Izwe Lethu Elishintshayo—Liphokophelelephi?

EZINYE izinguquko zinomphumela ojulile nohlala njalo ekuphileni kwezigidi, ngisho nasemphakathini wezwe lonke nasezizukulwaneni zesikhathi esizayo. Ubugebengu obunobudlova, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ukusakazeka kwengculaza, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nomoya, nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi izinto ezimbalwa nje ezinegalelo elinzima kithi sonke. Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshosha-phansi nokusakazeka kombuso wentando yeningi waseNtshonalanga kanye nesimiso salo sezomnotho zokuhweba ngenkululeko nakho kushintsha ukuphila futhi kuthonya isikhathi esizayo. Ake sihlole ezinye zalezici.

Indlela Ubugebengu Obuguqule Ngayo Ukuphila Kwethu

Injani imigwaqo endaweni yakini? Ingabe uzizwa ulondekile ukuba uhambe wedwa ngaphandle ebusuku? Eminyakeni engu-30 noma engu-40 kuphela edlule, abantu abaningi babeshiya ngisho nezindlu zabo zingakhiyiwe. Kodwa izikhathi zishintshile. Manje eminye iminyango inezihluthulelo ezimbili noma ezintathu, futhi amafasitela avalwe ngezinsimbi.

Abantu namuhla bayesaba ukugqoka izingubo zabo ezingcono kakhulu nezinto eziyigugu zokuhloba emigwaqeni. Abanye abantu abahlala emadolobheni baye babulawa ngenxa yebhantshi lesikhumba noma ijazi elinoboya. Abanye baye bafa kudutshulwana phakathi kwabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa. Abantu abazidlulela ngendlela, kuhlanganise nezingane eziningi, bayalinyazwa noma babulawe cishe usuku nosuku. Izimoto azinakushiywa zilondekile emgwaqeni ngaphandle kwesimiso sokulondeka esenziwe ngobuhlakani ukuze sizame ukuxosha amasela aphila ngokuxhaphaza abanye. Kulesimo sezwe esisontekile, abantu bashintshile. Ukwethembeka nobuqotho kuyizindinganiso esezicishe zalibaleka. Ukwethembana kunyamalele.

Ubugebengu nobudlova kuyizenzakalo zomhlaba wonke. Izihloko eziphambili ezivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene zibonisa leliphuzu: “Amaphoyisa Nabaphangi, Amaqembu Ezigcwelegcwele Nobufebe Nezidakamizwa; IMoscow Ithola Ukuthi Inakho Konke”; “Kuqala Inkathi Entsha EKorea, Elandelwa Ubugebengu”; “Ubugebengu Basemgwaqeni Buhlasela Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke KwasePrague”; “IJapane Ihlasela Iqembu Lezigebengu, Neqembu Liyaziphindiselela”; “Ubuciko Beqembu Lezigebengu—Umphikisi Ophambili Weqembu Lezigebengu EItaly Ubulawe Ngebhomu.” Ubugebengu buyinkinga yembulunga yonke.

Ubugebengu banamuhla futhi bunobudlova kakhulu. Ukuphila kubhekwa njengokungabalulekile. ERio de Janeiro, eBrazil, indawo enezindlu eziminyene yabantu abampofu emaphethelweni edolobha iye “yaqashelwa ngokomthetho iZizwe Ezihlangene njengendawo enobudlova ukuzedlula zonke emhlabeni. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-2 500 babulawelwa lapho unyaka nonyaka.” (World Press Review) EColombia, abashushumbisi abaphambili bezidakamizwa bathumela intsha yabo engama-sicario, noma ababulali abakhokhelwayo, ngezithuthuthu ukuze balungise izindaba zezimali nabaqhudelana nabo nababakweletayo ngohlobo lwabo olukhethekile lokujezisa ngokufa okusheshayo. Futhi ngokuvamile uyozisola uma ubona lobugebengu—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuseColombia noma kwenye indawo. Ungase ube isisulu esilandelayo.

