Kuisira Ropa—Makakatanwa Aitika Kwenguva Refu

“Kudai masero matsvuku eropa uri mushonga nhasi, zvaizonetsa kuita kuti unyoreswe pamutemo.”—Dr. Jeffrey McCullough.

MUCHANDO cha1667, mumwe murume aipenga aiva nechisimba ainzi Antoine Mauroy akaunzwa kuna Jean-Baptiste Denis, chiremba akakurumbira waMambo Louis XIV weFrance. Denis akanga ane “mushonga” waaifungidzira wokupenga kwaiita Mauroy—kuisira ropa remhuru, raakafunga kuti raizoita kuti murwere wake aterame. Asi zvinhu hazvina kufamba zvakanaka kuna Mauroy. Ichokwadi kuti paakaisirwa ropa kechipiri, akaita zviri nani. Asi nokukurumidza murume wokuFrance uyu akatangazve kupenga, uye nenguva isipi akanga afa.

Kunyange zvazvo gare gare zvakazoonekwa kuti chaizvoizvo Mauroy akafa nemhaka yomuchetura wearsenic, kuedza kwaDenis kushandisa ropa remhuka kwakamutsa makakatanwa makuru zvikuru muFrance. Pakupedzisira, muna 1670 muitiro wacho wakarambidzwa. Papera nguva yakati, muitiro uyu wakarambidzwawo neParamende yeEngland uye kunyange napapa. Kuisira ropa kwakarova kwamakore anenge 150 akatevera.

Njodzi Dzapakuvamba

Muzana ramakore rechi19, kuisira ropa kwakatangazve. Aitungamirira kutangazve kwacho akanga ari chiremba wokuberekwa kwevana wokuEngland ainzi James Blundell. Achishandisa nzira dzake dzakavandudzwa zvikuru uye zvokushandisa zvemberi—uye kusimbisira kwake kwokuti ropa ravanhu chete ndiro rinofanira kushandiswa—Blundell akaita kuti kuisira ropa kutangezve kukurumbira.

Asi muna 1873, F. Gesellius, chiremba wokuPoland, akaderedza kuisira ropa nezvaakawana zvinovhundutsa: Inopfuura hafu yokuisira ropa yakaguma norufu. Pavakaziva izvi, vanachiremba vakakurumbira vakatanga kushora muitiro uyu. Mukurumbira wokuisira ropa wakadererazve.

Zvadaro, muna 1878, chiremba wokuFrance Georges Hayem akanatsiridza imwe mvura yesaline, yaakati yaigona kushandiswa kutsiva ropa. Kusiyana neropa, mvura yesaline yakanga isina kukuvadza kwainoita, yakanga isingagwambi, uye yaiva nyore kutakura. Zvinonzwisisika kuti mvura yesaline yaHayem yakasvika pakushandiswa kwose kwose. Zvisinei, zvinoshamisa kuti nenguva isipi vakawanda vakafarirazve ropa. Nei?

Muna 1900, chiremba anoongorora zvirwere wokuAustria Karl Landsteiner akawana kuti pane marudzi eropa, uye akawana kuti rudzi rumwe rweropa rwakanga rwusingawirirani norumwe rudzi. Ndokusaka kuisira ropa kwakawanda munguva yakapfuura kwakanga kwaguma norufu! Asi zvino izvi zvaigona kuchinjwa, nokungova nechokwadi chokuti rudzi rweropa reari kupa rwunowirirana nerweari kuisirwa. Noruzivo urwu, vanachiremba vakamutsidzira kuvimba kwavo nokuisira ropa—panguva chaiyo yeHondo Yenyika I.

Kuisira Ropa Uye Hondo

MuHondo Yenyika I, varwi vaiva vakuvara vakaisirwa ropa pasina kusarura. Chokwadi, ropa rinokurumidza kugwamba, uye kare zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuritakura kuenda naro kuri kurwiwa hondo. Asi mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, Dr. Richard Lewisohn, vokuMount Sinai Hospital muNew York City, vakabudirira mukuita kuti ropa risagwambe vachishandisa sodium citrate. Kufambira mberi kunofadza zvikuru uku kwakanzi chishamiso nevamwe vanachiremba. “Zvakaita sokuti zuva rakanga raitwa kuti rirambe rakamira,” vakanyora kudaro Dr. Bertram M. Bernheim, chiremba aikudzwa munguva yavo.

Hondo Yenyika II yakava nokudiwa kwakakura kweropa. Vanhu vakaona nhamo nokukumbirwa nezvikwangwani zvaiva namashoko akadai sookuti “Ipa Ropa Iye Zvino,” “Ropa Rako Rinogona Kumuponesa,” uye “Akapa Ropa Rake. Uchapa Rako Here?” Vakawanda vakabvuma kupa ropa raikumbirwa. MuHondo Yenyika II, marita anenge 7 500 000 akapiwa muUnited States. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muLondon anopfuura marita 260 000 akawanikwa uye akaisirwa. Chokwadi, kuisira ropa kwakanga kuine njodzi dzoutano dzakawanda, sezvakaratidzwa munguva pfupi yakatevera.

