Ukubuka Okwezwe
IZINDABA EZIBUHLUNGU
IUNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) ibikezela ukuthi abantwana bazoba nekusasa elifiphele phakathi neminyaka yawo-1990. Embikweni wayo waminyaka yonke weSimo Sezingane Emhlabeni Wonke, iUNICEF ibona abantwana abayizigidi ezingu-100 befile ngenxa yokugula nokungondleki phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo ngaphandle kokuthi kusetshenziswe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,5 unyaka ngamunye emithini yokwelapha ebiza kancane etholakalayo manje. Inkulu kangakanani lemali? Ilingana nemali echithwa izinkampane zaseU.S. minyaka yonke ekukhangiseni ngogwayi, kubika iWall Street Journal.
ISIMANGALO SABAPHETHWE YIAIDS
Izibhedlela nezikhungo zezempilo eAustralia zimangalelwa abaphethwe yiAIDS. Izisulu zithi zathola isifo esibulalayo ngenxa yobudedengu nokuntula isixwayiso esidingekile ngezingozi ezihlobene nokumpontshelwa igazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zithi azizange zitshelwe ngokutholakala kwezinye izinhlobo zokwelapha ezazingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokumpontshelwa igazi. Indaba engundab’ uzekwayo kuze kube manje eyophethwe yisifo sokopha esithathelwana ngobulili (hemophilia) oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala ozofa ngenxa yalesifo esingumbulali, kodwa ezinye izisulu ezingu-31 ziye zahlangana ndawonye njengeqembu futhi zathatha isinyathelo sasenkantolo. Inkulumo yaló oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala yafundwa eNkantolo Ephakeme. Wathi, ngokwengxenye: “Kunjengencwadi yezindaba—incwadi yezindaba ikhasi layo lokugcina lidabukile. Asikho isiphetho esithokozisayo.”
IZINKINGA ZOKUXHUMANA
INkonzo Yokushaya Ucingo, okuyinkonzo eluleka ngocingo yezingane eJapane, ithi muva nje izingane eziningi ezingenazo izinkinga ezizicindezelayo nezingafuni seluleko zishaya ucingo ukuze nje zikhulume nothile ngosuku lwazo. Zikhetha ukwenza lokhu ukuze zivale isikhala sokuntuleka kokuxoxisana emkhayeni, kusho abakulenkonzo. Nokho, abeluleki nabo banezinkinga zokuxoxisana. Omunye wabasebenza lapho wathi, “Izingane ziyaluvala ucingo lapho zizwa intshumayelo ngephimbo lomeluleki.
ISISULU SOKUSEBENZISA KABI IZIDAKAMIZWA: ABANTWANA
◼ Abathengisi bezidakamizwa baye benza izikole zaba izisulu njengemakethe yesithathu engcono kakhulu (elandela amanightclub nezinkantini) yebhizinisi labo elibulalayo. “Abathengisi bezidakamizwa basizakala ngentsha ephakathi kweminyaka engu-13 nengu-15 ubudala, okuyinkathi yokufuna amalungelo; ukuze babaholele ophathe, besebenzisa ukufuna kwentsha ukubonakala inesibindi, ubudoda, nokwesaba ukuba unkom’ idla yodwa eqenjini,” kubika iphephandaba laseBrazil, iO Estado de S.Paulo. Ngisho nothisha nabafundi baphakathi kwabathengisi bezidakamizwa. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa okwandayo, elinye iphephandaba laseSão Paulo iJornal da Tarde, laxwayisa: “Kunoma yiliphi izwe, intsha iyimpahla eyigugu kakhulu, futhi izidakamizwa zishisa izingqondo zabantu abasebasha ngendlela efanayo nezishisa ngayo amahlathi.
