1914—Gore Rakakatyamadza Nyika

“Hondo Huru ya 1914-18 yakafanana nenzvimbo yapasi yakatsva inoparadzanisa nguva iyeyo neyedu. Mukuparadza upenyu hwakawanda kwazvo . . . , mukuparadza zvitendero, kuchinja pfungwa, uye kusiya maronda asingarapiki okuora mwoyo, yakaparira mukaha unooneka pamwe chete nowendangariro pakati penhambo mbiri.”—Kubva muThe Proud Tower—A Portrait of the World Before the War 1890-1914, rakanyorwa naBarbara Tuchman.

“Iro rodokuva—asi richigere chaizvoizvo—rutivi rwenhau, nokuti zviuru zvakawanda zvavanhu avo vakanga vari vaduku pakuvamba kweiri zana ramakore rinokosha rechimakumi maviri vachiri vapenyu.”—Kubva mubhuku rinonzi 1914, rakanyorwa naLyn MacDonald, rakabudiswa muna 1987.

NEIKO tichifanira kufarira gore ra 1914? ‘Inguva yemberi yandine chokuita nayo,’ ungadaro, ‘kwete nguva yakapfuura.’ Nezvinetso zvakadai seshatiswo yenyika, kuputsika kwoupenyu hwemhuri, wedzero muutsotsi, kurwara mundangariro, uye kushaikwa kwamabasa, nguva yemberi yomunhu ingaratidzika kuva isingafadzi. Vakawanda vakanzvera ukoshi hwa 1914, zvisinei, vakawana hwaro hwetariro munguva yemberi iri nani.

Kwamakumi amakore Nharireyomurindi yakatsanangura kuti muna 1914 rudzi rwomunhu rwakatambura kunonzi “kutanga kwenhamo.” Kutaura ikoko kunoumba rutivi rwouporofita hukuru hwaJesu Kristu pamusoro pezvinoitika zvaizotangira mugumo wetsika yakaipa yomunhu.—Mateo 24:7, 8.

Nhasi, chiverengero chiduku muzana chorudzi rwomunhu chichiri chinogona kuyeuka zvinoitika zvinoshamisa zva 1914. Chizvarwa ichocho chakwegura chichapfuura Mwari asati aponesa pasi mukuparadzwa here? Kwete mukuwirirana nouporofita hweBhaibheri. “Kana moona izvozvo zvose,” Jesu akapikira kudaro, “zivai kuti wava pedyo pamukova. Zvirokwazvo ndinoti kwamuri: Rudzi urwu harungatongopfuuri kusvikira izvozvi zvose zvaitika.”—Mateo 24:33, 34.

Kuti unzwisise chikonzero nei gore ra 1914 rine ukoshi hwenhau hwakadaro, rangarira mugariro wenyika kukwira kusvikira pakati pa 1914. Pamberi penguva iyeyo, madzimambo akadai saCzar Nicholas weRussia, Kaiser Wilhelm weGermany, uye Mambo Franz Josef weAustria neHungary akashandisa simba guru. Mumwe nomumwe wavarume ivava aigona kuunganidza varwi vanopfuura mamirioni mana ndokuvaendesa kuhondo. Asi madzibaba avo akanga asaina chaidanwa kunzi Chibvumirano Chitsvene, chaizivisa kuti Mwari akanga avatuma kudzora mativi akasiana-siana o“rudzi [rumwe] rwechiKristu” rukuru.

Mukuwirirana neThe Encyclopædia Britannica, urwu rugwaro “rwakatapura zvakasimba kuwirirana kweEurope mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19.” Rwakashandiswa kushora masangano ehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu uye kutsigira anonzi maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo. “Isu Madzimambo echiKristu,” Kaiser Wilhelm akanyora kudaro kuna Czar Nicholas, “tine basa rimwe dzvene, rakaiswa patiri neDenga, ndiko kuti kutsigira nheyo ya[maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo].” Ikoku kwaireva kuti madzimambo eEurope akanga akabatanidzwa nenzira yakati noUmambo hwaMwari here? (Enzanisa na 1 VaKorinte 4:8.) Uye zvakadiniko namachechi aitsigira madzimambo iwayo? Kutaura kwavo kuva echiKristu kwakanga kuri kwapachokwadi here? Mhinduro kumibvunzo iyoyi yakava pachena mumakore apashure chaipo pa 1914.

Kamwe Kamwe, Muna August

“Chirimo nezhezha zva 1914 zvakaratidzirwa muEurope norunyararo rwechienzi,” akanyora kudaro munhu wehurumende weBritain Winston Churchill. Vanhu zvikurukuru vakanga vane tariro pamusoro penguva yemberi. “Nyika ya 1914 yakanga yakazara netariro nechipikirwa,” akadaro Louis Snyder mubhuku rake rinonzi World War I.

