Shanduro yeBhaibheri Yakachinja Nyika

Apo muporofita waMwari Mosesi akatanga kunyora Bhaibheri makore anopfuura 3 500 akapfuura, rudzi rumwe ruduku bedzi ndirwo rwaigona kurirava. (Dheuteronomio 7:7) Zvakanga zvakadaro nokuti Magwaro aiwanikwa bedzi mururimi rworudzi irworwo rwechiHebheru chapakuvamba. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvaizochinja nokufamba kwenguva.

KUPARARIRA kweshoko reBhaibheri nokupesvedzera kwaro kwakanaka mumazana ose amakore zvikurukuru imhaka yeshanduro yaro yokutanga—Septuagint. Yakaitirwei? Uye zvinogona here kunzi nenzira yakarurama, iri ndiro Bhaibheri rakachinja nyika?

Ishanduro Yakafuridzirwa Here?

Pashure pokutapwa kwavo muBhabhironi muzana ramakore rechinomwe nerechitanhatu B.C.E., vaJudha vakawanda vakaramba vari kunze kwenyika yavaIsraeri nevaJudha vekare. Nokuda kwevaJudha vakaberekerwa muutapwa, chiHebheru chakava mutauro wechipiri. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechitatu B.C.E., pakanga pava nenzanga yechiJudha muAlexandria, kuEgypt—musimboti wetsika woUmambo hwechiGiriki. VaJudha ivavo vakaona kukosha kwokushandurira Magwaro Matsvene muchiGiriki, chakanga chava rurimi rwavo rwaamai panguva iyoyo.

Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, shoko rakafuridzirwa reBhaibheri rakanga rakanyorwa muchiHebheru, zvikamu zviduku zvakanyorwa muchiAramaiki chakafanana nacho zvikuru. Ko kutaura Shoko raMwari mumutaro wakasiyana kwaizoderedza migumisiro yakasimba yokufuridzira kwaMwari, zvichida kutotungamirira kududziro dzisina kururama here? VaJudha vacho, vakanga vapiwa mutoro wokutarisira Shoko rakafuridzirwa, vaizogona kuzvibvumira kuedza kumonyanisa shoko iroro kupfurikidza nokushandura here?—Pisarema 147:19, 20; VaRoma 3:1, 2.

Idzi nhau dzinokosha dzakaparira kutya. Asi, kunetseka kuti vaJudha vaisazonzwisisazve Shoko raMwari pakupedzisira kwakapfuura kumwe kufunga kwose. Chisarudzo chakaitwa chokugadzira shanduro yechiGiriki yeTorah—mabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri, akanyorwa naMosesi. Kushandura kwacho chaikoiko kwakavanzwa mungano. Maerano neLetter of Aristeas, mutongi weEgypt Ptolemy II (285-246 B.C.E.) aida kuti kopi yePentateuch (kana kuti, Torah) ishandurirwe muchiGiriki nokuda kweraibhurari yake youmambo. Akapa vazivi vechiJudha 72 basa, vakauya kuEgypt vachibva kuIsrael ndokupedza kushandura kwacho mumazuva 72. Shanduro iyi yakabva yaravirwa nzanga yechiJudha, iyo yakazivisa kuti yakanga yakaisvonaka uye yakarurama. Kunatsiridzwa kwapashure kwenhoroondo iyi kwakataura kuti mushanduri mumwe nomumwe akaiswa mukamuri rakasiyana, asi kushandura kwavo kwakanga kwakafanana, shoko neshoko. Iyi shanduro yeBhaibheri yechiGiriki yakazozivikanwa seSeptuagint, zvichitsamira pashoko rechiLatin rinoreva kuti “Makumi Manomwe”, nemhaka yegamuchidzanwa ravashanduri vanenge 72.

