Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Kunogona Kunyatsopedza Zvinetso Zvedu Here?

“Nzanga yepasi pose yatiinayo mazuva ano, kufanana nedzimwe nzanga dzose, pane kuva yechokwadi, ine zvinhu zvizhinji zvisina kunaka. Vagari vayo havabatwi zvakanaka, havana mikana yakafanana. Mamiriyoni ari muurombo zvikuru zvokuti haafungi kuti ari kurarama munzanga iyoyo.”—“OUR GLOBAL NEIGHBOURHOOD.”

FATIMA, anogara mune rimwe guta guru romuAfrica, anoti ari nani. Anotombova nefiriji. Asi musha wemhuri yake chinongova chitangwena chemarata chakadzimikirwa pedyo nemakuva matatu ematombo anokosha. Kufanana nevamwe vanhu vanosvika hafu yemiriyoni, anogara mune imwe nzvimbo huru yemakuva. Kunyange nzvimbo iyi yemakuva yava kuwandisa vanhu. “Vanhu vakawanda vari kutamira kuno,” anogunun’una achidaro, “kunyanya kuno kumakuva.”

Anenge makiromita 15 kubva pamba paFatima pane imwe nzvimbo ine dzimba itsva, ine zvose zvakadai semaresitorendi emberi, uye nzvimbo yokutambira gorofu hombe chaizvo. Kutamba gorofu kamwe chete kunodhura kudarika mari inotambirwa nomumwe munhu pamwedzi munyika iyi yomuAfrica. Urombo hwagara hwakabata guta racho, asi nzvimbo dzokutambira gorofu—chinhu chinoitwa nevane mari—chinhu chitsva uye chinonyangadza. Munzanga yatinorarama, umbozha nourombo hunosiririsa zvinogara pamwe chete.

Mugwagwa unonzi Wadi Hadhramaut, uyo unomonereka nomunyika yakaoma yeYemen muMiddle East, mugwagwa wekare waishandiswa nemakaravhani une maguta ekare ari kumativi kwawo. Kana uchitanga kutarisa unofunga kuti hapana chakachinja munzvimbo iyi iri kure zvikuru. Asi zvinoonekwa nechokunze zvinokwanisa kunyengera. Muguta riri nechepedyo rinonzi Saywūn, miziyamu yemo yakatsvaka rubatsiro rwomunhu akadzidza kuyunivhesiti kuti agadzire mashoko okuisa paIndaneti maererano nezvose zvinowanikwa imomo. Kunyange zvazvo munhu akadzidza payunivhesiti uyu ari mwanasikana womunzvimbo iyoyo, akadzidza kuOhio, U.S.A. Mazuva ano, zvose vanhu nepfungwa zvinokwanisa kufamba kupota pasi rose zvisina kumboitika kare.

Zviuru zvemakiromita kuenda kumadokero, muSahara, motokari nhatu dzakaita mudungwe dzinofamba dzakananga kumaodzanyemba mumugwagwa usinganyanyi kushandiswa. Mashala, mumwe wevatyairi vacho, anotaura kuti akatakura materevhizheni, mavhidhiyo uye michina yemasasai eterevhizheni. Iye pachake anoramba achiziva zviri kuitika pasi pose nokuti anoona nhau dzokuAmerica paterevhizheni. Muguta mandinobva “tose tine michina yemasaisai eterevhizheni,” anotsanangura kudaro. Inzvimbo shoma pasi pano dzisingakwanisi kuwana mashoko ezviri kuitika kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Kufamba kwevanhu, pfungwa, nhau, mari uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunoramba kuchiitika pasi pose kwakaita kuti pave nenyika inoita sokuti musha mumwe chete uye izvi zvine zvazvinobatsira. Zvinobatsira kuita kuti tsika dzomuYemen dzizivikanwe kune dzimwe nyika uye zvinoita kuti Mashala akwanise kuwana mari inosvika US$3 000 (Z$165 000) kwemavhiki matatu aanenge ari parwendo. Asi mari yacho haiwanikwi nomunhu wose. Fatima nevamwe vanogara pedyo naye vanoona vanhu vashoma vachinakidzwa nezvinhu zvakanaka zvinounzwa nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, nepo ivo vakanyura muurombo.

