Black Death—Denda romuMiddle Ages muEurope

Nomunyori weMukai! muFrance

Gore racho raiva 1347. Denda racho rakanga ratoparadza kuFar East. Zvino rakanga rapararira kumucheto chaiko kwamabvazuva eEurope.

VANHU vokuAsia vakanga vari kukomba musika weKaffa uri muGenoa wakanga wakachengetedzwa namasvingo, zvino wava kunzi Feodosiya, muCrimea. Vaparadzwa nedenda risingazivikanwi ivo pachavo, vanhu vokuAsia vakarega kurwisa kwavaiita. Asi vasati vadzokera, vakasiya vaita zvinorova. Vachishandisa michina mikuru inokanda zvinhu, vakakanda zvitunha zvavanhu vakanga vachangobva kufa nedenda napamusoro pamasvingo eguta. Apo vanhu vashoma vaidzivirira Genoa gare gare vakakwira ngarava dzavo kuti vatize vachibva muguta rakanga rava nedenda, vakaparadzira chirwere chacho kuzviteshi zvose zvengarava kwavakaenda.

Mumwedzi mishoma chete Europe yose yakanga yonhuwa rufu. Nokukurumidza rakapararira kuNorth Africa, Italy, Spain, England, France, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, Scandinavia, Lithuania, Latvia, neEstonia. Kungoti pfuurei zvishoma makore maviri, vanopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvina chavagari vomuEurope, vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 25, vakanga vafa nedenda rakazonzi “njodzi youtsinye zvikuru inoparadza vanhu zvisina mukare akamboona”—Black Death.a

Chakaita Kuti Pave Nenjodzi Yacho

Denda reBlack Death raiva nezvakawanda kudarika chirwere choga. Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakaita kuti njodzi iyi inyanye, chimwe chacho chiri zvaifungwa nechitendero. Dzidziso yepurigatori ndechimwe chacho. “Pakazopera zana ramakore rechi13, kudavira purigatori kwakanga kwava kwose kwose,” anodaro wezvenhau wokuFrance Jacques le Goff. Mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi14, Dante akanyora bhuku rake rakachinja pfungwa dzavakawanda rainzi The Divine Comedy, nokuratidza kwarakaita kuti hero nepurigatori zvakaita sei mumifananidzo. Mafungiro echitendero akavapo akaita kuti vanhu vade kutarisana nedenda racho vachiti hapana zvokuita, vachiriona sechirango chaibva kuna Mwari pachake. Sezvatichaona, kukanda mapfumo pasi kwakadaro zvechokwadi kwakatoita kuti chirwere chipararire zvakanyanya. “Hapana chingadai chakapa chirwere simba riri nani rakadaro rokuti chipararire,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The Black Death, rakanyorwa naPhilip Ziegler.

Panguva iyoyo, kwaivawo nedambudziko rakaramba richingoitika rokusamera zvakanaka kwezvirimwa muEurope. Somugumisiro, nhamba yavanhu vomunyika yacho yaiwedzera yakanga isisina zvokudya zvakanaka—isisina utano hwokurwisa kurwara.

Denda Rinopararira

Maererano nachiremba waPope Clement VI, ainzi Guy de Chauliac, marudzi maviri edenda akapinda muEurope: denda ramapapu uye kuita mamota. Akarondedzera namagirafu zvirwere izvi, achinyora kuti: “Chokutanga chakaita mwedzi miviri, chaiparira kurwara kwakanyanya uye kusvipa ropa, uye ichi chaiuraya munhu mumazuva matatu. Chechipiri chakavapo kwamakore ose akazotevera, chaiparirawo kurwara kwakanyanya uye mamota [abscesses] gwembe pamuviri womunhu, kunyanya muhapwa uye muhudyu. Ichi chaiuraya munhu mumazuva mashanu.” Vanachiremba vakashaya zvokuita kuti vamise kupararira kwedenda iri.

Vanhu vakawanda vakatiza vachitya—vachisiya zviuru zvakanga zviine utachiona. Kutaura zvazviri, pakati pavakatanga kutiza paiva namachinda akapfuma uye nyanzvi. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanyori vakatizawo, vakawanda vechitendero vakahwanda mumachechi avo, vachivimba kuti vakanga vasingazotapukirwi.

Mukati mokutya uku, papa akazivisa kuti gore ra1350 rive Gore Dzvene. Vanamati vaizoenda kuRome vaizopiwa mvumo yokubva vangoenda kuparadhiso vasina kumbopfuura nokupurigatori! Mazana ezviuru zvavanamati akateerera chiziviso chacho—vachiparadzira denda racho pavaifamba.

