Chii Chichaitika Kuhondo Mune Remangwana?
“MUMAKORE 4 000 okuedza nokudzokorora, kurwiwa kwehondo kwazova muitiro,” akadaro wezvenhau dzemauto John Keegan. Muitiro wacho uchamiswa here? Upenyu husingaverengeki hwakaitwa zvibayiro zvehondo. Simba rinoshamisa nezviwanikwa zvakawanda zvakaita kuti pave nehondo. Kwezviuru zvemakore, vane pfungwa dzakapinza vave vachipedza nguva yakawanda vachitsvaka nzira itsva nedziri nani dzekuuraya nokuparadza. Vanhu vanoratidzira chido chakafanana chokuchengeta runyararo here? Nyangwe! Asi, vamwe nokungwarira vanofunga kuti pane zvikonzero zvokuva netariro.
Pfungwa Yokuti Hondo Haibatsiri
Tariro iyoyo inovakirwa pakudavira kuti vanhu vakabudirira havachaoni hondo sezvavaimboita. Muzana remakore rechi13, Genghis Khan murwi weMongol zvinonzi akati: “Mufaro uri mukukunda vavengi vako, mukuvadzingirira, mukuvatorera zvinhu zvavo, mukuvaodza mwoyo, mukubata chibharo vakadzi nevanasikana vavo.”
Munhu haagoni kufungidzira mutungamiriri wenyika achitaura mashoko akadaro nhasi! Bhuku rinonzi A History of Warfare (Nhoroondo yeHondo) rinoti: “Zvingasabvira chero kupi zvakwo munyika nhasi kuita kuti boka rinofunga ritsigire pfungwa yokuti hondo chiito chinotenderwa.” Kwese kwese hondo haichaonekwi sechinhu chatakazvarwa chiripo, chakangogara chiripo, chinoshamisa, kana kuti chine mukurumbira. Kuteurwa kweropa revakawanda muhondo dzemuzana remakore rechi20 kwasiya vanhu vava nepfungwa yekutya uye yekusemeswa nezvinoita hondo. Mumwe munyori akataura kuti kuvenga chisimba uku kwakaita kuti kuranga nokuuraya kubviswe munyika dzakawanda uye kwakakurudzira kunzwira urombo vaya vanoramba kubatanidzwa mumabasa echiuto.
Kusemburwa nekuuraya vanhu vakawanda hakuzi chikonzero choga chachinja mafungire evanhu. Panewo nhau inokosha yekuzvichengeta. Chakanyanya kukura isimba rekuparadza kwezvombo zvemazuva ano, zvenyukireya nezvimwe zvombo, izvo zvinogona kuparira njodzi yekutsakatika kungaparirwa nehondo chero ipi zvayo yenyika dzine masimba makuru nhasi. Kutanga imwe hondo inorwiwa nenyika dzakawanda kupenga, kutsvaka kuzviuraya. Vakawanda vanoti, ndiyoyi pfungwa yadzivisa hondo yenyukireya kwemakore anopfuura 50.
Pane chimwe chikonzero nei vamwe vanhu vachifunga zvakasiyana nezvenguva yemberi. Hondo inorwiwa nenyika dzakawanda inoonekwa seisingabatsiri kwete chete nemhaka yokuti chinhu chose chinogona kuparara asiwo nemhaka yokuti zvinhu zvishomanana zvinogona kuhwinwa. Chikonzero cheupfumi chingangokonesa hondo huru ndeichi: Nyika dzakapfuma, dzine simba dzinobatsirika kwazvo nemushandirapamwe wezveupfumi. Zvinhu zvinowanikwa nenyika idzi munguva yerugare hazvigoni kuenzaniswa nechero zvipi zvazvo zvingaunzwa nehondo. Saka, pane chikonzero chakanaka chekuti nyika dzine simba dzigarisane murugare. Mukuwedzera, zvinotodzibetsera kubatanidza mauto ekudzora hondo chero dzipi zvadzo dzenyika duku dzinoda kuvhiringidza mamiriro ezveupfumi.