Kunyange zvazvo nzanga yepasi pose isina kunaka zvakakwana, zviri kuitika izvi zvichida hazvikwanisi kudziviswa. Vanhu vachadzima maTV avo, kurasa nhare dzavo dzinotakurika, kupwanya makombiyuta avo, uye vorega kuenda kune dzimwe nyika here? Nyika dzichaedza kuzviita vanazindoga kubva kune dzimwe nyika here, mune zvematongerwe enyika uye mune zvemari? Izvi zvinoita sezvisingafi zvakaitika. Hapana anoda kurasa zvinhu zvakanaka zvakaunzwa nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. Asi zvakadini nezvinetso zvinokonzerwa? Zviri kushayisa vanhu hope, uye zvinobata upenyu hwomunhu wose. Regai tikurukure zvinetso zvikuru zvishoma zvinokonzerwa nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose.

Musiyano Uri Kuramba Uchikura

Kuwana upfumi hwepasi pano hakuna kumbova kwakaenzana, asi kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakawedzera musiyano uripo pakati pevapfumi nevarombo. Chokwadi, zvinoita sokuti dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakabatsirwa nokudyidzana nedzimwe nyika mune zvemari. Vanamazvikokota vanoti mumakore gumi adarika, nhamba yevanhu vanotambira mari shoma muIndia yakadzika kubva pa39 kubva muzana kusvika pa26 kubva muzana uye kuti muAsia yose zvayo kwakavawo nezvakada kudaro. Kumwe kuongorora kunoratidza kuti pakasvika 1998, 15 chete kubva muzana yevanhu vokuEast Asia vairarama neUS$1 (Z$55) pazuva, zvichienzaniswa ne27 kubva muzana makore gumi adarika. Zvisinei, zviri kuitika pasi pose hazvisi nani seizvi.

Munyika dziri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara muAfrica uye dzimwe dzichiri kusimukira, mari inotambirwa yakaderera mumakore 30 adarika. “Nyika yose . . . inobvumira vanhu vanenge mabhiriyoni matatu—vanenge hafu yevanhu vose pasi pano—kurarama neUS$2 (Z$110) kana kuti shoma pane iyoyo pazuva munyika ine upfumi hwakawanda zvisina kumboitika,” anodaro Kofi Annan, munyori mukuru weUnited Nations. Chimwe chikuru chezvinokonzera kusiyana mune zvemari uku udyire. “Pasi pose, misika yemari inokundikana kana totaura nezvekutarisira varombo,” anotsanangura kudaro Larry Summers, aimbova munyori wezvemari weUnited States. “Mabhengi makuru haadi kuenda kune varombo—nokuti hakuna mari iriko.”

Musiyano pamari inotambirwa nevapfumi uye varombo unoparadzanisa vanhu uye kunyange nyika. Kasiri kare zvikuru, mari yomumwe murume ane mari zvikuru muUnited States yakanga yakawanda kukunda yevamwe vake vomuAmerica vanodarika mamiriyoni 100. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakaitawo kuti pave nemakambani akakura zvikuru akatora misika yemari pamwe chete neyezvimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, muna 1998 makambani gumi chete aidzora 86 kubva muzana yebhizimisi redzinhare rinokosha mari inodarika mabhiriyoni okuAmerica 262 (Z$14 410 000 000 000). Simba rezvemari remakambani aya rinowanzokunda rehurumende uye sezvakataurwa neAmnesty International, “kodzero dzevanhu uye kodzero dzokushanda hadzikosheswi nemakambani aya.”