Kutamburira Pasina

Kuedza kudzora denda reBlack Death kwaiva pasina nokuti hapana ainyatsoziva kuti raiparadzirwa sei. Vakawanda vakafunga kuti kugumhana neane chirwere chacho—chero hembe dzake—kwaiva nenjodzi. Vamwe vakatya kunyange kutariswa nomunhu aiva nacho! Zvisinei, vagari vomuFlorence, Italy, vakati denda raikonzerwa nekatsi uye imbwa dzavo. Vakauraya mhuka idzi, vasingazivi kuti pakuita izvi, vakanga vari kusiya chisikwa chaicho chaiparadzira denda—gonzo.

Sezvo vanhu vakaramba vachifa, vamwe vakatanga kunamata Mwari kuti avabatsire. Varume navakadzi vakapa zvose zvavaiva nazvo kuchechi, vachivimba kuti Mwari aizovadzivirira padenda iri—kana kuti kuzovapa upenyu hwokudenga kana vafa. Izvi zvakapfumisa chechi kwazvo. Madumwa, mifananidzo yaKristu, uye mazango zvainzi mushonga navakawanda. Vamwe vakatanga kutenda mashura, mashiripiti, uye zvinhu zvainzi mushonga kuti varapwe. Mapefuyumu, vhiniga, uye mimwe mishonga yakanyatsogadzirwa zvakashandiswa navakawanda kuti vadzivirire chirwere chacho. Kubudisa ropa waiva mumwe mushonga waidiwa navakawanda. Nyanzvi dzakadzidza dzapaYunivhesiti yeParis dzakati chaikonzera denda aiva mamiriro ezvinhu zviri muchadenga! Zvisinei, kutsanangura kwenhema uye “mishonga” hazvina chazvakaita kuti denda iri rinouraya ripere.

Zvarakakonzera Kwenguva Refu

Mumakore mashanu denda reBlack Death pakupedzisira rakaita serapera. Asi zana remakore risati rapera, rakadzokazve kanokwana kana. Saka zvakakonzerwa neBlack Death zvakafananidzwa nezvakaitwa neHondo Yenyika I. “Chaizvoizvo nyanzvi dzenhau dzinobvumirana kuti kuuya kwakaita denda reBlack Death kwakachinja zvikuru mamiriro oupfumi uye enzanga pashure pa1348,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The Black Death in England ra1996. Denda rakauraya nhamba huru yavanhu, uye kwakapfuura mazana amakore dzimwe nzvimbo dzisati dzava navanhu vakawanda zvakare. Nemhaka yokushomeka kwakaita vanhu vanoita basa, mari yavashandi yakawedzera. Vaimbova vapfumi vaiva neminda vakabhuroka, uye apo tsika yokushandisa vanhu mumapurazi—yaiva yakakurumbira zvikuru muma500 C.E kusvika muma1500 C.E.—yakabva yangova ngano.

Naizvozvo, denda racho rakanga riri nhangaruvanze yokuchinja mune zvamatongerwe enyika, zvechitendero uye nzanga. Denda iri risati rauya, chiFrench chaitaurwa zvakanyanya navanhu vakadzidza muEngland. Zvisinei, kufa kwakaita vadzidzisi vanoverengeka vokuFrance kwakabatsira mutauro wechiNgezi kuti ukurumbire kukunda chiFrench muBritain. Kuchinja kwakaitikawo mune zvechitendero. Sezvinodudzwa newezvenhau wokuFrance Jacqueline Brossollet, nemhaka yokushomeka kwavanhu vaida kuita zvoupristi, “Chechi yakapinza yapinzazve basa vanhu vakanga vasina zvavanoziva, vasina hanya.” Brossollet anotsinhira kuti “kuderera kwakaita nzvimbo dze[chechi] dzokudzidzira uye kutenda ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvakaita kuti pave neReformation.”

