Mavambo Ehero

“HERO,” inotsanangura kudaro New Catholic Encyclopedia, ishoko “rinoshandiswa kureva nzvimbo yavakashurikidzwa.” Enisaikoropidhia yePurotestendi inorondedzera hero se“nzvimbo yechirango chomunguva yemberi nokuda kwavakaipa.”a Asi chitendero munzvimbo yakadaro yechirango pashure porufu hachina kuganhurirwa kuchechi huru dzechiKristudhomu. Chakavamba mazana amakore akawanda chiKristudhomu chisati chavapo.

Hero yeMesopotamia

Anenge makore 2 000 pamberi pokuberekwa kwaJesu, VaSumer navaBhabhironi vaidavira munyika yavashakabvu iyo vaidana kuti Nyika Isingadzokwi. Ichi chitendero chakare chinoratidzirwa mumadetembedzo eSumer naAkkad anozivikanwa se“The Epic of Gilgamesh” uye “Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld.” Iwo anorondedzera iyi nzvimbo yavashakabvu seimba yerima, “imba musina nomumwe anopindamo anobuda.”

Pamusoro pemigariro yakapararirako, rugwaro rwakare rweAsiria runotaura kuti “nyika yavashakabvu yakanga yakazadzwa norutyo.” Muchinda weAsiria uyo sezvinofungidzirwa akapiwa chiono cheiyi imba yapasi pevhu yavashakabvu akapupurira kuti “makumbo [ake] akadedera” neizvo akaona. Achirondedzera Nergal, mambo wenyika yavashakabvu, iye akanyora, kuti: “Iye akashwararadza kwandiri nokudanidzira kunotyisa nenzira yokutsamwa kufanana nedutu rine hasha.”

Marudzidziso eEgipita naMabvazuva

VaEgipita vakare vaidavira mukusafa kwomweya, uye ivo vaiva nomurangariro wavo vamene wenyika yomunguva yemberi. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Magwaro amariro eEgipita anoratidzira nzira yokuenda nayo kunyika inotevera seyakakomberedzwa nenjodzi dzinotyisa: mhuka dzinotyisa, madziva omwoto, masuo asingagoni kupfuurwa kunze kwokupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwemitoo yamashipiriti, uye muyambutsi akaipa ane donzo rakaipa rinofanira kudziviswa namashiripiti.”

Marudzidziso eIndia neIran akakudziridza zvitendero zvakasiana-siana pamusoro pechirango pashure porufu. Pamusoro pechiHindu, Encyclopædia Universalis yechiFrench (Universal Encyclopedia) inoti: “Kune kurondedzerwa kusingaverengeki kwehero 21 dzinofungidzirwa navaHindu. Vatadzi vanodyiwa nezvikara uye nenyoka, vanosanogochwa, vanocheka kuva zvidimbu, vanotambudzwa nenyota nenzara, vanovidzwa mumafuta, kana kuti kukuyiwa kuva paudha mumidziyo yesimbi kana kuti yamabwe.”

ChiJain nechiBuddha zvose zviri zviviri zvine shanduro dzazvo dzehero, umo vatadzi vasingapfidzi vanotambudzwa. ChiZoroaster, chakavambwa muIran, kana kuti Persia, chinewo hero—nzvimbo inotonhora, inonhuhwa zvakashata umo mweya yavatadzi inotambudzwa.

Nenzira inofadza, kwaizoratidzika kuti kutambudza kwezvimiro zveEgipita, zveHindu, zveJain, zveBuddha, uye zveZoroastria zvehero hazvisi zvisingaperi. Mukuwirirana naaya marudzidziso, pashure penhambo yokutambura, mweya yavatadzi inoenda kuimwe nzvimbo yakati kana kuti mugariro, kuchitsamira pamurangariro wakati worudzidziso wenguva yemberi yomunhu. Pfungwa dzavo dzehero dzakafanana nepurigatori yechiKaturike.

