Pfuma Inobva Muchirasiro cheEgipita

WAIZOKARIRA here kuwana manyoro anokosha eBhaibheri mumurwi wechirasiro? Pakati pamajecha eEgipita, pamugumo wezana ramakore rokupedzisira, izvozvo ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika. Seiko?

Kuvambira muna 1778 uye kupfuurira kusvikira kumugumo wezana ramakore rechi 19, chiverengero chakati chamagwaro epapyrus chakawanwa netsaona muEgipita. Kwaiva, zvisinei, nenzvero duku zvikuru ine nhevedzano kutozosvikira makore ane zana rimwe apfuura. Pakasvika nguva iyeyo dirano yakatsiga yezvinyorwa zvakare yakanga ichiwanwa navarimi vomunzvimbomo, uye Egypt Exploration Fund yaitsigirwa neBritain yakaziva kudikanwa kwokutumira boka ravanzveri kusati kwava kunyanyononoka. Ivo vakasarudza nyazvi mbiri dzeOxford, Bernard P. Grenfell uye Arthur S. Hunt, avo vakawana mvumo yokunzvera nharaunda yokumaodzanyemba kwenharaunda yokurima muruwa rweFaiyūm (runoratidzwa pamusoro apa).

Nzvimbo inonzi Behnesa yakanzwika kuva inovimbisa kuna Grenfell nemhaka yezita rayo rekare rechiGiriki, Oxyrhynchus. Nzvimbo yechiKristu cheEgipita, Oxyrhynchus yakanga iri nzvimbo inokosha mukati mamazana amakore rechina nerechishanu N.V. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzapakuvamba dzinogara mamonk dzakanga dzawanwa pedyopo, uye matongo eiri guta roruwa akanga ari makuru. Grenfell akakarira kuwana zvisaririra zvamabhuku echiKristu imomo, asi kunzverwa kwamakuva nedzimba dzakaparadzwa hakuna kupa chinhu. Mirwi bedzi yezvirasiro zvetaundi zvakasara, zvimwe zvakareba mamita 9. Kuchera nokuda kwepapyri imomo kwakaratidzika kuva kunodokubvuma kwokukundwa; bva vaongorori vakasarudza kuedza.

Pfuma Inofukunurwa

Muna January 1897 gomba rokuedza rakacherwa, uye mukati mamaawa zvinhu zvakare zvepapyrus zvakawanwa. Izvo zvaibatanidza tsamba, zvibvumirano, uye zvinyorwa zvehurumende. Jecha rakapeperetswa nemhepo rakanga razvifukidza, uye mugariro wokunze wakaoma wakanga wazvichengeta kwamakore anodokusvika 2 000.

Muinopfuura mwedzi mitatu chete, anodokusvika matani maviri epapyri akawanwa kubva muOxyrhynchus. Mabhokisi makuru ana makumi maviri namashanu akazadzwa ndokudzorerwa kuEngland. Uye nguva yechando iri yose kwamakore gumi akatevera, idzi nyanzvi mbiri dzakashinga dzakadzokera kuEgipita kuzowedzera muunganidzwa wadzo.

Pane imwe nhambo, vachichera makuva paTebtunis, ivo havana kufukunura chinhu kunze kwemitumbi yakaomeswa yengwena. Mumwe mushandi mukangaidziko yake akapunza mumwe. Kushamisiko yake, akawana kuti wakanga wakaputirwa mumapapyrus. Dzimwe ngwena, ivo vakawana kuti, dzakanga dzabatwa nenzira yakafanana, uye dzimwe dzaivawo nemipumburu yemapapyrus akatsonyerwa akadzikiswa napahuro padzo. Zvisaririra zvamanyoro chaiwo akare zvakawanwa, pamwe chete nemirairo youmambo nezvibvumirano zvakavhenganiswa namaakaundi ebhizimisi netsamba dzomunhu oga.

Zvinyorwa zvose izvozvi zvaiva zvoukoshii? Zvakabvumikisa kuva zvefariro huru, nokuti zvizhinjisa zvakanga zvanyorwa navanhuwo zvavo muKoine, chiGiriki chavose chezuva racho. Sezvo akawanda amashoko avakashandisa achionekawo muMagwaro eBhaibheri echiGiriki, “Testamende Itsva,” kamwe kamwe kwakava pachena kuti mutauro uri muMagwaro wakanga usiri chiGiriki chaicho cheBhaibheri, seizvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzakanga dzakarakadza, asi wakanga uri mutaurowo zvawo womunhu wozvake. Naizvozvo kupfurikidza nokuenzanisa nzira iyo mashoko akashandiswa nayo mumigariro yezuva riri rose, nzwisiso yakajeka zvikuru yerevo yawo yakabuda muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki.

