Kutengeserana Kwenyika Yose—Kutapurwa Kwaunoitwa
PAKAPERERWA Peter nebasa rake mukambani iri munyika dzakawanda yaakanga ashandira kwemakore 20, notisi yokubudiswa kwacho yakanyatsotaura kuti, “zvine chekuita neupfumi hwenyika yose.” Baht, mari yekuThailand, payakaderera kukosha kwayo neinopfuura hafu muzana, gurukota rezvemari renyika iyoyo rakabuda muTV richitsoropodza kwazvo kuti “zvine chekuita neupfumi hwenyika yose.” Mutengo wemupunga pawakakwira ne60 muzana mune imwe nyika iri muSoutheast Asia, misoro yenhau munzvimbo dzinotengeserwa mapepanhau yaiti: “Zvine Chekuita Neupfumi Hwenyika Yose!”
Chaizvoizvo upfumi hwenyika yose chii? Zvinotapura nyika yako pamwe chete nemari yako sei uye nei? Chii chiri seri kwezviri kuitika izvi?
Upfumi Hwenyika Yose Chii?
Senhau ine chekuita neupfumi, upfumi hwenyika yose kuchinja kubva paupfumi hwenyika imwe chete kuenda paupfumi hwenyika yose. Mu“musha wenyika yose” wanhasi, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwave kuitwa pamwero wenyika yose, uye mari inotenderera inoshandiswa zvakasununguka kunyange mhiri kwemiganhu yenyika. Chaizvoizvo kutengeserana pasina miganhu. Mugadziriro iyi makambani ari munyika dzakawanda anoshandisa simba guru, nepo vezvemabhizimisi vasingadi kuzivikanwa vachigona kusimudzira kubudirira mune zveupfumi kana kukonzera mugariro wakaipa mune zveupfumi chero munzvimbo ipi zvayo yenyika.
Upfumi hwenyika yose ndihwo honzeri nemugumisiro wekuchinja kwekukurumidza kweruzivo rwekukurukurirana rwanhasi. Huri kupesvedzerwa kuvandudzika kunoshamisa mune zvekukurukurirana, kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwezvinoitwa nemakombiyuta, uye kugadzirwa kwemanetwork anopa mashoko, akadai seInternet. Ruzivo rwesayenzi urwu rwuri kubatsira kukunda zvinetso zvinoparirwa nemadaro chaiwo. Zvichiguma nei?
Zvine Zvazvakanakira Nezvazvakaipira Here?
Maererano nevanohutsigira, upfumi hwenyika yose hunogona kukurumidzisa kutengeserana uye kutangwa kwemabhizimisi kunowedzera upfumi ndokusimudzira kubudirira kunyange munyika dzine urombo hwakanyanya. Somuenzaniso, muma1990 moga, vanotanga mabhizimisi vokune dzimwe nyika vakapinza madhora anosvika tiririyoni imwe munyika dzichiri kusimukira mune zveupfumi. Kuwedzera uku kunoshamisa mune zvekutangwa kwemabhizimisi munyika yose kwakaita kuti migwagwa, nhandare dzendege, uye mafekitari zvikwanise kuvakwa munyika dzine urombo. Upfumi hwenyika yose zvechokwadi hwave huri simba rakavandudza mararamire mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika. Peter Sutherland, sachigaro weOverseas Development Council, anotaura kuti “kutozosvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvaida zvinenge zvizvarwa zviviri kuti mararamire awedzere kunaka nekaviri, asi zvino muChina, mararamire anowedzera kunaka nekaviri pamakore gumi ega ega.” Upfumi hwenyika yose huri kunzwisiswa sehuri kuvhurira mikana isina kumbowanika kumabhiriyoni evanhu. Kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekutengeserana kwenyika yose kwaita kuti zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa zviwande uye zvinake uye kwaita kuti mabasa matsva awanike.