Hero dzechiGiriki, Etruria, uye Roma

VaGiriki vakare vaidavira mukupukunyuka kwomweya (psy·kheʹ, shoko iro vaishandisawo nokuda kwefufura). Ivo vaidana Hadhesi kuti nzvimbo yavakafa ndokudavira kuti iyo yaitongwa namwari wezita rimwe chetero. Mubhuku rake Orpheus—A General History of Religions, nyanzvi yeFrance Salomon Reinach akanyora nezvavaGiriki, kuti: “Chitendero chakapararira zvakakura zvikuru chaiva chokuti [mweya] waipinda munharaunda dzehero pashure pokuyambuka rwizi rwaStyx uri muigwa romuyambutsi akura Charon, uyo aida semari yokufambisa obolus [mari], iyo yaiiswa mumuromo momunhu akafa. Munharaunda dzehero iwo waioneka pamberi pavatongi vatatu venzvimbo yacho . . . ; kana ukashurikidzwa nokuda kwemhaka dzawo, waifanira kutambura muTartaro. . . . VaGiriki vakatoita Limbo, nzvimbo yavana vakanga vafa vari vacheche, uye Purigatori, umo chirango chakati chinyoro chaichenesa mweya.” Mukuwirirana neThe World Book Encyclopedia, mweya yaipinda muTartaro “yaitambura chitambudzo chisingagumi.”

MuItaly vaEtruria, vane shambidziko yakatangira iyo yavaRoma, vaidavirawo muchirango chapashure porufu. Dictionnaire des Religions (Dictionary of Religions) rinoti: “Ngwariro huru iyo vaEtruria vaiitira vakafa vavo inotsanangurwa nomurangariro wavo wenharaunda yavashakabvu. Kufanana navaBhabhironi, ivo vairangarira idzodzi kuva nzvimbo dzokutambudzira nokupera mwoyo nokuda kwemanes [midzimu yavakafa]. Sununguko bedzi nokuda kwayo yaigona kubva muzvipiriso zvokuyananisira zvaiitwa navana vavo.” Rimwe bhuku renongedzero rinozivisa, kuti: “Makuva avaEtruria anoratidza zviono zvorutyo zvakakurudzira mifananidzo yechiKristu yehero.”

VaRoma vakagamuchira hero yavaEtruria, vachiidana kuti Orcus kana kuti Infernus. Ivo vakakweretawo ngano dzechiGiriki pamusoro peHadhesi, mambo wenyika yavashakabvu, vachimudana kuti Orcus, kana kuti Pluto.

VaJudha naMagwaro echiHebheru

Zvakadiniko nezvavaJudha pamberi pezuva raJesu? Pamusoro pavo, tinorava muEncyclopædia Britannica (1970), kuti: “Kuvambira muzana ramakore rechishanu P.K. zvichienda mberi, vaJudha vaisanoonana navaPersia navaGiriki, vose vari vaviri vaiva nepfungwa dzakasanovandudzika dzenguva yemberi. . . . Pakasvika nguva yaKristu, vaJudha vakanga vawana chitendero chokuti mweya yakaipa yaizorangwa pashure porufu muGehena.” Zvisinei, Encyclopædia Judaica inoti: “Hakuna chikarakadzo chouyu murangariro wapashure weGehena chinowanwa muRugwaro.”

Uku kutaura kwapashure kwakarurama. Hakuna chikarakadzo chiri muMagwaro echiHebheru chechirango chapashure porufu nokuda kwomweya muhero yomwoto. Iyi dzidziso inotyisa inodzokera shure kusvikira kumarudzidziso apashure paMafashamo eBhabhironia, kwete kuBhaibheri. Dzidziso yechiKristudhomu yechirango muhero yakavambwa navaBhabhironi vapakuvamba. Pfungwa yeKaturike yokutambura kwokurapa mupurigatori inodzokera shure kusvikira kumarudzidziso apakuvamba eEgipita naaMabvazuva. Limbo yakatorwa mungano dzechiGiriki. Minyengetero nezvipiriso nokuda kwavakafa zvaishandiswa navaEtruria.

Asi idzi dzidziso dzechirango uri mupenyu pashure porufu dzakavakirwa papfungwai huru?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Kuyambuka rwizi rwaStyx sezvinorondedzerwa mu“Inferno” yaDante

[Kwazvakatorwa]

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