Ingabe Amandla Omuntu Angakunqanda?

NJENGOBA abathengisi bezikhali bephamba abampofu inani elikhulu lezinto ezidingekayo nezinkonzo, kungani abantu bengabanqandi? Impendulo elula ingukuthi: Ibhizinisi lezikhali liphethe imali namandla. Amaqiniso alandelayo ngenhloso, izinzalo, nezinqubo zalelibhizinisi elikhulu kuzokusiza ukuba uthole ukuthi kungani imibuso yabantu ingenakukwazi ukukunqanda.

Abantu abaningi baphila ngebhizinisi lezikhali. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, ibhizinisi lezikhali liye laba imboni yomhlaba ehlanganisa izizwe eziningi kunazo zonke. Liqasha abantu abayizigizi ezingama-50 emhlabeni wonke, ngokuqondile noma ngandlelathile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yesine, noma ososayensi bomhlaba abayizi-500 000 bahileleke ekucwaningeni kwezempi.

Izinzalo ezinkulu kakhulu zezomnotho zihilelekile. Izizwe zomhlaba ziye zachitha amaRandi ayizigidi zezigidi ezingu-19,8 (R19 800 000 000 000 ngokwamaRandi aseS.A. ango-1984) ekuncintisaneni ngezikhali kusukela ngo-1960. Futhi ukufunwa kwezikhali kuyaqhubeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1987 izindleko zezempi zafinyelela umvuthwandaba omusha wamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-4,5 ngomzuzu! Ngo-1987 kwalwiwa izimpi ezishisayo ezingamashumi amabili, ezalimaza kabi okungenani abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2, 2—izimpi ezengeziwe kunanoma imuphi unyaka odlule emlandweni obhaliwe!a Impi phakathi kwelran nelraq, ebhekwa njengeseqophelweni lokuba impi yangaphakathi enegazi kunazo zonke emlandweni obhaliwe nechitha kakhulu abantu abaningi, eminyakeni eminingi yathola izikhali kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Nakuba kunezinkulumo eziningi zokuthula, izindleko zomhlaba wonke zezempi zafinyelela cishe emaRandini ayizigidigidi ezimbili nengxenye. Eqinisweni, umhlaba wonke uchitha imali ecishe iphindwe kazinkulungwane ezintathu emabuthweni ezempi kunasemizamweni yokugcina ukuthula!

Izizwe eziningi zidayisa izikhali kuyo yonke imbulunga. Imibuso emibili enamandla ingabathengisi abangongqá phambili bomhlaba wonke bezikhali. IFrance, iBrithani, iNtshonalangaJalimane, neItaly angabathengisi abakhulu bezikhali baseNtshonalanga Yurophu. IGrisi, iSpain, neAustralia alandele muva nje.

Ngisho nezizwe ezingathathihlangothi zidayisa izikhali nobuchwepheshe bezezikhali. ISweden, ehlonishwa njengendawo eyasungulwa uMklomelo weNobel Wokuthula, inezinkampane zezikhali ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, ezikhiqiza izindiza zempi ezinesivinini, ombayimbayi, neziqhumane ukuze kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. ISwitzerland, eyafunga ukusiza iRed Cross nokusekela imizamo yokusiza abantu, nayo ihilelekile ebhizinisini lezwe lonke lezikhali. Okwenezela kulomncintiswano oshubile, inani elandayo lamaZwe Ampofu nalo eliba abakhiqizi bezikhali.

Umncintiswano Wonya

Bonke abathengisi bafuna ukuqinisekisa abantu ngokukhangisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yabo (kungaba eyezimoto, eyemishini yokushefa, noma imishanelo) ingengcono kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, emaphephabhukwini okuthengisa amahle anemibala emihle, abathengisi bezikhali bakhangisa ngemikhiqizo yabo ebulalayo njengeye yabonisa ukuba ngebulalayo.

Ubungasabela kanjani uma ufunda ekukhangiseni kwephephandaba lasekuseni okuthi: “Ufuna isikhali esizitshuzelayo esibulalayo? Ingabe IRBS 70 inekhanda elinamandla okubulala amakhulu”? Noma okunye, kukunikeza isikhali esilula sokuqothula ombayimbayi, esithi: “Ukungqubuzana—ukufa kwangempela! . . . Akukho okungasinqanda”?