Zvisinei, vanotsoropodza, vanotaura kuti upfumi hwenyika yose hunogonawo kuparadza upfumi nenguva isipi. Kutinya-tinya mouse yekombiyuta zvishomanana kunogona kuderedza kukosha kwemari yenyika nokukurumidza, zvichiita kuti mari yakachengetwa kweupenyu hwose yemamiriyoni evanoriritira mhuri dzavo ishaye basa. Mashoko anotyisa anobuda mumuromo menyanzvi inonzvera ine simba yekuWall Street anogona nenguva isipi kusakisa boka revanotanga mabhizimisi vasina chivimbo kuti vatengese zvinhu zvavo muAsia, posara pane dambudziko guru remari iro rinogona kuguma raita kuti mamiriyoni ave varombo. Boka revatungamiriri rinogona kuronga kuvhara kambani muMexico asi rovhura imwe muThailand—zvoita kuti mabasa awanike muAsia asi mazana emhuri muLatin America achisiyiwa ava varombo.
Vakawanda vanotaura kuti upfumi hwenyika yose hwaomesa upenyu mumativi makuru enzanga yevanhu uye huri kuita kuti pave nengozi yekusiya rimwe divi renyika risisina mukana wokusimukira. “Haisi tsaona kuti mamiriro ezvinhu eupfumi asingafadzi ari munyika dzakawanda dzeSub-Saharan Africa anoratidza kukundikana kwekufambirana nemamiriro ezvinhu eupfumi hwenyika yose uye, kukundikana kubudirira kutengeserana nokukwezva vanotanga mabhizimisi,” akadaro Sutherland.
Kupesvedzera Kunotapura Kungakupfumisa Kana Kukuita Murombo
Izvi zvinokutapura sei? Mamiriro ezveupfumi hwemunharaunda, nyika, uye nyika dzakavakidzana anofambidzana. Saka, mamiriro akashata oupfumi hweimwe nyika anogona kupararira nekukurumidza ndokutapura dzimwe—kubatanidza hwenyika yako. Somuenzaniso, dambudziko renyika yose rezvemari rakaparadza Asia muna 1997 neRussia uye Latin America muna 1998 nemuna 1999 zvino riri kutyisidzira kuparadza kunooneka pakubudirira kweUnited States, nyika dziri muEurope, nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzakagadzikana mune zveupfumi. Nyika dzairatidzika sedzakapfuma dzakangoerekana dzava nedambudziko roupfumi—sezviri pachena kwete nemhaka yekuti pane zvakaitika munyika idzodzo asi nemhaka yekuvhiringidzika kweupfumi hwedzimwe nyika. Nyanzvi dzezveupfumi dzinodana chiitiko ichi kuti “kupesvedzera kwemari kunotapukira.” Lionel Barber weFinancial Times anoti: “Kuvhiringidzika kwezvemari kuri kuitika panguva imwe chete uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kuri kuwedzera zvakafanana. Kupesvedzera hakuchaonekwi sengozi; chinhu cheupenyu chaicho.”
Naizvozvo, mupasi rose, upfumi hwenyika yose, hwabatanidza kwazvo upenyu hwevanhu mugadziriro imwe mune zveupfumi. Pasinei zvapo nekwaunogara, kupesvedzera ikoko kunokutapura munzira dzakawanda. Chimbofunga nezvemienzaniso inotevera. Brazil payakaderedza kukosha kwemari yayo 1998 ava kunopera, vanopfuya huku kuArgentina vakarohwa nehana pavakaona kuti vanhu vekuBrazil vakanga votengesa huku nemutengo wakaderera kumasupamaketi ari muBuenos Aires. Uyezve, kuvhiringidzika kweupfumi hwenyika yose kwakanga kwatoderedzesa mutengo wemapuranga, soy, musvi wemichero, nyama yemombe, uye chizi zvekuArgentina. Mitengo yakaderera nekudiwa zvishoma kwezvinhu zvakaita kuti nzvimbo dzemukaka dzivharwe, ndokusiya mazana ava marovha.
Zvichakadaro, vanopfuya nguruve muIllinois, U.S.A., vakawana kuti nepo zvazvo vakange vabudirira kutengesa nyama yenguruve kunyika dzakanga dzichiri kusimukira dzeAsia munguva yakapfuura, zvino vakanga vofanira kuderedza mitengo yavo, sezvo yakanga yodiwa zvishoma uye makwikwi otyisa. “Hatina kumbobvira taona kurasikirwa kwakadai mubhizimisi renyama yenguruve, kunyange munguva yeKuderera Kukuru Kweupfumi,” akachema-chema kudaro mumwe wevanopfuya nguruve. Munyika iyoyo, vashandi vanogadzira simbi vakabudiswa basa, sezvo makambani avo aitarisana nedambudziko rekupinza simbi munyika yacho ichibva kuChina, Japan, Russia, Indonesia, nekune dzimwe nyika—dzose zvadzo dzine mari yaikosha zvishoma yakaita kuti zvinhu zvavo zvavaitengesera kunze kwenyika zvive nemutengo wakaderera. Nemhaka yekushayikwa kwevatengi vekuAsia, chibage chakanga chisina kutengeswa chakaita matukutuku muUnited States, izvi zvakaodza mwoyo varimi vemunyika iyoyo.