Zviri Kuedza Kuitwa Nenyika Yose Kuti Pave Nerugare
Chido chokugumisa hondo chinoratidzwa mumashoko ekutanga ebumbiro reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose. Imomo tinorava nezvekuvavarira kwenyika dziri nhengo dzacho “kudzivirira zvizvarwa zvinotevera pamatambudziko anoparirwa nehondo, ayo akaita kuti vanhu vasuruvare zvisingatauriki kaviri muupenyu hwedu zvichitevera [hondo mbiri dzenyika yose].” Kuvavarira ikoko kudzivirira zvizvarwa zvenguva yemberi pahondo kwakaratidzwa mupfungwa yekubatana pakuchengeta—pfungwa yokuti nyika dzinofanira kubatana mukurwisa chero nyika ipi zvayo inonzi inodenha. Saka, kudai chero nyika ipi zvayo yaida kutanga hondo, yaizopedzerana nehasha dzenzanga yenyika yose.
Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa yacho iri nyore uye ine musoro mukungotaura, kuishandisa yave iri imwe nyaya. The Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Kunyange zvazvo kubatana pakuchengetedza, munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kwakabetsera Bumbiro reSangano Renyika Dzakabatana uye kunosimbiswawo muBumbiro reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose, kwakundikana zvachose mumativi ose ari maviri. Nokushaiwa hurumende yenyika yose inogona kupedza nharo, nyika hadzisati dzakwanisa pakunyatsobvumirana chaiko kuti chii chinofanira kunyatsonzi kudenha, hadzisati dzaratidza kubvuma nheyo yokuti kudenha hakufaniri kungosiyiwa kwakadaro pasinei nekuti adenha wacho anozivikanwa zvakadini, uyewo nokudaro hadzina kuumba mauto akabatana okuchengetedza sezvaifungwa muBumbiro racho.”
Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, pfungwa yekuumba sangano renyika yose rekuchengeta runyararo yaiva chimwe chinhu chitsva munhau dzevanhu. Kune vakawanda vanoshuva rugare, muchengeti werugare weUN, akapfeka bhareta rebhuruu, anoramba ari chiratidzo chetariro. Vanofungawo semutori wenhau akarumbidza “pfungwa yemurwi werugare, anotumirwa kunzvimbo ine hondo, kwete kunorwa hondo, asi kunochengeta runyararo, kwete kunorwisa vavengi, asi kunobatsira shamwari.”
Kwemakumi emakore Hondo Yemashoko yakakamuranisa UN mumapoka maviri ane simba, rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirira kupokana chero chinhu chipi zvacho chaida kuitwa nerimwe. Kunyange zvazvo kupera kweHondo Yemashoko kusina kugumisa hondo zvachose, kusavimbana, uye kunyumwirana kwenyika, vakawanda vanodavira kuti mamiriro ezvematongerwe enyika zvino ari kupa mikana isina kumbovapo kuUN kuti iite sezvayakaumbirwa.
Zvimwe zvakaitika muzana remakore rechi20 zvinopawo tariro kuvaya vanoshuva rugare. Somuenzaniso, vavariro yeunyanzvi hwokukurukurirana hwenyika dzakawanda ndeyekupedza hondo murugare. Rubatsiro rwemasangano anoyamura runobatsira nyika kuti dzimutsiridze dzimwe nyika uye anobatsira marudzi asakadzwa nehondo. Kuyananisa kupa ruyamuro zvose zvava kubatanidzwa mumutemo wekubata nenyika dzekumwe. Vaya vanochengeta runyararo vanokudzwa.
Rudzi Rwehondo Yenguva Yemberi
Zvisinei, chero pfungwa dzipi zvadzo dzetariro dzinofanira kudzikamiswa nezvimwe zvinhu chaizvo zvisina kujeka. Hondo Yemashoko payakapera muna 1989, vakawanda vakaratidza chivimbo chavo mugadziriro yerugare yenyika yose. Kunyange zvakadaro, hondo yakapfuurira. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore manomwe akatevera, hondo dzinokwana 101 dzakarwiwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Dzakawanda dzacho dzaisava hondo dzekurwisana nedzimwe nyika asi hondo dzevagari venyika imwe. Dzairwiwa nemapato anopikisa nezvombo zvisiri zvemazuva ano. Somuenzaniso, muRwanda, kuuraya kuzhinji kwaiitwa neminondo.