Ukukhangisa okunjalo kungabakhathaza abantu uma zikhishwa emaphepheni avamile. Kodwa amaphephabhuku ebhizinisi lezikhali agcwele zona. Nokho, akukho lapho kushiwo khona ukuthi isitha sinikezwa izikhali ezifanayo, ezibulala ngendlela efanayo, ezinemba ngendlela efanayo, esakhiwe ngezinsimbi eziphelele. Akukho ndawo lapho kusikiselwa khona indlela lezikhali eziyosetshenziswa ngayo, indlela abangahilelekile empini—“abathengi” bokugcina—abayothintwa ngayo ilezikhali ezimbi.

Ibhizinisi Elimfimfayo

Nakuba ukudayiswa okuningi kwezikhali kuphakathi kohulumeni, lelibhizinisi liyamfimfa. Umbiko wangasese uthi: “Umkhakha omkhulu wezentengiselwano usebenza ngomshoshaphansi nangemizila esemthethweni. Ohulumeni baphishekela izithakazelo zabo siqu, ngokuvamile ngokuyimfihlo.”

Nakuba amazwe amaningana akhiqiza izikhali enemithetho eqinile eqondisa ukuyiswa kwezikhali emazweni alwayo, izikhali zawo ziyafinyelela ngezindlela eziphansi ezinkundleni zempi. Umbiko ovela Enhlanganweni Ecwaninga Ngokuthula yaseStockholm uchaza isizathu: “Azikho izihenqo eziwumngcele ezivimbelayo phakathi kwebhizinisi lezikhali ‘elisemthethweni,’ namabhizinisi ezikhali ;angaqondakali noma avunyelwe yini’ ‘nangekho emthethweni.’ Alikho izwe elidayisa izikhali elibonakala likwazi ukulawula ngokugcwele ukuthi lezikhali kumelwe zisetshenziswe kanjani, ngokumelene nobani, noma ubani okumelwe azisebenzise.” Umbiko weNewsweek wokudayiswa kwezikhali uyabikezela: “Imigoqo ebekelwa ukudayiswa kwezikhali cishe izophela njengoba amazwe engeziwe engenela umncintiswano wokuthengisa izikhali.”

Ebumnyameni balokuthengisa kwezikhali kwezizwe zonke phakathi kohulumeni, uquqaba lwabathengisi bangasese luthengisa izikhali emhlabeni wonke. Baxhumana eziyingini zezombangazwe ezishubile nezempi. Phakathi kwalabathengisi abaqashwe izimboni ezinkulu zezikhali, kunabameleli (abaxhumanisi) abangalokothi bathinte izikhali, abashushumbisi abashintsha izikhali ngezidakamizwa, nezinswelaboya.

Ngenxa yokujahela imali, ezinye izinkampane zezikhali zibonakala zingapheleli ndawo. Uhlu olulandelayo lubonisa amanye amacala okukhwabanisa eziye zabekwa wona, ngokuka-Anthony Sampson, umseshi webhizinisi lezikhali:

1. Ukuthuthukisa ukwesatshwa kwempi nokuncenga kwamazwe azo ukuba athathe imithetho yezempi futhi andise izikhali.

2. Ukufunjathiswa okukhulu kwezikhulu zikahulumeni.

3. Ukusakaza imibiko engamanga ngezinhlelo zempi emazweni amaningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindleko zezikhali.

4. Ukuthonya umbono womphakathi ngokulawula zonke ezokuxhumana.

5. Ukuqhatha izwe nelinye.

6. Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlangano zezizwe zomhlaba ukuze kwenyuswe intengo yezikhali.

Nokho, ibhizinisi lezikhali lisalokhu lichuma kunanini ngaphambili. Futhi akekho obonakala ekwazi ukuvala lesitolokazi sezikhali. Izinhlangano ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu zezizwe zonke ezake zasungulwa emlandweni, iNhlangano Yezizwe nomlandeli wayo, iZizwe Ezihlangene, azizange zikwazi ukukholisa ngisho nesizwe esisodwa emazweni amalungu azo ukuba ‘sikhande izinkemba zaso zibe amakhuba.’ Ibhizinisi lezikhali liye laba elihlangene kakhulu nezombangazwe nezomnotho nezindaba zezwe kangangokuthi abantu abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi kungaphezu kwamandla omuntu ukuba alinqande. Nokho, ingabe akhona amanye amandla aqine ngokwanele ukuba enze lokho?

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 8]

Ngisho namazwe angathathihlangothi ayazithengisa izikhali nobuchwepheshe bezempi

[Izithombe ekhasini 7]

Abathengisi bezikhali bakhangisa ngemikhiqizo yabo ebulalayo emaphephabhukwini amahle anemibala emihle ezokuthengisa