Zvakabatanawo neupfumi hwenyika yose zvinosimbiswawo nechokwadi chokuti mabhangi nemasangano anopa penjeni ari munyika dzakapfuma akakweretesa mari kana kuti akatanga mabhizimisi “mumisika mitsva”—chibhende chinoreva nyika dzichiri kubudirira. Saka, nyika dzakadaro padzakaparara mudambudziko rezvemari remuna 1997-99, izvi zvakatapura vagariwo zvavo vemunyika yacho vairarama nemari yepenjeni kana kuti vaiva vakachengetesa mari mumabhangi akanga apererwa nemari. Anenge munhu wose akavhundutswa nekuparara kwacho, zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga.
Vapfumi Vanova Vapfumi, Varombo Varombo
Kunyatsoongorora kubudirira kweupfumi hwenyika yose kunoratidza kuti kwakaita kuti pave nemapoka anoramba achikura munyika dzine urombo nemapoka makuru evarombo vanoramba vachiwedzera munyika dzakapfuma. Zvakadaro sei? Muchidimbu David Korten mubhuku rake rinonzi When Corporations Rule the World anopindura mubvunzo uyu: “Kukurumidza kusimukira mune zveupfumi munyika dzine mari shomanana kuri kuita kuti pave nezvinhu zvazvino uno zvakaita senhandare dzendege, materevhizheni, migwagwa mikuru, uye mizinda yemabhizimisi inofefetera inotengesa zvinhu zvemagetsi zvepamusorosoro uye mbatya dzine zviratidzo zvemazita evagadziri vane mukurumbira nokuda kwevashoma vanogona kuzvitengera. Hazvimbovandudzi mamiriro ezvinhu okurarama evakawanda. Kusimukira kwakadai kunoda kugadzirira upfumi nekutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika kuti pawanike mari yokune dzimwe nyika yokutengesa zvinhu zvinodiwa nevanhu vakapfuma. Saka, nyika dzevarombo dzinonzi dzitengese zvirimwa zvadzo kune dzimwe nyika. Vaichimbova varimi munyika idzi vanozviwana vava mumatangwena emuguta nemhaka yemiripo mishoma yavanotambiriswa nemashopu anovafondotsa anogadzira zvinhu zvekutengesera dzimwe nyika. Mhuri dzinoparara, kubatana kwenzanga kunooma zvokuda kuparara, uye chisimba chinopararira. Vaya vanga vanyatsobudirira vanoramba vachida imwe mari yokunze kuti vatenge zvombo zvokuzvidzivirira paboka revarombo rine hasha.”
Munyika yose, upfumi hwenyika yose hwave huchidzvinyirira kwazvo vanhu vanoshanda sezvo hurumende dzinoderedza mari inotambirwa uye mashandire mukuedza kukwezva vezvemabhizimisi vekune dzimwe nyika vanovimbisa zvinhu zvakaderera. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzichangobva kusimukira dzakabatsirika nokuwedzerwa kwaitwa kwekutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika nemhaka yezvekutengeserana kwenyika yose, nyika dzine urombo dzave dzisingabatanidzwi zvakanyanya pazvakanaka zvinowanwa.
Kusaenzana kweupfumi hwenyika yose kwazokura kusvika papi? Chimbofunga nezvenhamba imwe chete yakaverengwa naKorten: “Iko zvino [muna 1998] pava nemabhiriyoneya 477 munyika, kubva pa274 chete vaivapo muna 1991. Pfuma yavo yose yasanganiswa zvichida ingaenzana nemari yose pamwe chete inowanwa pagore nehafu yevanhu varombo zvakanyanya pavanhu vose—vanhu mabhiriyoni 2,8.” Nemhosva yei? “Aya magumisiro akananga eupfumi hwenyika yose husingadzorwi.”
Kupesvedzerwa Nemakaro—Muitiro Unovaka Here?