Chokwadi, kwamakore akawanda kwakanga kwave kune kumukirana kukuru pakati peGermany neBritain. Kunyanguvezvo, sokutsanangura kunoita wezvenhau G. P. Gooch mubhuku rake rinonzi Under Six Reigns: “Kurwisana kweEurope kwakaratidzika kuva kunobvira zvishomanene muna 1914 kupfuura muna 1911, 1912 kana kuti 1913 . . . Kuwirirana kwehurumende mbiri kwakanga kuri nani kupfuura zvakwakanga kwave kuri kwamakore.” Mukuwirirana naWinston Churchill, mutezo wedare ramakurukota reBritain ra 1914: “Germany yairatidzika kuva yendangariro imwe cheteyo sezvatakanga takaita, kutsunga kuva norugare.”

Zvisinei, nokuurawa paSarajevo kwomugari wenhaka wechigaro choumambo woUmambo hweAustria neHungary pana June 28, 1914, gore rakasviba rakaoneka pajengachenga. Mwedzi mumwe gare gare, Mambo Franz Josef akazivisa hondo paSerbia uye ipapo akaraira mauto ake kuvhozhokera umambo ihwohwo. Munguvayo, pausiku hwaAugust 3, 1914, nokuraira kwaKaiser Wilhelm, hondo huru yeGermany yakavhozhokera kamwe kamwe umambo hweBelgium ndokurwa ichienda yakananga kuFrance. Zuva rakatevera Britain yakazivisa hondo paGermany. Kana ari Czar Nicholas, iye akanga araira kuunganidzwa kwehondo huru yeRussia nokuda kwehondo neGermany neAustria neHungary. Chibvumirano Chitsvene chakanga chakundikana kumisa madzimambo eEurope kunyudza nyika muchishava chokuurayana. Asi katyamadzo huru dzakanga dzichigere kuuya.

Kupera Panosvika Krisimisi Here?

Kutanga kwehondo hakuna kuderedza kuva netariro kwavanhu. Vakawanda vaidavira kuti yaizoparira nyika iri nani, uye mapoka makuru akaungana muEurope yose kuti aratidzire kuitsigira kwawo. “Hapana munhu muna 1914,” anonyora kudaro A. J. P. Taylor mubhuku rake rinonzi The Struggle for Mastery in Europe—1848–1918, “akarangarira zvakakomba ngozi dzehondo kunze kwokurutivi rwehondo bedzi bedzi. . . . Hapana nomumwe aikarira ngwavaira yomunzanga.” Panzvimbo pezvo, vakawanda vakaporofita kuti iyo yaizopera mumwedzi mishomanene.

Kunyanguvezvo, nguva refu vaEurope vasati vagona kuchengeta Krisimisi yavo ya 1914, kukwikwidzana kune chishava kwakanga kwatanga mumutsara wemigero yaitambanuka makiromita anopfuura 700 kubva Switzerland iri mumaodzanyemba kusvikira kumhenderekedzo yegungwa yeBelgium iri muchamhembe. Iyi yakanzi Rutivi rwokuMadokero, uye munyori weGermany Herbert Sulzbach akakududza musumo mubhuku rake rinonyorwa zvinoitika kwakaitwa pazuva rokupedzisira ra 1914. Sumo yacho inorava, kuti: “Iyi hondo yakaipa inoramba ichipfuurira, uye nepo munhu upi noupi waifunga kuti pakutanga yaizopera mumavhiki mashomanene, zvino hakuna mugumo unooneka.” Munguvayo, mumamwe mativi eEurope, hondo dzine chishava dzakarwiwa pakati pamauto eRussia, Germany, Austria neHungary, uye Serbia. Rwisano yacho yakapararira nokukurumidza kupfuura Europe, uye hondo dzakarwiwa mumakungwa nomuAfrica, Middle East, uye zvitsuwa zvePacific.

Makore mana gare gare Europe yakaparadzwa. Germany, Russia, uye Austria neHungary imwe neimwe yakarasikirwa navarwi vari pakati pemirioni imwe namaviri. Russia yakanga yatorasikirwa nokutongwa kwayo namadzimambo mukupandukira kwaBolshevik kwa 1917. Ikatyamadzo yakadini nokuda kwamadzimambo eEurope navatsigiri vavo vafundisi! Vezvenhau vazvino uno vachiri kuratidzira kushamisika. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Royal Sunset, Gordon Brook-Shepherd anobvunza, kuti: “Kwakadaro sei kuti vatongi, zvikurukuru vakabatanidzwa neropa kana kuti roorano navose vakazvitsaurira kukuchengetwa kwoumambo, vakazvibvumira vamene kupinda muchishava chokuuraya hama dzokunyama icho chakaparadza vanoverengeka vavo ndokusiya vapukunyuki vose vaneteswa?”