Zvinonzwisisika kuti masangano ekodzero dzevanhu ari kunetseka pamusoro pokuti vanhu vashoma ndivo chete vava nemari mumaoko avo. Ungada kugara munzvimbo umo vanhu vakapfuma vanosvika 20 kubva muzana vanowana mari yakawanda zvakapetwa ka74 inowanikwa nevarombo here? Uye zvichikonzerwa neterevhizheni, 20 kubva muzana yevarombo vanoziva chaizvo kuti vapfumi vari kurarama sei, kunyange zvazvo vasingaoni chiedza chokuti zvinhu zvavo zvichava nani. Kusaruramisira kwakadaro pakudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunodyara mhodzi dzakawanda dzoruvengo uye kusawirirana.

Kudyidzana Mutsika

Imwe nhau inonetsa ine chokuita nokusawirirana mutsika uye zvinodavirwa panyaya yokuwana zvinhu. Kuchinjana pfungwa chinhu chinokosha uye hapana chimwe chinoita izvi zviri nani kukunda Indaneti. Asi zvinosiririsa kuti Indaneti haisi kushandiswa kuparadzira mashoko akanaka chete etsika uye zvokutengeserana. Dzimwe nzvimbo paIndaneti dzinotsigira zvinonyadzisira, urudzi, kana kuti kubhejera. Dzimwe shoma dzinotopa mashoko chaiwo pamusoro pokuti ungagadzira sei bhomba uri kumba kwako. Sezvinotaurwa naThomas L. Friedman, “paIndaneti, unongotikinya mabhatani zvishoma, watova munhamo. Unokwanisa kupinda musangano sewaiitwa nevaNazi kana kupinda muraibhurari yemifananidzo inonyadzisira, . . . uye hapana anenge aripo kuti akurambidze kana kukuudza zvokuita.”

Terevhizheni uye mafirimu zvakaitawo zvakawanda pamusoro pemafungiro anoita vanhu. Zvizhinji zvinobuda mumafirimu enyika kakawanda kacho zvinobva kuHollywood, muzinda mukuru wepasi pose wokugadzira mafirimu. Zvinokosheswa neindasitiri iyi yezvinovaraidza kakawanda zvinoratidza kukoshesa pfuma, chisimba kana kuti unzenza. Zvinogona kunge zvisingambozivikanwi nevanhu vanogara munzvimbo idzodzo. Kunyange zvakadaro, hurumende, varayiridzi, uye vabereki vose vanoomerwa nokudzora zviri kuitika izvi.

“Tinoda tsika dzokuUnited States,” akadaro mumwe anogara muHavana, kuCuba, achiudza mumwe akanga abva kuAmerica. “Tinoziva vose vanobuda mumafirimu enyu okuHollywood.” Tsika dzokumadokero dzinokurudzira zvokudya zvomumaresitorendi uye zvinwiwa zvinotonhorera. Mumwe muzvinabhizimisi wokuMalaysia akati: “Chero chinhu chokuMadokero, kunyanya chokuAmerica, vanhu vari kuno vanochida. . . . Vanoda kuchidya kuti vaite sevanobva kunyika idzodzo.” Mukuru weHavana College akadembatemba achiti: “Cuba haisisiri kwayo yoga. Hapasisina nyika iri yoga. Pangova nenyika imwe chete.”

Tsika dzokuMadokero dzinochinja tariro uye zvinodiwa nevanhu. “Mushumo weHuman Development Report wa1998 wakati chido chokuva nezvinhu zvakawanda sezvine muvakidzani kwakachinja “kubva pakuedza kudya zvinodyiwa nomuvakidzani kwava kuda kurarama upenyu hwevapfumi nevakakurumbira vanobuda mumafirimu nomuterevhizheni.” Zviri pachena kuti ruzhinji harufi rwakakwanisa kuwana upenyu hwakadaro.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Ndiyo Mhinduro Here?

