlobanisa leligama nenhlanzeko nobuhle,” kusho i-Tufts University Diet & Nutrition Letter. “Kodwa imithetho yokudla yamasiko obuJuda, noma ‘i-kashruth,’ ayizange imiselwe ukuvikela impilo yomzimba kodwa kunalokho singathi yamiselwa ukuvikela umphefumulo,” futhi “lokho akusho ukuthi inyama ehlolwa ngokwamasiko obuJuda ingcono kuwe kunenyama engahlolwanga kanjalo.” Umhloli wokudla ongumJuda ufuna inyama ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zokudla ezithathelwe kuyi-Torah, njengokukhishwa kwegazi ngokuphelele, kodwa akaqeqeshiwe ukuba azibone ngokucacile izimpawu zokonakala noma isifo njengoba benjalo abahloli bakahulumeni. Futhi akazihloli izindinganiso zokuhlanzeka ezindaweni zokwenza ukudla njengoba kwenza abahloli bakahulumeni, kodwa ngokuvamile uhlola ukuze abone ukuthi izithako nemishini kuyahlangabezana yini nomthetho wesiko lobuJuda, “okungahlangene nakancane nomsoco wokudla.”

Umphakathi Wase-Australia Ogugayo

Izibalo ezisanda kukhishwa zokubalwa kwabantu base-Australia ngo-1991 zembula ukuthi ushintsho oluphawuleka kakhulu emphakathini walelizwe inani elikhulayo labantu abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu. Ukuqhathanisa nenani labantu lango-1986 kubonisa ukuthi lokhu kuthambekela kuvamile kuwo wonke amazwe e-Commonwealth. Ngokuphawulekayo, “inani lomphakathi owawuyizingane ezineminyaka engu-15 nangaphansi lehla kusukela kumaphesenti angu-23,3 kuya kwangu-22,3,” kuphawula iphephandaba i-Australian. Ngokwalokhu kuhlola, isilinganiso seminyaka yamadoda ase-Australia singu-31 futhi kwabesifazane, singu-33.