Manyoro eBhaibheri

Zvisaririra zvamanyoro eBhaibheri zvakawanwawo, uye izvozvi, kazhinji kazhinji zvakanyorwa mumanyoro asina kunaka pasina kunatsa kukuru uye parudzi rwakashata rwezvinhu, akamirira Bhaibheri romunhuwo zvake. Ngatinzverei zvimwe zvezviwanikwa.

Hunt akawana kopi yeganhuro rokutanga reEvhangeri yaMateo, Mat. 1 ndima 1 kusvikira ku 9, 12, uye Mat. 1 ndima 14 kusvikira ku 20, rakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechitatu N.V. namabhii makuru. Yaizova P¹, chinhu chokutanga murudungwe rwamagwaro epapyrus akabva munzvimbo dzakasiana-siana, zvino anosvika kuanodokuva manyoro ane zana kana kuti mativi amanyoro aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki. Ndima shomanene idzo Hunt akawana dzaiva dzoukoshii? Rudzi rwokunyora nenzira yakajeka rwakaisa musi kuzana rechitatu ramakore N.V., uye kunzverwa kwokurava kwawo kwakaratidza kuti akabvumirana norugwaro rwapanguva iyoyo rwakawanwa naWestcott naHort. P¹ zvino iri muUniversity Museum iri muPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania U.S.A.

Papyrus yakabva mucodex imwe, kana kuti bhuku, ine mativi aJohane ganhuro 1 kuruboshwe uye mativi aJohane ganhuro 20 kurudyi. Kuvakwazve kwamativi asipo kunokarakadza kuti pakuvamba kwaiva namativi 25 nokuda kweEvhangeri yose, uye kubva munguva yapakuvamba zvikurusa, iwaya anofanira kuva akabatanidza Joh. ganhuro 21. Iyo yakaiswa nhamba P⁵, yakaiswa musi kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechitatu N.V., uye zvino iri muBritish Library muLondon, England.

Chisaririra china VaRoma 1:1-7 chakanyorwa mumabhii mahombe akadaro, akashata zvokuti dzimwe nyanzvi dzakafunga kuti zvichida raiva bhuku rokufundira kunyorera romwana wechikoro. Zvino rakaiswa nhamba dzaP¹⁰ uye rakaiswa musi kusvikira muzana ramakore rechina N.V.

Chiwanwa chikuru zvikuru chine chinenge chikamu chimwe chezvitatu chetsamba yokuvaHebheru. Yakanyorwa seri kwomupumburu une manyoro chaiwo owezvenhau weRoma Livy pamberi. Neiko paiva nezvinhu zvakasiana zvakadaro pamberi neshure? Mumazuva iwayo kushaika nomutengo wezvokunyorera zvakareva kuti papyri yekare yaisagona kupambadzwa. Zvino yakarongwa seP¹³, yakarongwa musi kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechitatu kana kuti rechina N.V.

Papyrus rine mativi aVaRoma ganhuro 8 ne 9, rakanyorwa mumabhii maduku zvikuru, rakabva mubhuku raiva naanenge masendimita 11,5 muurefu uye masendimita 5 bedzi kufara. Kwaizoratidzika, ipapoka, kuti zvinyorwa zvinopinda muhomwe zvaMagwaro zvaivapo muzana ramakore rechitatu N.V. Irori rakava P²⁷ uye kazhinji kazhinji rinobvumirana neCodex Vaticanus.

Mativi amashizha mana akabva mucodex yeSeptuagint yechiGiriki ane zvikamu zvemaganhuro manhanhatu aGenesi. Iyi codex inokosha nemhaka yokuronga musi kwayo kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechipiri kana kuti rechitatu N.V. uye nemhaka yokuti aya maganhuro haamo muCodex Vaticanus uye akaipa muCodex Sinaiticus. Akaiswa nhamba sePapyrus 656, aya mashizha zvino ari muBodleian Library, Oxford, England.

Zvisaririra zvose izvozvi hazviratidzi misiano mikuru kubva mumanyoro edu apakuvamba aripo, naizvozvo anosimbisa kuti rugwaro rweBhaibheri rwaipararira panguva iyoyo yapakuvamba pakati pavanhuwo zvavo murutivi ruri kure rweEgipita. Zvinosimbisawo kutenda kwedu muruvimbiko noururami zveShoko raMwari.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

“Papyri” yakabva Faiyūm ine zvikamu zvaJohane, ganhuro 1

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Nemvumo yeBritish Library

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.