◼ Kungani abantwana bethambekele ekusebenziseni kabi izidakamizwa? Isazi sezifo zengqondo uClaude Olievenstein, enkulumweni eyakhishwa kuO Estado de S.Paulo, ukhuluma ngezinye zezimbangela: “Sijwayeza abantwana abancane ukuba bazixazululele izinkinga zabo siqu zokwesaba nokuntula ubuthongo ngokusebenzisa amaphilisi. Labantwana bayakhula, futhi lapho beqala ukuba nezinkinga, bazama ukuthola ikhambi ngezidakamizwa.” Ube esebeka icala ekuweni kwezikhungo ezimbili ezaziqinile: “Umkhaya ushintsha kakhulu ngokuphathelene nezindinganiso eziyisiko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkolo seziphelelwe ukubaluleka kwazo okukhulu, futhi igunya lobuzali nalo liye lawohloka.”
AMAWELE ANGAMABILI NANGAMATHATHU ENGEZIWE
Konke ukukhulelwa okungu-50 eFederal Republic yaseJalimane kuphumela ekuzalweni kwabantwana ababili noma ngaphezulu. Kungani kunokwanda enanini lamawele angamabili nangamathathu? Ngokuyinhloko, kusho isazi sengaphakathi labesifazane, kungenxa yezindlela zesimanje zokwelapha ukungavundi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa ngamahormone nangokuvundisa. Esinye isizathu siwukuthi manje abesifazane abaningi bafisa ukuba nomntwana eminyakeni yabo yamuva, futhi ukuba nokwenzeka kokuthola abantwana abaningi ngesikhathi kuyanda. Nokho, lokhu kukhulelwa, kubonakala kunezingozi ezinkulu kumama nakumntwana.
UKUHAMBA KUYILUNGELE IMPILO?
Ngaphandle kokuvimbela izinkinga zezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ukunyakazisa umzimba ngokusesilinganisweni kungase kuvimbele umdlavuza, kusho uRui Bevilacqua, uprofesa oyisazi sezindlala eYunivesithi yaseSão Paulo, eBrazil. Ukuhamba njalo noma ezinye izinhlobo zokunyakazisa umzimba zibonakala zishukumisa amathumbu asebenza kancane. UBevilacqua wathi: “Ukudla okuningi esikudlayo kunamacarcinogen, futhi uma kuhlala isikhathi eside emathunjini, kungase kubangele umdlavuza kapopopo.” Ngokufanayo, uFúlvio Pileggi, uprofesa oyisazi sezifo zenhliziyo eYunivesithi yaseSão Paulo, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuhamba kuwukunyakazisa umzimba okuhle kulabo abangahileleki kwezemidlalo.
ISITIMELA ESIDE KUNAZO ZONKE EMHLABENI?
NgoAugust 26, 1989, isitimela esinezimoto ezilayishwe zagcwala ezingu-660, ezinye izimoto ezintathu, namaguzu angu-16, sanwebeka amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa kujantshi. Sasisohambweni olukhethekile lwamakhilomitha angu-860 sivela edolobheni lezimayini laseNingizimu Afrika siya esikhumulweni esisogwini sinomthwalo wensimbi eyanele ukugcwalisa wonke umkhumbi. Sasinesisindo esingamathani angu-70-000. Amalungiselelo aloluhambo ayethathe iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa izitimela ezintathu ukuze zithwale lomthwalo ongaka. Kodwa kungani kwakusetshenziswa isitimela eside kangaka? Ukuze sifakwe kuyiGuinness Book of Records njengesitimela eside kunazo zonke nesisinda kakhulu esake sahamba.