Olunye ushintsho olukhulu luwukuthi izigebengu eziningi ngokwengeziwe ziphatha izikhali ezizishintshayo eziyingozi, futhi umphakathi omkhulu ngokwengeziwe uphendukela ekuphatheni izibhamu ukuze uzivikele. Ngokuzenzekelayo lokhu kwanda kwezikhali kusho ukwanda kokufa nezinkubela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngobugebengu noma ngengozi. Kuyiqiniso elaziwa emhlabeni wonke manje ukuthi isibhamu esisekhukhwini noma esisendlini singenza noma ubani abe umbulali.

Ubugebengu Nezidakamizwa

Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, ubani owake wacabanga ukuthi izidakamizwa zazingaba inkinga yomhlaba wonke? Manje zingenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu nobudlova. Encwadini yakhe ethi Terrorism, Drugs and Crime in Europe after 1992, uRichard Clutterbuck ubikezela ukuthi “ekugcineni ukwanda kokuhwebelana ngezidakamizwa kungase kuzibonakalise kuwusongo olukhulu ukuzedlula zonke empucukweni yomuntu. . . . Izinzuzo azinikezi nje kuphela amandla angokomnotho nangokombangazwe kubashushumbisi bezidakamizwa abaphambili [iColombia iyisibonelo esisobala], kodwa futhi zisekela ngemali inani elethusayo lobugebengu emhlabeni jikelele.” Futhi uyaphawula: “Omunye wabashoshozeli abakhulu kakhulu bobuphekula nobudlova bobugebengu emhlabeni ukuhweba nge-cocaine etholakala kubantu abayimilutha eYurophu naseU.S.A. isuka emasimini e-coca eColombia.”

Igagasi elinamandla lobugebengu nenani leziboshwa elandayo emhlabeni kubonisa ukuthi kunezigidi zabantu abanezinhloso zobugebengu nabangenaso isifiso sokushintsha. Abaningi kakhulu baye babona ukuthi ubugebengu buyacebisa. Ngenxa yalokho, izwe lethu liye lashintsha—lashintshela kokubi kakhulu. Liye laba ingozi ngokwengeziwe.

Ingculaza—Ingabe Iye Yaletha Inguquko?

Lokho okwabonakala ekuqaleni kuyisifo esithinta ngokuyinhloko umphakathi wongqingili kuye kwaba uhlupho oluthinta abantu bazo zonke izinhlanga nezindlela zokuphila. Ingculaza ayisakhethi muntu. Kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika, ibulala ingxenye enkulu yabantu abakhangwa abobulili obuhlukile. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokungazelele ukuziphatha okuxekethile kobulili kubonakala kuphelelwe yisikhathi kwabanye, hhayi ngenxa yanoma yiziphi izizathu zokuziphatha, kodwa ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthola lesifo. “Ubulili obulondekile” manje buyisiqubulo, nokusetshenziswa kwama-condom kuwumngcele oyinhloko oyisivikelo otuswayo. Ukugwema ukuziphatha okubi kuyisivikelo esingathandwa. Kodwa ingculaza iyowuthinta kanjani umkhaya wesintu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze?

Muva nje umagazini i-Time wabika: “Ngonyaka ka-2000 ingculaza ingase ibe ubhadane olukhulu ukuzedlula zonke lwalelikhulu leminyaka, iludlule kude uhlupho lomkhuhlane wango-1918. Leyonhlekelele yabulala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-20, noma iphesenti elilodwa lomphakathi womhlaba—ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunenani lamasosha afa eMpini Yezwe I.” Kunjengoba esinye isazi sasho, “lolubhadane lungokwesilinganiso esingokomlando.”