Nyika ine hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeFrance yakarasikirwawo navarwi vanopfuura mirioni imwe, uye Umambo hweBritain, hune kutonga kwamadzimambo kwakanga kwatoneteswa kare kare pamberi pehondo, hwakarasikirwa nevanopfuura 900 000. Pamwe chete, varwi vanopfuura mamirioni 9 vakafa, uye mamwe mamirioni 21 akakuvadzwa. Pamusoro pokurasikirwa navasati vari varwi, The World Book Encyclopedia inoti: “Hapana munhu anoziva kuti vanhu vasiri varwi vangani vakafa nehosha, nzara, uye zvimwe zvisakiso zvine chokuita nehondo. Vamwe vezvenhau vanodavira kuti vasiri varwi vakawanda savarwi vakafa.” Mukondombera weflu yeSpania wa 1918 wakatora humwe upenyu 21 000 000 kupota pasi rose.

Chinjo Huru

Nyika haina kutongova imwe cheteyo pashure peHondo Huru, sezvayaidanwa kudaro panguva iyoyo. Sezvo machechi akawanda kwazvo echiKristudhomu akanga atora rutivi nembavarira mairi, vapukunyuki vakawanda vakaodzwa mwoyo vakasiya rudzidziso vachida kusadavira muna Mwari. Vamwe vakatendeukira kukurondwa kwepfuma yokunyama nemifarwa. Mukuwirirana naPurofesa Modris Eksteins mubhuku rake rinonzi Rites of Spring, ma 1920 “akapupurira kuda mifarwa nokuzvitutumadza zvemwero inoshamisa.”

“Hondo,” anotsanangura kudaro Purofesa Eksteins, “yakadenha mipimo yetsika.” Varume pamativi ose ari maviri vakanga vadzidziswa navatungamiriri vorudzidziso, vehondo, uye vezvamatongerwe enyika kurangarira kuuraya vazhinji sokwakanaka mutsika. Ikoku, anobvuma kudaro Eksteins, “kwakanga kuriwo zvako kwakaipa zvikurusa kwokudenha panhevedzano yetsika yaitaura kuti yakadzikwa mutsika yechiJudha nechiKristu.” “PaRutivi rwoKumadokero,” iye anowedzera kudaro, “dzimba dzepfambi dzakakurumidza kuva nzvimbo duku dzenguva dzose dzemisasa yavarwi . . . Parutivi runogarwa navasiri varwi varume navakadzi vakava vane utere. Upfambi hwakawedzera nenzira inoshamisa.”

Zvamazvirokwazvo, 1914 akachinja zvakawanda. Akanga asina kuparira nyika iri nani, uye hondo haina kuva “hondo yokugumisa hondo dzose,” sezvakanga zvakarira vanhu vakawanda. Panzvimbo pezvo, sokutaura kunoita wezvenhau Barbara Tuchman: “Nhema nembavarira zvaibvira kusvikira kuna 1914 zvakanyura zvishoma nezvishoma pasi pegungwa rokuora mwoyo kukuru.”

Zvisinei, vamwe vakapupurira ngwavaira ya 1914 havana kukatyamadzwa nezvinoitika zvegore iroro. Kutaura idi, hondo isati yatanga, vakanga vave vachikarira “nguva inotyisa yenhamo.” Ivo vakanga vari vanaani? Uye chii chavaiziva icho vamwe vakanga vasingazivi?

[Bhokisi riri papeji 5]

Tariro yeBritain muna 1914

“Kwerinenge zana rimwe ramakore hapana muvengi akanga aoneka mumakungwa akapota chitsuwa chedu. . . . Pakanga pane chinetso kunyange mukufungidzira bviro yetyisidziro kuidzi mhenderekedzo dzine rugare. . . . London yakanga isina kutongoratidzika kuva inofara zvikuru neinobudirira zvikuru. Kwakanga kusina kutongova nezvakawanda kwazvo zvakanga zvakafanirwa nokuita, uye kuona, uye kunzwa. Vakuru kana kuti zvimwe vaduku vakanga vasina nyumwiro ipi neipi yokuti zvavakanga vari kupupurira, mukati menguva iyoyo isingaenzaniswi ya 1914, zvakanga zviri, kutaura idi, mugumo wenhambo.”—Before the Lamps Went Out, rakanyorwa naGeoffrey Marcus.