Vazivi vakawanda vomuzuva ranhasi vanobvuma kuti Letter of Aristeas ndeyemanyoro eapokirifa. Vanodavirawo kuti kushandura kwacho hakuna kutanga naPtolemy II, asi nevatungamiri venzanga yechiJudha yeAlexandria. Asi manyoro omuzivi wechiJudha weAlexandria Philo nowezvenhau wechiJudha Josephus pamwe chete neTalmud zvose zvakaratidza chitendero chaiwanika muvaJudha vose vomuzana ramakore rokutanga chokuti Septuagint yakanga yakafuridzirwa sezvakanga zvakangoita Magwaro okutanga. Pasina kupokana magamuchidzanwa akadaro akavapo nemhaka yenhamburiko yokuita kuti Septuagint igamuchirwe nenzanga yevaJudha munyika yose.

Kunyange zvazvo kushandura kwokutanga kwakabatanidza mabhuku mashanu bedzi aMosesi, zita rokuti Septuagint rakazosvika pakunongedzera kuMagwaro ose echiHebheru akashandurirwa muchiGiriki. Mabhuku akasara akazoshandurwa mumakore zana akatevera kana kuti kupfuura. Panzvimbo pokuva nhamburiko yakabatanidzwa, kubudiswa kweSeptuagint yose kwakanga kuri kubudirira kwapashoma nepashoma. Vashanduri vacho vakasiyana mumano avo nokuziva chiHebheru. Mabhuku akawanda akashandurwa shoko rimwe nerimwe sezvarakaita, pane dzimwe nguva zvakanyanyisa, nepo dzimwe shanduro dzakanga dzisingashanduri shoko rimwe nerimwe zvarakaita. Mashomanene anowanika mushanduro refu nepfupi. Pakasvika kupera kwezana remakore rechipiri B.C.E., mabhuku ose eMagwaro echiHebheru aigona kuraviwa muchiGiriki. Pasinei hapo nemigumisiro isingawirirani, mugumisiro wokushandurira Magwaro echiHebheru muchiGiriki wakapfuura zvikuru zvinogona kuva zvakakarirwa nevashanduri.

Jafeti Akagara Mumatende aShemi Here?

Mukukurukura nezveSeptuagint, Talmud inonokora mashoko Genesi 9:27: “. . . Jafeti, . . . ngaagare mumatende aShemi.” (Megillah 9b, Talmud yeBhabhironi) Talmud inoreva nenzira yokufananidzira kuti kupfurikidza nokuisvonaka kwomutauro wechiGiriki weSeptuagint, Jafeti (baba vaJavan, kwakabva vaGiriki) aigara mumatende aShemi (tateguru worudzi rwevaIsraeri). Zvisinei, zvaigonawo kunzi kupfurikidza neSeptuagint, Shemi akagara mumatende aJafeti. Zvakadaro sei?

Pashure pokukunda kwaAlexander Mukuru, murutivi rwokupedzisira rwezana remakore rechina B.C.E., nhamburiko yakakura yakaitwa kuparadzira mutauro wechiGiriki netsika munyika dzose dzakanga dzakurirwa. Uyu muitiro wainzi Kuitwa muGiriki. VaJudha vakaziva kuti vairamba vachidenhwa mutsika. Kudai tsika yechiGiriki nouzivi zvakapararira, rudzidziso rwevaJudha chairwo rwaizoneteswa. Chii chaizomisa kupararira kwouku kudenha?

Achitaura pamusoro peimwe vavariro ingadaro yaiva nevaJudha mukushandura Septuagint, mushanduri weBhaibheri wechiJudha Max Margolis anotsinhira kuti: “Kana tingafungidzira kuti nzanga yechiJudha ndiyo yakatanga pfungwa youku kushandura, imwe vavariro ichava yabatanidzwa, ndiko kuti, kuita kuti Mutemo wechiJudha uwanike kuvanhu veMamwe Marudzi uye kuita kuti nyika idavire kuti vaJudha vaiva netsika yaivengana nouchenjeri hweHellas [Greece].” Nokudaro kuita kuti Magwaro echiHebheru awanike kunyika inotaura chiGiriki kungadai kwakava nzira yokuzvidzivirira uye yokurwisawo.

