Ukuphenya Izimfihlo Zombokwane
Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! e-Ireland
IMIBOKWANE yakhungathekisa u-Aristotle, isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wayezihlola kakhulu kangakanani lezizinhlanzi ezinesikhumba esibushelelezi, ezifana nenyoka, akatholanga zitho zobulili noma amaqanda. “Umbokwane,” esho, “awulona iduna noma insikazi, futhi awunakuzala lutho.” Waphetha: “Imibokwane ivela kulokho okuthiwa ‘amathumbu omhlaba’ amila ngokuzenzakalelayo odakeni noma enhlabathini eswakeme.”
Abacwaningi banamuhla baye bayixazulula lemfihlakalo ekhethekile ngokuphathelene nombokwane. UChristopher Moriarty woMnyango Wezilwane Zasemanzini e-Ireland uchaza ukuthi nakuba izinhlanzi eziningi ziveza amaqanda abonakala kalula, umbokwane awuvezi phawu ngisho nolweqanda elincane. “Isizalo sombokwane,” esho, “asiqhamile—sicishe singabonakali emibokwaneni emincane, futhi siwumdweshu omhloshana, onemifingcizo emibokwaneni ekhulakhulile.”
Njengoba kungekho mbokwane oke wabanjwa uzalela amaqanda, ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla, ungaqonda ukuthi kungani u-Aristotle ayekhungathekile. Njengoba ayengenaso isibona-khulu, wayengenayo indlela yokuthola ukuthi imibokwane yayivelaphi.
Nakuba ososayensi sebeyixazululile lemfihlakalo ekhethekile ngokuphathelene nombokwane, baye bembula ezinye ezisakhungathekisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ake ucabange ngomjikelezo wokuphila wombokwane waseYurophu ohlala emanzini angenasawoti, ubone ukuthi awukuhlabi yini umxhwele.
Imfihlakalo Yemvelaphi Yawo
Entwasahlobo ngayinye, izigidi zemibokwane emincane engamasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ubude—ebizwa ngokuthi ama-elver—zifika eduze nezingu zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Afrika. Zivelaphi? Akekho owayazi kwaze kwaba ngawoma-1920.
Nokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwatholakala okuthile okumangalisayo okwaba nengxenye ekuxazululeni lemfihlakalo. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi umbokwane, njengexoxo novemvane, uqala ukuphila uyisimo esihlukile. Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zaqaphela ngokokuqala ngqá ukuthi inhlanzi ezacile, eluntwentwe okuthiwa yi-leptocephalus, enekhanda elincane nomzimba owakhiwe njengeqabunga lomnyezane, yaguquka, noma yashintsha isimo, yaba isibungu esincane esiluntwentwe esibizwa ngokuthi i-glass eel.
Lapho sekutholakele ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-leptocephalus ne-glass eel, kwakungenzeka ukuba kulandelelwe indabuko yezibungu zombokwane. Ngo-1922, isazi sesayensi yasezilwandlekazini saseDenmark uJohannes Schmidt sathola ukuthi indawo yokuzalela amaqanda yayo yonke imibokwane yase-Atlantic ulwandle iSargasso, indawo ewudeda-ngendlale yalolulwandlekazi egcwele ukhula eNyakatho Atlantic. Imibokwane yaseMelika neyaseYurophu izalela amaqanda lapho, futhi kulapho kukhona enye imfihlakalo.
Zithatha Imizila Ehlukene
Izibungu zemibokwane yaseMelika neyaseYurophu zithatha izindlela ezihlukene ndawana-thize eduze naseBermuda. “Ukuthi ziyazi kanjani indlela okumelwe zihambe ngayo kuyilapho kungekho esake sabona ‘ikhaya’ laso kuwumbuzo ongaphenduliwe,” kusho i-Fresh & Salt Water Fishes of the World. Lencwadi iyaqhubeka: “Ngokuphathelene nemibokwane yaseMelika, uhambo [lungamakhilomitha acishe abe ngu-1 600]; loluhambo ludinga isikhathi esicishe sibe unyaka. Imibokwane yaseYurophu ihamba [amakhilomitha angu-5 000] noma ngaphezulu, uhambo lwayo luthatha iminyaka ecishe ibe mithathu. Okumangalisa ngokufanayo iqiniso lokuthi amazinga okukhula alemibokwane yomibili [okungelula ukuyehlukanisa] ayehluka ukuze kuthi ngamunye ngesikhathi uthi ufika lapho iya khona ibe isilingana.”