Naphezu kwezigidi zamaRandi kanye nezimali zakwamanye amazwe ezisetshenziselwa ekucwaningeni ngengculaza, alikho ikhambi elitholakalayo. Umhlangano wamuva nje ophathelene nengculaza obuseAmsterdam, eNetherlands, wahlanganisa ndawonye izazi zesayensi nabanye ochwepheshe abangu-11 000 ukuze bahlole lenkinga. “Isimo sasifiphele, sibonisa ishumi leminyaka lokukhungatheka, ukwehluleka nosizi olukhulu. . . . Isintu kungenzeka sisekude kakhulu nokunqoba ingculaza kunangesikhathi lapho lesifiso siqala. Awukho umjovo, alikho ikhambi futhi akukho ngisho nokwelapha okuphumelelayo ongenakungatshazwa.” (Time) Kulabo okwamanje abaneHIV, okungenzeka kakade bangenwe isifo sengculaza, amathemba afiphele. Nalapha futhi, ushintsho luye lwaba okubi kakhulu.

Inguquko Kwezombangazwe Zezwe

Isimo sezombangazwe esishintshile seminyaka emine edlule siye samangaza abaholi abaningi futhi mhlawumbe abekho abamangala ukwedlula labo baseUnited States. Ngokungazelele izithola ingenaye umncintisani ofanelekayo emkhakheni wezombangazwe. Iye yafaniswa neqembu lebhola lomnqakiswano elishiseka kakhulu, elinganqotshwa elithola ngokungazelele ukuthi akekho umuntu osafuna ukuqhudelana nalo. Lenkinga ifingqwé esihlokweni ngo-1990 ngumhleli kamagazini i-Foreign Policy, uCharles William Maynes: “Namuhla umsebenzi wenkambiso yeU.S. yamazwe angaphandle awulophuli izwe empini eyinhlekelele kodwa umisa ukuthula okungalindelekile okuye kwaqala ngokungazelele phakathi kweUnited States [nokwakuthiwa] iSoviet Union.”

Ukwanda ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe benuzi kuletha izinsongo ezintsha, kuyilapho impi nezikhali ezivamile iqhubeka yanda—okuletha injabulo kubathengisi bezikhali bomhlaba. Ezweni elifuna ukuthula, abaholi abaningi bezombangazwe baqinisa amabutho abo nezikhali zawo. Futhi Izizwe Ezihlangene ezicishe zibe ezintulayo zihlala zimatasa zizama ukubopha ngemidweshwana echibiyelayo izilonda ezibhibhayo zezwe.

Isiqalekiso Esingaguquki Sobuzwe

Njengoba ubuKhomanisi babuqala ukuwohloka, umongameli waseU.S. uBush wasakaza umqondo “wohlelo lwezwe elisha.” Nokho, njengoba abaholi abaningi bezombangazwe beye babona, akudingi mzamo ukusungula iziqubulo ezihlakaniphile; izinguquko eziqondile kunzima kakhulu ukuzifinyelela. Encwadini yakhe ethi After the Fall—The Pursuit of Democracy in Central Europe, uJeffrey Goldfarb uthi: “Ithemba elingenamkhawulo ‘ngohlelo lwezwe elisha’ ngokushesha liye lalandelwa ukuqaphela ukuthi eziningi zezinkinga zasendulo zisekhona kithi namanje, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Umuzwa wokufinyelela inkululeko . . . ngokuvamile uye wanqotshwa ukuphelelwa yithemba ngenxa yokukhathazeka okungokombangazwe, ukungqubuzana kobuzwe, ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ezingokwenkolo, nokuwohloka kwezomnotho.” Ngokuqinisekile impi yombango kulokho okwakuthiwa iYugoslavia iyisibonelo esisobala sethonya elihlukanisayo lezombangazwe, inkolo, nobuzwe.