Muitiro waAlexander wokuita vanhu vaGiriki wakanga waita chiGiriki mutauro unoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda. Kunyange apo umambo hwake hwakakurirwa nevaRoma, chiGiriki chavose (kana kuti, chiKoine) chakaramba chiri mutauro wezvokutengeserana nekurukurirano pakati pemarudzi. Kana izvi zvakabva munhamburiko yamaune kana kuti zvakangozviitikirawo, shanduro yeSeptuagint yeMagwaro echiHebheru yakakurumidza kugamuchirwa nevasiri vaJudha vakawanda vakanga varovedzana naMwari noMutemo wevaJudha pamberi pezvo. Migumisiro yacho yaishamisa.

Vapuroserite uye Vanotya Mwari

Pakasvika zana ramakore rokutanga C.E., Philo aigona kunyora kuti “kunaka nechiremera zvoudzori hwaMosesi zvinokosheswa kwete pakati pevaJudha chete, asiwo nemamwe marudzi ose.” Achitaura nezvevaJudha vaigara kunze kwePalestine muzana remakore rokutanga, wezvenhau wechiJudha Joseph Klausner anoti: “Zvakaoma kudavira kuti mamiriyoni ose aya avaJudha aibva kuPalestine duku yoga. Munhu anomanikidzirwa kutaura kuti kuwedzera kukuru uku kwakabvawo mukugamuchira vapuroserite vechirume nevechikadzi muzviverengero zvikuru.”

Zvisinei, iyi mifungo inofadza haijekesi nyaya yacho yose. Munyori Shaye J. D. Cohen, purofesa wenhau yechiJudha, anotaura kuti: “Vamamwe marudzi vakawanda, varume nevakadzi, vakatendeukira kuchiJudha mumazana amakore okupedzisira B.C.E. nemazana amakore maviri okutanga C.E. Zvisinei, vamamwe marudzi vaye vakanga vagamuchira mativi akati echiJudha asi vasina kutendeukira kwachiri ndivo vakanga vakatowanda.” Klausner naCohen vanonongedzera kuava vasiri vatendeuki sevanotya Mwari, kutaura kunowanika kakawanda mumabhuku echiGiriki epanhambo iyoyo.

Musiyano upi uri pakati pomupuroserite neanotya Mwari? Vapuroserite vakanga vari vatendeuki vakakwana, vairangarirwa sevaJudha mupfungwa yose nokuti vakagamuchira Mwari wavaIsraeri (vachiramba vamwari vamwe vose), vakadzingiswa, uye vakazvibatanidza norudzi rwavaIsraeri. Mukupesana, Cohen anoti nezvevanotya Mwari: “Kunyange zvazvo vemamwe marudzi ava vakachengeta miitiro yakawanda yechiJudha ndokunamata Mwari wevaJudha munzira iyi kana kuti iyo, havana kuzviona sevaJudha uye havana kuoneka nevamwe sevaJudha.” Klausner anovarondedzera se“vari pakati nepakati,” nokuti vaigamuchira chiJudha noku“chengeta rutivi rwetsika dzacho, asi . . . havana kuva vaJudha vakakwana.”

Zvichida vamwe vakafarira Mwari nemhaka yekukurukurirana nevaJudha vaiva mubasa roufundisi kana kuti kupfurikidza nokucherekedza kuti vakanga vakasiyana sei mumufambiro, tsika, uye muitiro. Asi, Septuagint yakanga iri chishandiso chikuru chakabetsera ava vanotya Mwari kuti vadzidze pamusoro paJehovha Mwari. Nepo pasina nzira yokuziva nayo nhamba chaiyo yevaitya Mwari vomuzana ramakore rokutanga, pasina kupokana Septuagint yakaparadzira zivo pamusoro paMwari muUmambo hwose hweRoma. Kupfurikidza neSeptuagint, fandesheni inokosha yakanga ichivakwawo.