Kufanana nezvirongwa zvakawanda zvakaitwa nevanhu, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kune zvakwakanakira uye zvakwakaipira. Zvakaita kuti vamwe vanhu vave nemari, uye zvakaita kuti kukurukurirana pasi pose kuitike. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi zvinofevhera vakapfuma uye vane simba kukunda varombo nevanoshayiwa. Matsotsi pamwe chete noutachiona hunopa zvirwere zvakakwanisa kushandisa kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose zvakanyanya kukunda hurumende.—Ona mabhokisi ari papeji 24 ne25.

Kusvika kumwero mukuru, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakaita kuti matambudziko anga aripo munyika ino isina kukwana ave makuru. Pane kupa mhinduro kuzvinetso zvenyika, kwatova rutivi rwechinetso. Kukamukana kwevanhu kwawedzera, uye kushushikana kwawedzera. Hurumende pasi pose dziri kuedza kuwana zvinobatsira zvinobva pakudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose uku dzichiedza kudzivirira vanhu kubva kuzvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinobva mazviri. Dzichabudirira here? Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunoita sokunokoshesa vanhu ndiwo mushonga here? Nyaya inotevera ichaongorora mibvunzo iyi.

[Mabhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 24, 25]

UTSOTSI NOUGANDANGA ZVEPASI POSE

Zvinosuruvarisa kuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakutengeserana zvinogona kuchinjwa zviri nyore kuva zvokushandisa kuita chitsotsi. “Sezvakaita makambani epasi pose kuedza kuti nyika dzose dzepasi pano dzidyidzane muupfumi, ‘matsotsi epasi pose’—zvikwata zvematsotsi akarongeka—akakurumidza kushandisa izvozvo,” inotsanangura kudaro Human Development Report 1999. Chitsotsi chakarongwa chakabatsirwa sei nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose?

Zvikwata zvinotengesa zvinodhaka zvakawana mikana yakawanda yokukumba purofiti inosvika mabhiriyoni emadhora. Kudzorwa kwemitemo yakawanda yokupinza nokubudisa zvinhu munyika uye kuwedzera kwevanhu vanoshanyira nzvimbo imwe pashure peimwe kunoitawo kuti zvive nyore kuzvikwata zvinotengesa zvinodhaka kufambisa zvinodhaka kubva kune imwe nyika kuendesa kune imwe. Zvinoshamisa kuti, muma1990 kugadzirwa kwechinodhaka chinonzi kokeini kwakapetwa nekaviri uye kwechinodhaka chinonzi opiyamu kwakapetwa katatu. Mapoka ematsotsi epasi pose akatangawo bhizimisi rinowanisa mazakwatira emari rokushandisa pfambi. Gore negore mapoka aya anotakura vakadzi nevasikana vanenge 500 000 kuenda kuWestern Europe nokuda kwechinangwa ichi—vakawanda vavo vasingadi.

Zvikwata zvematsotsi, kufanana nemakambani epasi pose, zvakasimbisa simba razvo mumakore achangopfuura aya. Zvakawanda zvacho zvinoshanda mupasi rose, uye zvose zvinowana mari inofungidzirwa kuva matiririyoni emadhora anosvika 1,5 (Z$82 500 000 000 000) pagore—kupfuura mari inowanikwa pagore nenyika yeFrance.

Indaneti yakaratidzawo kuva chishandiso chakanaka kune nyanzvi dzemakombiyuta dzisina kutendeseka. Muna 1995 rimwe goronyera rakaba mashoko anonzi anokosha miriyoni yemadhora (Z$55 000 000) uyewo nhamba dzemakadhi echikwereti evanhu anosvika 20 000. “Kuba uchishandisa ruzivo rwazvino-uno hakuna ngozi yakakura uye kunowanisa mazakwatira emari,” akatsanangura kudaro José Antonio Soler, anoita zvokubhenga wokuSpain.

Magandanga anoshandisawo zvishandiso zvokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. Nemhaka yokufamba kwenhau pasi pose, kupambwa kwevashanyi vashoma vokuMadokero kunzvimbo iri yoga yepasi kunogona kushanda kupa chiziviso chepakarepo kuchinetso chipi nechipi chezvematongerwe enyika.