Zvirwere Zvinopfuudzwa Neropa

Pakapera Hondo Yenyika II, kufambira mberi kukuru mune zvemishonga kwakaita kuti kuvhiya kwakanga kusingafungidzirwi munguva yakapfuura kuitwe. Somugumisiro, bhizimisi rinowana mabhiriyoni akawanda emadhora pagore rakavamba kugovera ropa rokuisira, iro vanachiremba vakatanga kufunga kuti raifanira kushandiswa pakuvhiya.

Zvisinei, nenguva isipi vanhu vakatanga kunetseka nezvirwere zvinounzwa nomuropa rinoisirwa. Somuenzaniso, muHondo yeKorea, inenge 22 muzana yevakaisirwa ropa vakazvimba chiropa—kupeta nekatatu vakadaro muHondo Yenyika II. Pakazosvika ma1970, U.S. Centers for Disease Control yakafungidzira nhamba yevakafa nokuzvimba chiropa kwakawanwa muropa rakaisirwa kuva 3 500 pagore. Vamwe vanoti nhamba iyoyo yakapetwa nekagumi.

Nemhaka yokuongorora kuri nani uye kutsvaka kwokungwarira vanopa ropa, nhamba yokuwana chirwere chokuzvimba chiropa hepatitis-B yakaderera. Asi zvino utachiona hutsva uye dzimwe nguva hunouraya—kuzvimba chiropa hepatitis C—hwakabata vakawanda. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vane mamiriyoni mana vakabatira utachiona hwacho, mazana ezviuru acho kubva muropa rakaisirwa. Ichokwadi kuti pakupedzisira kuongorora kwakanyanya kwakaderedza kuwanda kwokuzvimba chiropa hepatitis C. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe vanotya kuti dzimwe njodzi itsva dzichavapo uye dzichaonekwa pasisina nguva.

Imwe Njodzi: Ropa Rine Utachiona hweHIV

Muma1980, kwakaonekwa kuti ropa rinogona kuva neHIV, utachiona hunokonzera AIDS. Pakutanga, vanochengeta ropa vakaramba kufunga kuti ropa ravo ringava noutachiona. Vakawanda vavo pakuvamba vakafunga havo kuti kuiswa kwoupenyu pangozi neHIV kwaiva ngano. Maererano naDr. Bruce Evatt, “kwakaita sokuti mumwe munhu akanga afamba achibva murenje ndokuti, ‘Ndaona chimwe chinhu chinobva kunze kwepasi redu.’ Vakateerera, asi havana kuzvidavira.”

Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika dzakawanda dzave dzichiwana njodzi huru dzeropa rine utachiona hweHIV. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muFrance, vanhu vari pakati pe6 000 ne8 000 vakatapukirwa noutachiona hweHIV kubva muropa ravakaisirwa pakati pa1982 na1985. Kuisira ropa kunonzi ndiko kwakakonzera kutapukirwa noutachiona hweHIV hune 10 muzana muAfrica yose uye 40 muzana yevanorwara neAIDS muPakistan. Nhasi, nemhaka yokuongorora kwakavandudzwa, kuwana HIV kubva muropa rinoisirwa kwava kushoma munyika dzakabudirira mune zvoupfumi. Zvisinei, kutapukirwa kwakadaro richiri dambudziko guru munyika dzakawanda dzichiri kusimukira dzisina muitiro wokuongorora.

Zvinonzwisisika kuti mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya kwave kuine kufarirwa kwakakura kwomushonga nokuvhiya zvisina ropa. Asi uku kumwe kurapa kwakachengeteka here?

[Bhokisi riri papeji 6]

Kuisira Ropa—Hapana Nzira Chaiyo Inoshandiswa

Gore rimwe nerimwe muUnited States moga, masero matsvuku eropa anopfuura marita 5 500 000 anoisirwa varwere vanopfuura 3 000 000. Achifunga nezvenhamba iyoyo yakakura, mumwe angafunga kuti pane nzira chaiyo inoshandiswa navanachiremba pakuisira ropa. Asi, The New England Journal of Medicine inoti zvinoshamisa kuti kune mashoko mashoma zvikuru “okutungamirira zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuisira ropa.” Kutaura zvazviri, kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoitwa, kwete chete maererano nezvechinoisirwa chacho uye kuti chakawanda zvakadini asiwo pamusoro pokuona kana ropa richifanira kuisirwa. “Chiremba ndiye anosarudza kuisira ropa, kwete murwere,” rinodaro bhuku rezvokurapa rinonzi Acta Anæsthesiologica Belgica. Tichifunga nezvezviri pamusoro, hazvishamisi kuti kuongorora kwakaitwa kwakabudiswa muThe New England Journal of Medicine kwakaratidza kuti “kuisira ropa kunokwana 66 muzana kunoitwa zvisina kunaka.”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Hondo Yenyika II yakava nokuwedzera kwokudiwa kweropa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Imperial War Museum, London

U.S. National Archives photos