Chaizvoizvo denda reBlack Death rakasiya chimwe chinhu pane zvinonyorwa, rufu ruchiva chinhu chinonyanya kunyorwa nezvacho. Kutamba kwakakurumbira kworufu, kwairatidzira zvakanyanya mapfupa avanhu nezvitunha, kwakava mutambo wakakurumbira wakaratidza simba rorufu. Vasina chokwadi neramangwana, vakawanda vakapukunyuka denda vakasara vasisina tsika. Saka tsika dzakaparara zvinotyisa. Kana iri chechi, nemhaka yokutadza kwayakaita kudzivisa denda reBlack Death, “vanhu vapanguva iyoyo vakafunga kuti Chechi yakanga yavabatisa dombo.” (The Black Death) Vamwe vezvenhau vanotiwo kuchinja kwakatevera kwakaitika munguva yeBlack Death kwakaita kuti pave nokuzvimirira uye kwakawedzera kufamba kwevanhu vachishanyira zvebhizimisi—zvakaunza gadziriro youpfumi umo varidzi vezvinhu vanodzora mitengo.

Black Death yakaitawo kuti hurumende dzitange nzira yokuchengetedza nayo utsanana. Pakapera denda racho, Venice yakatora matanho okuchenesa nzira dzomuguta rayo. King John II wokuFrance, ainzi Akanaka, akaitawo zvakafanana paakarayira kuti nzira dzicheneswe kuti denda risapararire. Mambo akaita izvi aziva kuti chiremba wokuGreece akanga aponesa Athens padenda nokuchenesa uye kuchenesa migwagwa. Migwagwa yakawanda yomuma500 C.E. kusvika kuma1500 C.E., yakanga yava yokurasira tsvina isina kuvharwa, pakupedzisira yakacheneswa.

Chinhu Chomunguva Yakapfuura Here?

Zvisinei, makanga muri bedzi muna 1894 apo nyanzvi youtachiona yokuFrance Alexandre Yersin yakawana utachiona hunokonzera Black Death. Hwakatumidzwa zita rake kuti Yersinia pestis. Makore mana gare gare, mumwe murume wokuFrance, Paul-Louis Simond, akawana zvinoitwa nenhata (dzinotakurwa nemakonzo) mukuparadzira chirwere chacho. Munguva pfupi yakatevera mushonga wakagadzirwa asi wakangogara kwenguva pfupi.

Denda iri hakuchisina here? Nyangwe. Muchando cha1910, vanhu vanenge 50 000 vakafa nedenda iri muManchuria. Uye gore rimwe nerimwe World Health Organization inonyoresa zviuru zvevamwe vari kubatwa nedenda iri—nhamba yacho inoramba ichiwedzera. Utachiona hutsva hunokonzera denda iri hwave huchiwanikwawo—utachiona husingakwanisi kurapwa nomushonga. Hungu, kutoti utsanana hwakanaka hukanyatsochengetedzwa, denda iri richaramba richiisa upenyu hwavanhu panjodzi. Bhuku rinonzi Pourquoi la peste? Le rat, la puce et le bubon (Nei Kuine Denda Racho? Gonzo, Nhata, uye Mota), rakanyorwa naJacqueline Brossollet naHenri Mollaret, rinogumisa kuti “kunze kwokuti rinzi denda romuEurope ramakore akare, . . . zvinosuruvarisa kutaura kuti zvichida denda iri nderamakore anotevera.”

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 15]

Varume navakadzi vakapa zvose zvavaiva nazvo kuchechi, vachivimba kuti Mwari aizovadzivirira padenda iri

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]

Kapoka Kechitendero KevaFlagellant

Vachifunga kuti denda rakanga riri chirango chaibva kuna Mwari, vamwe vakatanga kutsvaka kuderedza hasha dzaMwari nokuzvirova. Brotherhood of the Flagellants, sangano rinonzi raiva nenhengo dzinosvika ku800 000, rakanyanya kuzivikanwa munguva yedenda reBlack Death. Mitemo yekapoka kechitendero kacho yairambidza kutaura navakadzi, kugeza, kana kuchinja mbatya. Kuzvirova vanhu vachiona kwaiitwa kaviri pazuva.

“Kuzvirova yakanga iri imwe yenzira dzaivapo yokuti vamwe vanhu vabvise kutya kwavaiita,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Medieval Heresy. VaFlagellant vakanga vakakurumbirawo mukushora utungamiriri hwechechi uye kushayisa simba zvaiitwa nechechi zvokuregerera zvitadzo ichipiwa mari. Saka hazvinyanyi kushamisa kuti muna 1349 papa akashurikidza kapoka kechitendero aka. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira sangano racho rakaparara roga pakapera Black Death.

[Mufananidzo]

Va“Flagellant” vakaedza kudzora hasha dzaMwari

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]

Denda racho muMarseilles, France

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]

Alexandre Yersin akawana utachiona hunokonzera denda racho

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Culver Pictures