“VAFAMBI” VASINGADIWI

Zvirwere uyewo vanhu zvinokwanisa kuenda chero kwazvinoda pasi pano, uye zvimwe zvacho zvinouraya. “Kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika, zvinhu uye pfungwa ndizvo zviri kukonzera kuparadzirwa kwezvirwere pasi pose,” vanotsanangura kudaro purofesa Jonathan M. Mann, mazvikokota munyaya dzezvirwere. “Nyika yava nyore zvikuru kuva nezvirwere, uye zvakatoipa zvikuru, kupararira kwezvirwere zvitsva kana zvekare zvinotapukira.”

Hapana chakaenzana nomukondombera weAIDS panyaya iyi, iyo yava kuuraya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni matatu gore rimwe nerimwe. Mune dzimwe nyika dzomuAfrica, vashandi voutano vanotyira kuti chirwere ichi chichauraya zvikamu zviviri pazvitatu zvevakadzi nevarume vaduku. “Pasinei nenhamo dzakawanda, hondo uye nzara, hazvina kumboitika kuti pave nokufa kwakadai kwevanhu vaduku,” unodaro mushumo weJoint United Nations Programme on HIV⁄AIDS.

Utachiona handiwo chete “mufambi” asingadiwi. Mhuka, miti nemaruva, uye zvipembenene zvakatiza kumisha yazvo kwava kuenda kune dzimwe nyika. Dzimwe nyoka dzine uturu chaizvo dzakabva kuAustralia iye zvino dziri kutanga kuwanda muZvitsuwa zvePacific, zvichida nemhaka yokuendeswa nendege. Dzakatopedza shiri dzose dzomusango reGuam. Rimwe ruva romumvura rokuSouth America rakapararira kune dzimwe nyika 50 dziri kunopisa, kwarinovhara nzizi uye kuparadza madziva ehove. “Zvinhu izvi zvinobva kune dzimwe nyika zviri kudyira nyika mari inosvika mazana emabhiriyoni gore rimwe nerimwe uyewo kuparadzira zvirwere nokuparadza zvinhu,” inoshuma kudaro International Herald Tribune.

[Mifananidzo]

KUPINZA MARI NECHITSOTSI

Yakawanikwa mune matoyi

KUPINZA KOKEINI NECHITSOTSI

Kokeini inokosha mari inosvika US$4 000 000 (Z$220 000 000) yakawanikwa mune imwe motokari yakabatwa pabhodha

UGANDANGA HWOUTACHIONA

Masoja anosecha kuti awane utachiona hwechigwadara paCapitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

KUBHOMBA

Bhomba romumotokari rinoputika muIsrael

KUPARARIRA KWEAIDS PASI POSE

Mukondombera weAIDS wakapararira zvikuru muSouth Africa zvokuti zvimwe zvipatara zviri kudzosera vanhu kumba

KUPARADZA KWEZVISIKWA

Nyoka dzomumiti dzakatopedza shiri mumasango eGuam

MARUVA OMUMVURA

Ruva iri rinovhara nzizi nemahombekombe munyika dzinosvika 50

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kupinza mari uye kokeini nechitsotsi: James R. Tourtellotte naTodd Reeves/U.S. Customs Service; ugandanga hwoutachiona: AP Photo/Kenneth Lambert; bhazi riri kutsva: AP Photo/HO/Israeli Defense Forces; mwana: AP Photo/Themba Hadebe; nyoka: Mufananidzo naT. H. Fritts, USGS; ruva romumvura: Staff CDFA, California Dept. of Food & Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23]

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose mune zvemari kwakaita kuti musiyano pakati pevapfumi nevarombo uwedzere kukura

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UN PHOTO 148048/ J. P. Laffont - SYGMA

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]

Indaneti iri kushandiswa kutsigira ugandanga