Umzwelo othile wemvelo omangalisayo uqondisa lezinhlobo ezimbili zemibokwane ukuba zihambe ngezindlela zazo ezihlukene. Ngokuphathelene nalesisenzakalo esiyimfihlakalo, incwadi ethi Fishes of Lakes, Rivers & Oceans ithi: “Ukuthi ikwazi kanjani ukuthatha loluhambo olumangalisayo nokuthi kungani ikwenza lokhu kudida njengoba kwakunjalo ngemvelaphi yayo ngesikhathi sika-Aristotle.”
Ukuphila Emanzini Angenasawoti
Lapho ama-elver akhulayo, manje anombala onsundu ngokuphuzi, eqeda ukunqamula ulwandlekazi, ngokomzwelo wemvelo ahamba enyuse umfula ukuze afinyelele emachibini, emaxhaphozini, nasemifudlaneni lapho ekhulela khona abe madala eminyakeni elandelayo engu-15 nangaphezulu. Anqoba zonke izithiyo ukuze afinyelele lapho eya khona.
Incwadi ethi The Royal Natural History ichaza “usebe lwemifula olusezindaweni ezimnyama ngenxa yalezinhlanzi ezincane ezithuthayo.” Iyaqhubeka: “Lemibokwane engabantwana iye yabonwa inyuka emasangweni amanzi amachibi, ihuquzela inyuka emapayipini amanzi . . . futhi inqamula ngisho naseziqeshini zezwe ezinodaka ukuze ifinyelele endaweni eyithandayo.”
EMfuleni iBann eNyakatho Ireland, abadobi baye babekela ama-elver izitebhisi ezakhiwe ngelala ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu zomfula. Lapha, ama-elver agibela kulezintambo angene emathangini akhethekile lapho ebalwa khona—angu-20 000 000 minyaka yonke!
Ukuguquka Nokuthutha
Lapho imibokwane ifinyelela ubudala, kwenzeka okunye okuthile okuyimfihlakalo. “Kwenzeka uchungechunge lwezinguquko eziphawulekayo ezihlobene nesiqalo sobudala,” kusho incwadi ethi Fishes of the Sea. “Iso liyakhula ngobubanzi futhi libe elokubona kuphela emanzini ajulile olwandlekazi; ithumbu liqala ukuncipha futhi izindlala zokuzala zinwebeke. Umbala nawo uyashintsha kusuka konsundu ngokuphuzi kuya kompunga njengesiliva.”
Ekwindla ngayinye, imibokwane emidala iqala ukuthutha okuyibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-5 000 iphindela olwandle iSargasso. Ukuthi ilufeza kanjani loluhambo lwasemanzini olumangalisayo akekho owaziyo. Iyayeka ukudla futhi phakathi naloluhambo lwezinyanga eziyisithupha iphila ngamafutha eye yawabekelela.
Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zithi uma nje isifike emanzini ajulile olwandle iSargasso, umbokwane wensikazi uzalela amaqanda asukela ezigidini ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-20, bese oweduna uwafaka isidoda. Emva kwalokho iyafa lena emidala. Lamaqanda anesidoda ayenyuka antante phezulu bese echanyuselwa njenge-leptocephalus enjengeqabunga, bese umjikelezo uphelela.
Kungani ungekho umbokwane oke wabanjwa uzalela amaqanda? “Kungenxa yokuthi ayisadli, njengoba izitho zayo zokugaya ukudla sezidlekile, ngakho ngeke ibanjwe ngezindobo ezinokudla kokuyibamba,” kusho uChristopher Moriarty. “Izalela amaqanda ekujuleni,” eqhubeka, “futhi njengoba indawo yasoLwandle iSargasso inkulu kuneyaseBritish Isles, futhi imibokwane iyizilwane eziphunyukayo, njalo iba nethuba elihle lokuphunyuka emanethini okudoba asheshayo.”
Mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku zonke izimfihlakalo zalesilwane esimangalisayo ziyoxazululwa. Okwamanje, ngokomcwaningi uMoriarty, uma kuziwa enhlanzini ehlaba umxhwele, ‘umbokwane ngempela uyingqayizivele.’
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Indlela Yokupheka Umbokwane
Nakuba abanye becasulwa umcabango wokudla imibokwane, ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ibhekwa njengezibiliboco. Ingabe ungathanda ukuzama umbokwane? I-Phaphama! yabuza umpheki waseNyakatho Ireland indlela lenhlanzi ephekwa ngayo. Nakhu okubili kokusikisela kwakhe:
Isitshulu Sombokwane: Udinga imibokwane emibili enobukhulu obulingene enobude obungaba amasentimitha angu-50. Kudingeka isuswe isikhumba futhi ikhishwe amathambo bese isikwa ibe amaqatha angamasentimitha amahlanu ubude. Futhi udinga amafutha omnqumo angamamililitha angu-60; izigaxa eziningana ezigayiwe zika-garlic; i-bouquet garni eyodwa; amanzi akhanywe ewolintshini elilodwa; amakhasi ewolintshi akhuhliwe; uphepha obomvu obabayo oyingcosana; usawoti oyingcosana; iwayini elibomvu elingamamililitha angu-140.
Thela amafutha omnqumo ebhodweni lobumba noma epanini elinesinqe esiwugqinsi elikhulu ngokwanele ukuba lifake zonke lezithako. Yenezela u-garlic ogayiwe, i-bouquet garni, amanzi namakhasi ewolintshi, nophepha obomvu obabayo. Yolisa lamaqatha ombokwane ngosawoti, bese uwafaka ebhodweni. Thela iwayini phezu kwawo, bese wenezela amanzi anele ukwemboza umbokwane. Wupheke ungamboziwe ezingeni lokushisa elisesilinganisweni isikhathi esingaba imizuzu engu-30 kuze kube yilapho umbokwane usuvuthiwe. Wuphakele emapuletini afudumele.
Imibokwane Eyenziwe Yaba Ujeli: Thela ebhodweni okungenani inkomishi yombokwane osuswe isikhumba, okhishwe amathambo, oqotshiwe. Yenezela u-anyanisi, izaqatha, ihlamvu le-celery, i-bay leaf, i-parsley, usawoti nophepha, namanzi anele, iwayini elimhlophe, noma amanzi e-apula ukuze wemboze lezithako. Kubilise kancane kancane, bese ukupheka kwemboziwe isikhathi esingaba ihora. Beka esitsheni amaqatha ombokwane avuthiwe. Bilisa lezithako ezisele zize zinciphe ngesigamu, khona-ke cwengela uketshezi phezu kwamaqatha ombokwane. Khipha imifino nohlaza oluyizinongo. Pholisa amaqatha ombokwane noketshezi ukuze kube ujeli. Kudle namanzi akhanywe kulamula nesinkwa esigazingiwe esigcotshwe ibhotela, njenge-pâté.
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Ingabe Bewazi?
Umbokwane omdala oyinsikazi waseYurophu uyimitha ubude, kodwa oyiduna uyingxenye nje yalobo bude.
Eminye imibokwane emidala ehlala emaxhaphozini noma emachibini azungezwe yizwe ayilokothi ithuthe. Ingahlala ezindaweni ezinjalo iminyaka engu-50 noma ngaphezulu.
Imibokwane ingaphila amahora angu-48 ingaphandle kwamanzi.
Umbokwane omdala kunayo yonke emlandweni wawuyinsikazi okwakuthiwa uPutte. Wafela esikhungweni sokufuya izinhlanzi uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-85.
Imibokwane inezinzwa zokuhogela ezisheshe zizwe ngendlela engavamile, okungenani ezisheshayo ukuzwa njengezenja.
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UMfula iBann wase-Ireland ugcwele izigidigidi zemibokwane