Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose—Tariro Uye Kutya Kuripo

“Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose ndicho chinoitika chikuru mune zvemari chomunguva yedu. . . . Iye zvino kwava kuunza mikana isina kumbovapo kumabhiriyoni evanhu pasi pose.”—MARTIN WOLF, MUNYORI WEZVEMARI MUPEPANHAU.

“Isu, vanhu vePasi pano, tiri mhuri huru imwe chete. Mukore uno unotipa zvinetso zvitsva zvepasi pose, zvakadai senjodzi dzinoitika kune zvakatipoteredza, kupera kwezvinhu, kurwisana kunodeura ropa rakawanda, uye urombo.”—EDUARD SHEVARDNADZE, PUREZIDHENDI WEGEORGIA.

MUNA December 1999, musangano weWorld Trade Organization wakaitwa muSeattle, United States of America, wakavhiringidzwa nemhirizhonga. Mapurisa akashandisa utsi hunotosvora, mbumburu dzepurasitiki, neutsi hunokachidza kuti pave norunyararo. Pakupedzisira akasunga mazana evanhu vakanga vachiratidzira kutsutsumwa.

Chii chakaparira Mhirizhonga iyi muSeattle? Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakadai sokunetseka nezvemabasa, zvakatipoteredza, uye kusaruramisira munzanga. Zvisinei, kuzvitaura zviri nyore, vairatidzira kutsutsumwa vacho vaitya kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose—zvakunogona kuita pavanhu uye kupasi.

Zvavanotya hazvisati zvapera. Kubvira muna 1999, kuratidzira kutsutsumwa nezvokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakawedzera uye kwakura. Pane dzimwe nguva, vatungamiriri venyika vava kuedza kuita misangano yavo kunzvimbo dzisingakwanisi kusvikwa nevanhu vanoratidzira kutsutsumwa kuti vasavhiringidza zvinenge zvichiitwa.

Chokwadi, havasi vose vanofunga kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakaipa. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachiti ndiko honzeri yezvinhu zvose zvakaipa zvepasi pano, vamwe vanoti ndiwo mushonga wezvinetso zvenyika. Chokwadi, nharo idzi dziri kufambira mberi dzingaita sedzisina basa kuvanhu vakawanda, vazhinji vavo vasina chokwadi chaicho pamusoro pokuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose chii chaizvo. Pasinei nezvaunofunga, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kune zvakuri kuita pauri iye zvino, uye zvichida kuchanyanya kudaro munguva yemberi.

Chii Chaizvo Chinonzi Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose?

“Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose” mashoko anoshandiswa nevamwe kutsanangura kuwedzera kuri kuita kudyidzana kwevanhu uye kwenyika dzakawanda. Izvi zvakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore gumi adarika, kunyanya nemhaka yokuwedzera kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. (Ona bhokisi riri papeji 21.) Panguva ino, zvinhu zvaiita kuti marudzi avengane muHondo Yemashoko zvapera zvachose, zvipingamupinyi panyaya dzokutengeserana zvakapera, misika yemari yepasi pose yave kubatana, uye kufamba nzendo kwachipa uye kwava nyore.

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose uku kuri kuwedzera kwakaunza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana—mune zvemari, mune zvematongerwe enyika, mune zvetsika nemagariro, uye zvakatipoteredza. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvacho zvinokwanisa kukuvadza. Mushumo weUnited Nations unonzi Human Development Report 1999 unotsanangura kuti: “Upenyu hwevanhu kupota pasi hwanyanya kubatana zvisina kumboitika kare. Izvi zvinounza mikana yakawanda, zvichipa simba idzva rokuita zvakanaka nezvakaipa.” Kufanana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaitwa nevanhu, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kune zvakwakanakira nezvakwakaipira.