Chii chinokanganisa upfumi hwenyika yose? Achitsinhira nezvedambudziko remari ra1997-98, mupepeti wenhau Jim Hoagland akataura kuti vanyori venhau vemunguva yemberi “vachawana kuti mikana yakakundikana kushandiswa, uye makaro zvakakanganisa kushandira pamwe munyika yose.” Vamwe vanhu vanobvunza kuti: ‘Pangava nerugare rwenyika yose nokubudirira here kana kune gadziriro yezveupfumi inodzivirira vapfumi vashoma asi kune voruzhinji vanodya nhoko dzezvironda muhondo yeupenyu nerufu? Zvakanaka here kuti nhamba diki yevanowana vave nemafashafasha epfuma asi nhamba huru kwazvo yevasina ichisiririsa kwazvo?’
Zvechokwadi, makaro asingagutswi nokuderera kwetsika zvaumba nyika ine kusaenzana kunotyisa mune zvemari. Zvakataurwa nerimwe gweta makore 2 000 apfuura zvichiri zvechokwadi: “Kuda mari ndiwo mudzi wezvakaipa zvose.” (1 Timotio 6:10) Hurumende dzevanhu dzakagadzirira kutarisira zvinobudirira zvikanganiso zvomunhu zvokuberekwa nazvo here? Fernando Cardoso, purezidhendi weBrazil, akataura zvaimunetsa achiti: “Basa rekugovera zvinodiwa nevanhu kuti vabudirire munguva yezveupfumi hwenyika yose razova rakaoma kwazvo, sezvo tose zvedu tichifanira kutarisana . . . nekusava nematuro kwasakiswa nemisika yezvemari isina kutsiga.
“Kurwira Simba uye Zvinokosha”
Muhurukuro yake kuWorld Conference of the Society for International Development yechi22, Korten akataura kusava nechokwadi kwake nezvichapedzwa neupfumi hwenyika yose. Akataura kuti pane “kurwira simba uye zvinokosha kunenge kwese kwese nemasangano ezveupfumi hwenyika yose. Magumisiro ekurwisana uku sezvinobvira angatema kana zana remakore rechi21 richiratidza kuvamba kwedzinza revanhu vane makaro, vane chisimba, varombo, uye kuparadzwa kwezvakapoteredza uko kungangoita kuti tiparare. Kana kuti kutanga kweupenyu hunobudirira hwakavakirwa munzanga dzakabudirira umo vanhu vose vanogona kugara vane rugare nemumwe nemumwe vasingashayiwi uye maererano nepasi.”
[Bhokisi riri papeji 14]
“NYIKA YOSE IRI KURAMBA ICHIBATANA”
Mashoko aya akashandiswa mumagazini inonzi Asiaweek ya26 February 1999, iyo yakati: “Nyika yose iri kuramba ichibatana, nemhaka yekutengeserana kwakasununguka, kufambiswa kwemari, kukurukurirana uye ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu. . . . Nzira yokubudirira inobatanidza izvi: kana matunhu akawanda nenyika zvikabatanidzwa mune zveupfumi hwenyika yose, misika yevatengesi venyika yose ichakurawo.”
Yakatiwo: “Kuparara kwekamwe kamwe kweupfumi kwaitika kuEast Asia, Russia neBrazil [mumakore achangobva kupfuura] kwaratidza kuti munyika ino iri kubatana mune zveupfumi neruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu hazvina musoro kusimudzira dunhu rimwe nepo mamwe achiparara.”
Nyaya iyoyo yakanyevera nezvekuisa Asia pa“nyika dzakasarira shure mune zveupfumi nezvematongerwe enyika,” ichiyeuchidza varavi kuti “nyika dzechipiri nedzechitatu dzakapfuma kwazvo mune zveupfumi dzichiri Japan neChina.” Yakapfuurira kuti: “Nhambawo zvayo yevagari vomuAsia zvechokwadi haifaniri kuva chinhu chokuyerwa nacho.” Mabhiriyoni emuAsia haagoni kutarisirwa pasi. Chokwadi, tiri kurarama muupfumi hwenyika yose, uye zvaimbonetsa pakutengeserana kwenyika yose zvaderera.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]
Upfumi hwenyika yose hwave huchipomerwa kukudza kusiyana kuri pakati pevapfumi nevarombo