UGoldfarb uyaqhubeka: “I-xenophobia [ukwesaba abantu bakwamanye amazwe] nokungalondeki komuntu siqu kuye kwaba yizinto ezivamile zaseYurophu Ephakathi. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi akuyilethi ngokuzenzekelayo imiphumela ethenjisiwe engokomnotho, engokombangazwe, nengokwempucuko, futhi isimiso sezomnotho sokuhweba ngenkululeko asithembisi ingcebo nje kuphela, sakha futhi izinkinga ezingenakulinganiswa kulabo abangazi ukuthi bangasiqhuba kanjani.”

Kodwa kusobala ukuthi lezi akuzona izinkinga zeYurophu Ephakathi nohulumeni balokho okwakuyiSoviet Union kuphela; i-xenophobia nokungalondeki kwezomnotho kusemhlabeni wonke. Umkhaya wesintu ukhokha ngokuhlupheka nangokufa. Futhi ikusasa eliseduze alinathemba loshintsho kulezimo zengqondo ezigxile ngokujulile ezibangela inzondo nobudlova. Kungani kunjalo? Ngenxa yokuthi imfundo abaningi abayamukelayo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivela kubazali noma ezimisweni zesikole ezithambekele ebuzweni—igxilisa inzondo, ukungabekezeli, nemiqondo yokuvelela esekelwe ebuzweni, umsuka wohlanga noma wesizwe, noma ulimi.

Ubuzwe, obubizwa umagazini wamasonto onke iAsiaweek ngokuthi, “Ubu- Obubi Ukwedlula Bonke,” bungesinye sezici ezingaguquki eziqhubeka zivusa inzondo nokuchitheka kwegazi. Lowomagazini wathi: “Uma ukuqhosha ngenxa yokuba umSerb kusho ukuzonda umCroat, uma inkululeko yomuntu waseArmenia isho ukuziphindiselela kumuntu waseTurkey, uma ukuba umZulu ozimele kusho ukucindezela umXhosa nokubusa ngentando yeningi komRomania kusho ukuxosha umuntu waseHungary, khona-ke ubuzwe kakade sebuzibonakalise bububi ukwedlula yonke into.”

Sikhunjuzwa lokho uAlbert Einstein ake wakusho: “Ubuzwe buyisifo sezinsana. Buyisimungumungwana sesintu.” Cishe wonke umuntu uyabuthola ngezinye izikhathi, futhi buyaqhubeka busakazeka. Emuva ngo-1946, isazi-mlando saseBrithani uArnold Toynbee sabhala: “Ukuzinikela ngenxa yezwe lakini . . . ngokwengxenye enkulu kuye kwangena esikhundleni sobuKristu njengenkolo Yezwe laseNtshonalanga.”

Ingabe likhona ithemba loshintsho ekuziphatheni komuntu esimweni samanje? Abanye bathi lungafinyelelwa kuphela ngenguquko ephelele emfundweni. Isazi sezomnotho uJohn K. Galbraith sabhala: “Abantu bayisisekelo esivamile sentuthuko. Ngakho . . . ayikho intuthuko engenzeka kubantu abangathuthukisiwe, futhi intuthuko iqinisekile lapho abantu benikezwa inkululeko futhi befundiswa. . . . Ukunqotshwa kokuba abangafundile kuza kuqala.” Yiliphi ithemba elikhona lokuthi izimiso zemfundo zezwe ziyoke zifundise uthando nokubekezela esikhundleni senzondo nokungathembani? Kunini lapho ubutha obujulile bobuzwe noma bobuhlanga buyothathelwa khona indawo ukwethemba nokuqonda, ngokuqaphela ukuthi sonke singabomkhaya wesintu owodwa?

Ngokusobala, ushintsho oluqondile luyadingeka. USandra Postel uyabhala kwethi State of the World 1992: “Ingxenye esele yalelishumi leminyaka kumelwe ilethe izinguquko ezinkulu ngisho nakakhulu nezisakazeke yonke indawo uma sizobambelela emathembeni angempela ezwe elingcono.” Futhi sibhekephi? URichard Clutterbuck uyaphawula: “Nokho, izwe lihlala liguquguquka futhi liyingozi. Ukushisekela ubuzwe nenkolo kuyoqhubeka. . . . Iminyaka yawo-1990 ingase ibe ishumi leminyaka eliyingozi noma elinentuthuko kakhulu lalelikhulu leminyaka.”—Terrorism, Drugs and Crime in Europe After 1992.

Indawo Yethu Ezungezile Eguqukayo

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, isintu siye saliqaphela iqiniso lokuthi izenzo zomuntu zinegalelo eliyingozi endaweni ezungezile. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu kakhulu kubulala izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezingenakubalwa. Futhi njengoba amahlathi eyingxenye yesimiso sokuphefumula kwaleplanethi, ukubhujiswa kwamahlathi kunciphisa futhi ikhono lomhlaba lokuguqula i-carbon dioxide liyenze umoya-mpilo osekela ukuphila. Omunye umphumela ukwenza inhlabathi engaphezulu ibe buthaka futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekwenzeni izindawo zibe ugwadule.

Izixwayiso ezithile ziye zanikezwa kulendaba, futhi esinye sazo yileso sesazi sezombangazwe saseU.S. uAl Gore. Encwadini yakhe ethi Earth in the Balance—Ecology and the Human Spirit, uyabhala: “Ngesilinganiso samanje sokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, cishe wonke amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo ayobe engasekho esikhathini esithile ekhulwini leminyaka elilandelayo. Uma sivumela ukuba lokhu kubhubhisa kwenzeke, umhlaba uyolahlekelwa inqolobane ecebe kunazo zonke yokwaziswa okuphathelene nofuzo kuleplanethi, futhi iyolahleka namakhambi angavela ezifo eziningi ezisihluphayo. Ngempela, amakhulu emithi yokwelapha ebalulekile esetshenziswa kakhulu manje atholakala emithini nasezilwaneni okutholakala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo.”

UGore ukholelwa ukuthi igalelo lomuntu endaweni ezungezile limelela usongo lokuphila oluseduze kakhulu lokusinda. Uthi: “Njengoba siqhubeka nokwandela kuyo yonke indawo ezungezile esingayicabanga, ukulimala kalula kwempucuko yethu siqu kuba sobala ngokwengeziwe. . . . Esikhathini sesizukulwane esisodwa, sisengozini yokushintsha ukwakheka komkhathi wembulunga yonke ngokuphawuleka kakhulu kunendlela okwenza ngayo noma iyiphi intabamlilo emlandweni, futhi imiphumela ingase iphikelele emakhulwini eminyaka ezayo.”

Akuwona umkhathi wethu kuphela osongelwayo kodwa, ngokukaGore nabanye, ukutholakala kwamanzi okubalulekile kusengozini, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, “lapho imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwamanzi izwakala khona ngokujulile nangokudabukisa kakhulu ngamazinga aphakeme okufa okubangelwa ikholera, i-typhoid, i-dysentery, nesifo sohudo.” Khona-ke uGore ukhomba iqiniso lokuthi “abantu abangaphezu [kwesigidi esiyizinkulungwane] ezingu-1,7 abawatholi amanzi anele okuphuza alondekile. Abantu abangaphezu [kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane] ezintathu abanaso [isimiso sokukhucululwa kwendle] esifanele futhi ngaleyondlela basengozini yokungcoliswa kwamanzi abo. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, amadolobhana namadolobha ayikhulu neshumi nane achithela indle yabantu bawo kanye nokunye ukungcola okungafakwanga imithi yokuvikela ngokuqondile eGanges.” Futhi lowomfula uyisimiso esiyinhloko samanzi okuphila sezigidi zabantu!

UGautam S. Kaji, isekela likamongameli weBhange Lomhlaba, waxwayisa izilaleli eBangkok ngokuthi “ukutholakala kwamanzi eMpumalanga Asia kungase kube indaba eyinkinga yekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo. . . . Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezaziwa kahle zamanzi aphuzwayo alondekile ngokwempilo nangokomkhiqizo, ohulumeni baseMpumalanga Asia manje babhekene nezimiso zomphakathi ezihlulekayo ukulungiselela amanzi afanelekele ukuphuzwa . . . Lena indaba engasakhunjulwa yentuthuko enengqondo yendawo ezungezile.” Emhlabeni jikelele, esinye sezici eziyisisekelo zokuphila—amanzi ahlanzekile—asinakwa futhi siyachithwa.

Lezi yizo zonke izici zezwe lethu elishintshayo, izwe eliguqulelwa ekubeni imigodi yendle eyingozi ezindaweni eziningi nelisongela ukuba khona komuntu kwangesikhathi esizayo. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi, Ingabe ohulumeni nabezamabhizinisi amakhulu banaso isifiso nesisusa sokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbe-la ukuphela okukhulu kwamandla engcebo omhlaba?

Ingabe Inkolo Iyaliguqula Izwe?

Emkhakheni wezenkolo, mhlawumbe sithola ukwehluleka komuntu okukhulu kunakho konke. Uma isihlahla sahlulelwa ngezithelo zaso, khona-ke inkolo kumelwe ilandise ngezithelo zenzondo, ukubandlululana, nempi ngaphakathi kwezigaba zayo siqu. Kubonakala sengathi ngabantu abaningi inkolo ifana nobuhle—obuphelela esikhunjeni kuphela. Iwumhlobiso wangaphandle osheshe uxebuke ngaphansi kokucindezela kobuhlanga, ubuzwe, nokungalondeki okungokomnotho.

Njengoba ubuKristu buyinkolo ‘yokuthanda umakhelwane wakho nesitha sakho,’ yini eye yenzeka kumaKatolika nabobuOrthodox balokho okwakuyiYugoslavia? Ingabe abapristi babo bayobakhulula kukho konke ukubulala nenzondo yabo? Ingabe amakhulu eminyaka emfundiso ‘yobuKristu’ aveza inzondo nokubulala kuphela eNyakatho Ireland? Futhi kuthiwani ngezinkolo ezingezona ezobuKristu? Ingabe ziye zakhiqiza izithelo ezingcono? Ingabe ubuHindu, ubuSikh, ubuBuddha, ubuIslam, nobuShinto bungakhomba ebufakazini bokuthula bokuzwana?

Kunokuba isebenze njengethonya eliqondile eliholela empucukweni yesintu, inkolo iye yafeza indima yayo yentshiseko enkulu ekubhebhezeleni amalangabi okushisekela izwe kobuhlanya nasekubusiseni amabutho ezimpini ezimbili zezwe kanye nakweminye imibango eminingi. Ibingewona amandla athuthukayo enguquko.

Ngakho-ke, yini engalindelwa enkolweni esikhathini esiseduze esizayo? Eqinisweni, yini esingalindela ukuba isikhathi esizayo siyiphathele isimiso samanje sezwe lethu—yiziphi izinguquko eziyoba khona? Isihloko sethu sesithathu sizoxoxa ngalemibuzo ngombono ovelele.

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Ukubheduka kobugebengu bobudlova kungolunye uphawu lwenguquko

[Izithombe ekhasini 8]

Ubuzwe nenzondo engokwenkolo kuyaqhubeka kubhebhezela ukuchitheka kwegazi

[Imithombo]

Jana Schneider/Sipa

Malcom Linton/Sipa

[Izithombe ekhasini 9]

Ukusebenzisa kabi komuntu indawo yakhe ezungezile kushintsha ukulinganisela okubucayi kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile

[Umthombo]

Laif/Sipa

Sipa

[Isithombe ekhasini 10]

UHitler ubingelelwa inxusa likapapa eliqavile uBasallo di Torregrossa, ngo-1933. Ngokomlando, inkolo ibihileleke kwezombangazwe nobuzwe

[Umthombo]

Bundesarchiv Koblenz