Tariro Dzenyika Iri Nani

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose “kwakaita kuti nyika ive nani mune zvesayenzi uye tsika uye kwakabatsirawo vanhu vakawanda mune zvemari,” akadaro mumwe akahwina Mubayiro weNobel munyaya dzezvemari anonzi Amartya Sen. Human Development Report 1999 yakataurawo kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose “kune zvakawanda zvakunokwanisa kuita kuti kubvise urombo muzana remakore rechi21.” Chikonzero chokuva netariro uku ndiko kuwedzera kwakaita zvinhu zvakaunzwa nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. Mhuri zhinji munyika nhasi dzava kuwana mari yakapetwa nekatatu kukunda zvadzaiita makore 50 apfuura.a

Vamwe vaongorori vanoona chimwe chakanakira kudyidzana munyaya dzezvemari: Vanofunga kuti zvichaita kuti nyika dzisada kuenda kuhondo. Thomas L. Friedman, mubhuku rake rinonzi The Lexus and the Olive Tree, anoti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose “kunowedzera zvinhu zvinoita kuti pasave nehondo uye kunowedzera kudhura kwehondo munzira dzakawanda zvisina kumboitika munhau yemazuva ano.”

Kuwedzera kudyidzana kwevanhu kunokwanisa kuitawo kuti pave nokubatana kwenyika kwakawedzerwa. Mamwe masangano ekodzero dzevanhu ave achikwanisa kuwana zvinhu zvokushandisa zvinobatsira kubva paIndaneti kuti zvinhu zvawo zvifambe zvakanaka. Chibvumirano chakaitwa mugore ra1997 nenyika dzepasi pose chichirambidza zvimbambaira, somuenzaniso, chakakwanisa kuvapo zvichibva pakushandisa tsamba dzinotumirwa nemakombiyuta kutsvaga rutsigiro kubva kumasangano akasiyana-siyana pasi pose. Iyi nzira yokushandisa vanhuwo zvavo yakarumbidzwa zvichinzi kwaiva “kuwirirana kwenyika dzepasi pose nezvenzira yokupedza nayo chinetso, hurumende nemasangano akazvimirira vachishanda pamwe chete kupedza dambudziko iri.”

Pasinei nemigumisiro iyi inobatsira, vanhu vakawanda vachiri kutya kuti zvakaipira kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose zvinokwanisa kuva zvakawanda kukunda zvakwakanakira.

Kutya Kuti Nyika Inganyanya Kukamukana

Zvichida chinhu chinonyanya kutyisa nezvokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose inzira iyo kwakaita kuti musiyano pakati pevapfumi nevarombo uwedzere kukura. Nepo upfumi hwepasi pose hwakawedzera zvisina kupokana, hwava mumaoko evanhu vashoma uye enyika shoma. Mari yevanhu 200 vakapfuma kukunda vamwe vose pasi pano inodarika mari inotambirwa ne40 kubva muzana yevanhu vanogara pasi pano—vanhu vanenge mabhiriyoni 2,4. Uye kunyange zvazvo mari dzinotambirwa dziri kuwedzera munyika dzakabudirira, munyika 80 dzine urombo, mari inotambirwa nevanhu mumakore gumi adarika yave yakaderera.

Chimwe chinonetsa chine chokuita nezvakatipoteredza. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose mune zvemari kwakawedzerwa nezvokutengeserana zvinova zvinokoshesa purofiti kukunda kudzivirira pasi redu. Agus Purnomo, mukuru mukuru weWorld Wide Fund for Nature muIndonesia, anotsanangura dambudziko racho achiti: “Tiri kugara tichimhanyidzana nebudiriro. . . . Ndiri kutya kuti mumakore gumi ari kutevera, tose tinenge tava kuziva kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza, asi panenge pasisina chinenge chiripo chokuti tidzivirire.”

Vanhu vanonetsekawo nezvemabasa avo. Mabasa nemari inotambirwa zvava pamutenure, sezvo kubatana kwemakambani makuru epasi pano uye kunyanya kukwikwidzana kwava kuita kuti makambani ade kugadziridza mashandiro aanoita. Kambani inenge ichida kuita purofiti inoti zvakanaka kupinza nokudzinga vanhu mabasa zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvemari panguva iyoyo, asi izvi zvinokanganisa upenyu hwevanhu.

Kudyidzana kwemisika yemari kwakaunzawo rimwe dambudziko. Vaya vokune dzimwe nyika vanopa mari vanokwanisa kuisa mari yakawanda munyika dzichiri kusimukira asi pave paya vanotora mari yavo chiriporipocho kana zvinhu zvemari zvaoma. Kutora mari yakawanda zvakadaro kunokwanisa kuita kuti nyika dzakawanda dziomerwe mune zvemari. Nhamo yezvemari muEast Asia muna 1998 yakaita kuti vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 13 varasikirwe nemabasa avo. MuIndonesia, kunyange vashandi vaya vakaramba vari pamabasa vakaona mari yavanotambira ichigurwa nepakati.

Nokudaro zvinonzwisisika kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunotyisa uye kunopa tariro panguva imwe chete. Unofanira kutya kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose here? Kana kuti unofanira kufunga kuti kuchaita kuti upenyu hwako huve nani here? Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakaita kuti tive netariro nezveremangwana redu here? Nyaya yedu inotevera ichapindura mibvunzo iyi.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 19]

Mari yose yevanhu 200 vakapfuma kukunda vamwe vose pasi pano inodarika mari inotambirwa nevanhu 40 kubva muzana vanogara pasi pano

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

RUZIVO RURI SERI KWOKUDYIDZANA KWENYIKA DZEPASI POSE

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakachinja nzira dzokukurukura nadzo mumakore gumi adarika. Kukwanisa kuona vanhu uye kutaura navo—kungave kupi zvako pasi pano—kwava kukurumidza, kwachipa uye kwava nyore.

TEREVHIZHENI Vanhu vazhinji munyika iye zvino vava kukwanisa kuona terevhizheni, kunyange kana vasina yavo pachavo. Mugore ra1995, kwakanga kune terevhizheni 235 pavanhu 1 000 voga voga pasi pose, inenge nhamba yomugore ra1980 yakapetwa nekaviri. Kamuchina kaduku kemasaisai eterevhizheni kanokwanisa kuita kuti vanhu vanogara kunzvimbo dziri kure chaizvo vaone zviri kuitika pasi pose. “Nhasi, hapana nyika inokwanisa kuzviita zindoga munyaya dzenhau dzenyika,” anodaro Francis Fukuyama, purofesa wezvemari dzenyika.

INDANETI Vanhu vanenge 300 000 vari kutanga kushandisa Indaneti vhiki rimwe nerimwe. Muna 1999 zvakafungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 700 vaizenge vava kukwanisa kushandisa Indaneti panozosvika gore ra2001. Munyori anonzi Thomas L. Friedman anotsanangura, kuti “Mugumisiro ndewokuti hazvina kumbobvira zvaitika munhau yenyika kuti vanhu vakawanda zvakadaro vanokwanisa kudzidza nezveupenyu hwevamwe vanhu vakawanda, zvinhu uye mafungiro.”

RUNHARE Tambo dzerunhare dzemazuva ano nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakaderedza mari inoshandiswa pakuridza runhare. Mari inoshandiswa pakuridza runhare kwemaminitsi matatu kubva kuNew York kuenda kuLondon yakaderera kubva paUS$245 (Z$13 475) muna 1930 kusvika kuUS$0,35 (Z$19,25) muna 1999. Michina isingashandisi tambo yakaita kuti nhare dzinotakurika dziwande kufanana nemakombiyuta. Panozopera gore ra2002, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuchange kwava nevanhu vanosvika bhiriyoni vanenge vava kushandisa nhare dzinotakurika, uye vakawanda vavo vanenge vava kukwanisa kushandisa nhare dzavo kuti vaende paIndaneti.

MICROCHIP Zvinhu zvose zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri kuvandudzwa nguva imwe neimwe, zvinoshandisa zvinhu zvinonzi mamicrochip. Mumakore 30 adarika, simba rezvinhu izvi riri kupetwa nekaviri mwedzi 18 yoga yoga. Hazvina kumboitika kare kuti mashoko akawanda zvakadaro achengeterwe mukanhu kaduku zvakadaro.