INKINGA YAMASELE KAMOBA
Emuva ngo-1932, iAustralia yathenga cishe amasele kamoba ayikhulu eLatin America ukuze alwe nokugcwala kwamabhungane emasimini kamoba. Lelisu laphumelela kakhulu. Izitshalo zasindiswa, amabhungane aqedwa. Kodwa manje, cishe eminyakeni engu-60 kamuva, izingxenye zeAustralia zibhekene nenkinga engabonakalanga ekuqaleni yamasele kamoba; awesifazane azala kakhulu akhiqiza amaqanda afinyelela ku-40 000 ngesikhathi. Kwahlelwa incwajana enemibala egqamile okuthiwa i-101 Ways to Kill a Cane Toad ukuze kufundiswe izakhamuzi ezihlaselwayo ukuba zizivikele kulamasele amakhulukazi akhipha uketshezi oluwubuthi olubulala izinja namakati. Imeya yaseBrisbane iye yahlela “Umkhankaso Wokuqeda Amasele Kamoba.” Isikisela ukuba amasele afakwe esiqandisini esenza iqhwa ukuze abulawe kahle. Ithi, “amasele kamoba acabanga ukuthi kuqalisa ubusika, alale angaphinde avuke.”
“UKULONDEKA” KULONDEKE KANGAKANANI?
Ngenxa yokukhathazeka komphakathi okwandayo ngezingozi ezingenzeka empilweni zokuchayeka okuncane ngokuqhathaniswa emisebenzi ethile yelanga, amakhemikhali anobuthi, nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, isayensi ibilokhu izama ukuthola indlela enembe kakhulu yokubona ukuthi yiliphi “izinga lokulondeka” lokuchayeka kukho. Kuze kube manje, ukucabangela kwabantu izingozi kuye kwaba ukulinganisela okusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezilwane endlini yokuhlola yezesayensi zichaywe ezintweni ezinkulu ezilimaza izakhi zofuzo. I-International Herald Tribune ibika ukuthi indlela entsha nenembe ngokwengeziwe iye yatholakala, ibonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ekuqaleni okwakubhekwa njengokulondekile kungase kubangele ukulimala okukhulu kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukwanda okuphawulekayo ebuningini bohlobo oluthile lwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi atholakala ngokushintsha kwamanye kutholakala kubantu abazelwa ukuthi baye bachayeka ezintweni ezilimaza izakhi zofuzo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, bathola ukuthi ababhemayo banesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-50 sengozi yesakhi esithile sofuzo kunabangabhemi.
UKUYEKWA KWEZINWELE ZOKWAKHIWA
IWall Street Journal ithi, “Abameli basezinkantolo eziphakeme baseBrithani namajaji baye bagqoka izinwele zokwakhiwa kusukela uCharles II aletha lomqondo uvela eFrance ngawo-1670. Izinwele zokwakhiwa zihlukanisa abameli basezinkantolo eziphakeme nabameli basezinkantolo ezincane, abameli abavamile abangaveli enkantolo.” Kodwa manje, kancane kancane izinwele zokufakwa ezaziyigugu ngaphambili, ezibonakalisa okuhlangenwe nakho nokuhlakanipha, ziyanyamalala ezinkantolo nasezindlini zokushintsha, futhi kuyesatshwa ukuthi “abaningi babamangalelwa kungenzeka bangabameli basezinkantolo eziphakeme.” Ukugqokwa kwezinwele zokwakhiwa ezintsha, ezakhiwa ngezinwele zehhashi, azithandwa, njengoba zenza ummeli wasenkantolo ephakeme abukeke njengokungathi usanda kuphuma esikoleni. Ngakho labo okumelwe babe nayo bayenza ibukeke njengegugile ngokuyisebenzisa njengendwangu yokusula uthuli okwesikhashana noma ngokuyibeka ngaphandle inethwe imvula. Okwamanje, izicelo ezidabukisayo zokubuyiswa kwezinwele zokwakhiwa ezingasekho ziyatholakala zichonywe cishe kuzo zonke izinkantolo zezigebengu eLondon, nakuba kungavamile ukubona izinwele zokwakhiwa zisetshenziswa futhi. Nakuba kunemithetho eqinile yokulondeka ngalabo abangena phakathi ezinkantolo, akekho ohlola labo abaphumayo.