Septuagint Yakabetsera Kugadzira Nzira

Septuagint yakakurumbira zvikuru mukuparadzira shoko rechiKristu. VaJudha vakawanda vanotaura chiGiriki vakanga vari pakati pevaivapo pakatangwa ungano yechiKristu paPendekosti ya33 C.E. Vapuroserite vaivawo pakati pevakava vadzidzi vaKristu panhambo iyoyo yokutanga. (Mabasa 2:5-11; 6:1-6; 8:26-38) Sezvo manyoro evaapostora vaJesu nevamwe vadzidzi vokutanga aiitirwa vateereri vakawanda sevanobvira, akanyorwa muchiGiriki.a Naizvozvo, kunokora Magwaro echiHebheru kwakawanda kunowanika muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki kwakanga kwakavakirwa paSeptuagint.

Vamwewo kunze kwevakaberekwa vari vaJudha uye vapuroserite vakanga vagadzirira kugamuchira shoko roUmambo. Kornerio weMamwe Marudzi akanga ari “munhu, wainamata nowaitya Mwari, iye naveimba yake yose, waipa vanhu zvipo zvizhinji, nokunyengetera kuna Mwari misi yose.” Muna 36 C.E., Kornerio, mhuri yake, nevamwe vakaungana pamusha wake vakanga vari Vemamwe Marudzi vokutanga vakabhabhatidzwa sevateveri vaKristu. (Mabasa 10:1, 2, 24, 44-48; enzanisa naRuka 7:2-10.) Apo muapostora Pauro akafamba nomuAsia Minor neGreece, akaparidza kuVemamwe Marudzi vakawanda vaitotya Mwari pamwe chete noku“vaGiriki, vainamata Mwari.” (Mabasa 13:16, 26; 17:4) Nei Kornerio navamwe Vemamwe Marudzi ivavo vakanga vagadzirira kugamuchira mashoko akanaka? Septuagint yakanga yabetsera kugadzira nzira yacho. Imwe nyanzvi inofungidzira kuti Septuagint “ibhuku rinokosha zvakadaro zvokuti dai risipo chiKristudhomu netsika yokumadokero zvaizova zvisinganzwisisiki.”

Septuagint Inorasikirwa Noku“furidzirwa” Kwayo

Kushandiswa kukuru kweSeptuagint pakupedzisira kwakaparira chinetso chakakomba pavaJudha. Somuenzaniso, mukukurukurirana navaKristu, vaJudha vakataura kuti Septuagint yakanga iri shanduro isina kururama. Pakasvika zana remakore rechipiri C.E., nzanga yechiJudha yakanga yanyatsoramba shanduro yayakanga yamborumbidza seyakafuridzirwa. Vanarabhi vakaramba ngano yevashanduri 72, ichitaura kuti: “Pane imwe nguva zvakaitika kuti vakuru vashanu vakashandura Torah nokuda kwaMambo Ptolemy muchiGiriki, uye zuva iroro rakanga riri shura kuvaIsraeri sezvakanga zvakaita zuva rakaumbwa mhuru yendarama, sezvo Torah yakanga isingagoni kushandurwa zvakarurama.” Kuti vave nechokwadi chokuteererwa kwakakomba kwemifungo yechirabhi, vanarabhi vakabvumira shanduro itsva yechiGiriki. Yakashandurwa muzana remakore rechipiri C.E. nomumwe mupuroserite wechiJudha ainzi Aquila, mudzidzi warabhi Akiba.

Septuagint yakarega kushandiswa nevaJudha, asi yakazova “Testamente Yekare” yaigamuchirwa yeChechi yeKaturike yakanga ichitanga kutozosvikira yatsiviwa neVulgate yechiLatin yaJerome. Kunyange zvazvo shanduro isingambofi yakatora nzvimbo yeyokutanga, Septuagint yakaita rutivi rukuru mukuparadzira zivo yaJehovha Mwari noUmambo hwake kupfurikidza naJesu Kristu. Chokwadi, Septuagint ishanduro yeBhaibheri yakachinja nyika.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 31]

“Septuagint” yakanzwisiswa navanhu vakawanda vakaparidzirwa naPauro

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority