Izibhamu—Indlela Yokuphila
IHELE elide lezindlu zokuqashisa ezibomvu ezigcwele ukuphila libuyele esimweni esivamile. Umsindo ocacile wokudubula kwezibhamu eziyimishini ezishintshayo neshintshwayo akusakuphazamisi ukuthula. Ukugqamuka kwemililo okuhambisana nokuqhuma ngakunye kwezikhali akusanqamuli amathunzi esabekayo ebusuku, akusasizi ngokukhanyisa izitaladi ezikhanya ngokufiphele. Kunemigodi evuleke ngaphambili ezitinini zasendulo lapho izinhlamvu zazishutheka khona ekujuleni ematsheni abaziwe ezakhiwo ezimpini zesibhamu zesikhathi esedlule nesamanje.
Amaphoyisa kanye nezazi zezokwelapha bazazi kahle izitaladi. Iqoqo lezikhali elinezibhamu ezanele ukuthi zingahlomisa ibutho elincane lamaphoyisa liye lathathwa uhulumeni ngokomthetho—imiphumela yokubulala, ukuzibulala, ukudubula ngengozi, nokuphamba. Abantu abahambisa iposi nabaqoqi bezibi bayenqaba ukukhonza umphakathi ngenxa yokwesaba ukuhlaselwa ngethala lezinhlamvu. Izingane azivunyelwe ukuphumela ngaphandle emakhaya azo, kodwa ezinye zisadubuleka njengoba izinhlamvu ezidutshulwa izibhamu eziqondiswe ngamabomu noma eziphaphalazile zingena ngamafasitela nangezindonga futhi zikhwintshela emakamelweni.
Uma uhlala edolobheni elikhulu, kunamathuba okuthi ujwayelene nezenzakalo ezichazwe lapha, uma ungeyena ufakazi wokuzibonela, kungenzeka uzazi njengesibukeli sokusakazwa kwezindaba zakusihlwa zeTV. Emadolobheni amaningi ukudubula kuvame kangangokuthi ngokuvamile akusabikwa emaphephandabeni endawo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, kululazwa njengokungelutho okunye ukubulala ngonya okuningi kakhulu okukhishwa ezindabeni zansuku zonke kwamanye amadolobha noma kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Ngokwesibonelo, isenzakalo sokubulala ngonya saseCalifornia saba ngundab’ uzekwayo ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba lapho indoda ephethe isibhamu idedela ithala lezinhlamvu ngesibhamu sokuhlasela esiwuntuluntulu esixukwini sezingane zesikole eziqalayo, ibulala abafundi abahlanu futhi ilimaza abanye abangu-29 ngaphambi kokuba izibulale ngevolovolo. IYurophu neUnited States nayo yafunda izindaba ezishaqisayo zendoda ehlanyayo eyabulala abantu abangu-16 eNgilandi ngesibhamu sokuhlasela iAK-47.
ECanada indoda eyayizonda abesifazane yaya eYunivesithi yaseMontreal yadubula futhi yabulala abesifazane abangu-14. Nokho, ngaphandle kokuthi isilinganiso sokufa siyashaqisa, okuningi kokubulala ngezibhamu, ngengozi noma okuhlosiwe, kuyaqabukela ukuba kubikwe ngaphandle kwedolobha okwenzeke kulo.
Impicabadala Yezibhamu
Iminyango nabaholi bokuphoqelelwa komthetho bendawo, isifundazwe, isizwe, nabendawo yonke baphicwa ukwenyuka kwegagasi lokufa elihlangene nezibhamu kanye nezikhali eziyizinganono ezizishintshayo nezishintshwayo kakade esezisezandleni zezigebengu nabantu abagula ngengqondo. INhlangano Yezwe Lonke Yabaholi Bamaphoyisa ilinganisela ukuthi izikhali ezishintshwayo nezizishintshayo ezisukela ku-650 000 kuya ku-2 000 000 “kungenzeka zisezandleni zezigebengu ezweni kabanzi [U.S.A.]—ibutho lezinswelaboya empini yokudubulana ngezibhamu nelinye iqembu cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi liyayinqoba impi,” kwabika iU.S.News & World Report.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi eUnited States iyodwa, cishe ikhaya elilodwa kwamabili linesibhamu. Nakuba inani eliqondile lezibhamu amaMelika analo lingenakunqunywa, ukulinganisela kwamuva kubonisa ukuthi izigidi ezingu-70 zabantu baseMelika linezigidi ezilinganiselwa ku-140 zezinganono nezigidi ezilinganiselwa ku-60 zamavolovolo. “Ibhizinisi lesizwe elikhiqiza izikhali likhulu ngokwanele ukuthi linganikeza cishe wonke amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane isibhamu esisodwa kulelozwe,” kwabhala iU.S.News & World Report. Ingabe lokhu kuyakushaqisa?
EYurophu futhi, indawo yezakhamuzi iye yafana nekamu elihlomile. INgilandi izama ukulwa ngamandla nenkinga yayo yezikhali njengoba izigebengu eziningi zihloma kuze kufike okhalweni. ENtshonalanga Jalimane inqwaba yeziqhumane ezingekho emthethweni ilinganiselwa ukuthi ingaphezu kwazo zonke izikhali ezitholakalayo ngamaphesenti angu-80. Ngokwemibiko, eziningi zazo zebiwa “ezindaweni zokugcinwa kwezikhali zamaphoyisa aseJalimane, emaphoyiseni asemngceleni, emabuthweni amaJalimane nasezinqolobaneni zeNATO.” Kubikwa ukuthi iSwitzerland inesilinganiso esiphakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni sabantu abanezibhamu zabo zangasese. “Noma yisiphi isakhamuzi saseSwitzerland esithobela umthetho siyanikezwa imvume yokuba nezibhamu, futhi bonke abantu besilisa abaseminyakeni yokubuthwa empini kumelwe bagcine emakhaya abo izibhamu ezinamandla kakhulu kunaleso esasetshenziswa ekubulaleni ngonya kwaseStockton [eCalifornia],” kwabika iNew York Times kaFebruary 4, 1989.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili, iNew York Times yabika ukuthi eSan Salvador, “izibhamu ezinqulwini zamadoda zivame njengezikhwama zemali. Izitolo ezinkulu, lezo onogada bazo abantshingela ngezibhamu emaphaseji okuhamba kuwo abathengi, zishaya umthetho wokuthi abathengi bashiye izikhali zabo ezindaweni zokubeka izimpahla eduze kweminyango yokuphuma.” Ngokukamagazini iAsiaweek kaFebruary 1989, uhulumeni wasePhilippine “uyavuma ukuthi izwe ligcwaliswe okungenani izibhamu ezingekho emthethweni ezingu-189 000. Lezo, kanye nezingu-439 000 ezisemthethweni, kusho ukuthi izikhali ezisezandleni zabantu ngabanye zizidlula kude lezo eziphethwe amabutho ahlomile, anamasosha angu-165 000. Futhi ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali ezingekho emthethweni kubanjwa masonto onke esikhumulweni sezindiza esikhulu nasogwini lomfula lwaseManila.”
ICanada enokuthula, lapho Umthetho Wezigebengu ungavumeli noma ubani ukuba abe nesibhamu futhi asisebenzise, ibona ukwenyuka kancane kancane kokuhlasela okuhlobene nezibhamu. Ekupheleni kuka-1986, kwakukhona izibhamu ezisemthethweni ezivunyelwa kwabathile kuphela ezicishe zibe ngu-860 000 eCanada. Lokho akuzange kuhlanganise iqoqo langasese lezikhali eziyimishini ezishintshayo elatholwa ngaphambi kuka-1978. Esinye isikhulu samaphoyisa esingumakad’ ebona saseCanada sathi: “Engingathanda ukukwazi ukuthi kungani abantu baseCanada benomuzwa wesidingo sokuba nesibhamu, inganono noma ivolovolo.”
Muva nje lapho uhulumeni waseU.S. evimbela okwesikhashana ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali eziyimishini eshintshwayo zivela ngaphandle, imiphumela yaba engalindelekile. Abathengi abangalawuleki balinda amahora amaningi emigqeni ukuze bathenge lezo ezase zisezitolo zezibhamu kakade kulo lonke lelozwe. Omunye umthengi wayemi emgqeni ukuba athenge esokugcina esasisesitokweni wathi: “Kufana nobhedu olubangwayo.” Lezi zazingathengwa ngo-R260 ngaphambi kokuba zivinjelwe. Ngalolosuku zazidayiswa ngo-R2 600 sisinye. Omunye umnini-sitolo owayejabule wathi: “Lezibhamu zingena futhi ziphuma ngamashumi amathathu ngosuku. Bazithenga zonke, konke nanoma yikuphi okungase kufinyelele ezandleni zabo.” “Abaye bakwenza ukuthi ikhaya ngalinye libe nesisodwa,” kwasho omunye umnini-sitolo esithengisa izibhamu.
Umthetho esifundazweni saseFlorida, eUnited States, uye wavumela abanini-zibhamu ukuba bahambe obala nezibhamu ziboshelwe okhalweni lwabo noma bezifihle kubo. Abanye besaba ukuthi lokhu kuyophumela ezimpini zokudubulana emigwaqweni, okuyobakhumbuza inkathi yobulwane yaseNtshonalanga. Omunye ummeleli Wesifundazwe saseFlorida wathi: “Umbiko esiwukhiphayo uwukuthi, ‘Asisenakukwazi ukukuvikela, ngakho hamba uzifunele isibhamu futhi wenze konke okusemandleni akho.’” Futhi uma sibheka ukuthengwa kwezibhamu, izinkulungwane zenza lokho kanye.
Kungani kunesasasa elishesha kangaka lezibhamu—ezinye zinamandla amakhulu kangangokuthi zingathumela izinhlamvu zibhoboze izindonga zikasimende futhi zidubule izikhathi ezingu-900 ngomzuzu, ngokuyinhloko eziklanyelwe ukulwa enkundleni yempi? Ezinye izikhulu zithi izibhamu “zinemfihlo yobulili” ezenza ukuba ngokukhethekile zikhange emadodeni. Esinye isikhulu sikahulumeni sathi: “Kukhona ukuqhosha kobulisa ekuthwaleni izikhali ezinkulu kakhulu, ezimbi nezinamandla kakhulu ezitholakalayo.” Omunye umcosheli wezindaba wathi: “Emadodeni ikakhulukazi, izibhamu ziletha impendulo ecishe ingaqondakali entsheni yawo.” Ezinye izinhlangano zamabhange ziye zayithuthukisa lempicabadala yezibhamu ngokunikeza izibhamu esikhundleni sokukhokha inzalo ezitifiketini zemali efakiwe. Imibiko ibonisa ukuthi lokuthuthukiswa kuye kwaba okuthandwa kakhulu yilabo abafaka imali.
Emhlabeni wonke, ukudayiswa kwezibhamu kwanda ngokushesha. Kuyophelelaphi? Ingabe kuyophela lapho ilungu lesilisa ngalinye lomphakathi okungenani linesibhamu esisodwa noma ezengeziwe? Noma ingabe izibhamu zingezamadoda kuphela? Cabangela amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo esihlokweni esilandelayo.