Mazuva ano, hondo dzinowanzorwirwa mumataundi nemumisha, uye pane musiyano mudiki kana kuti hapana pakati pevarwi nevasiri varwi. Michael Harbottle, mutungamiriri weMuzinda Wekuchengeta Rugare Munyika Yose, akanyora kuti: “Nepo kare zvaikonzera hondo zvingave zvainyatsooneka, nhasi hazvichanyatsooneka uye zvakaoma kwazvo kudzora. Ukuru hwechisimba chinobatana nazvo hachidaviriki uye hachinzwisisiki zvachose. Vagariwo zvavo venyika yacho vasiri varwi vangangouraiwa kungofanana nevarwi.” Hondo dzakadaro dzisingarwiwi nezvombo zvemazuva ano hadziratidzi sedziri kupera chaizvo.
Zvichingunodai, munyika dzakapfuma, kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvazvino uno kuri kungopfuurira. Michina inotenderera ichitora mashoko nemifananidzo—chero ikaiswa mumhepo, muchadenga, mugungwa, kana kuti pasi—inogonesa uto ramazuva ano kunyatsoona nokukurumidza kupfuura kare, kunyange munzvimbo, dzakaita semasango akapfumvutira. Michina inotora mashoko nemifananidzo ikangoona chinenge chichida kurwisa chacho chete, zvombo zvinokandwa, zvombo zvinoputika, kana kuti mabhomba anotungamirirwa nemichina iyi anogona kuchibhomba—kazhinji zvichienda pari kudiwa chaipo. Sezvo unyanzvi hutsva huchivandudzwa nokubatanidzwa, “hondo yekurwisana nenyika iri kure” iri kusvika pakuva chaiyoiyo, zvichigonesa uto kuona chinhu chose, kubhomba chinhu chose, nokuparadza zvakawanda zvine muvengi.
Tichifunga nezvehondo ingangorwiwa munguva yemberi, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuvapo kwezvombo zvinotyisa zvenyukireya. Magazini inonzi The Futurist inofungidzira kuti: “Kuwedzera nekukurumidza kunoramba kuchiita zvombo zveatomu kunowedzera kubvira kwekuti tizova nehondo imwe kana kupfuura dzeatomu mumakore 30 ari kutevera. Uyewo, zvombo zveatomu zvingashandiswa nemagandanga.”
Chinetso Chacho Ndechei?
Chii chakavhiringidza zvakaedza kuitwa kuti pave nerugare rwenyika yose? Chimwe chinhu chiri pachena ndechekuti mhuri yevanhu haina kubatana. Vanhu vakakamuraniswa mumarudzi netsika zvinoita kuti vasavimbane, vavengane, kana kuti vatyanane. Panewo kurwisana kwetsika, mafungiro, nevavariro. Uyezve, kushandiswa kwesimba remauto kwezviuru zvemakore kwave kuchionekwa sechikonzero chepamutemo chekuwana nacho zvinodiwa nenyika yose. Achitsigira mamiriro ezvinhu aya, mashoko anobva kuStrategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College akati: “Kune vakawanda, izvi zvakareva kuti rugare rwaizovapo chete nehurumende yenyika yose.”
Vamwe vakafunga kuti Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose ringava hurumende iyoyo. Asi UN haina kumbobvira yarongerwa kuva hurumende yenyika yose ine simba rinopfuura renyika dziri nhengo dzayo. Inongova nesimba rainobvumirwa kuva naro nenyika dziri nhengo dzayo. Kunyumwirana nekusabvumirana zvinopfuurira pakati penyika idzodzo, uye simba radzinopa UN rakaganhurirwa. Saka, panzvimbo pokuti igadziridze gadziriro yenyika yose, UN inoramba ichitoratidzawo zvakaita gadziriro yacho.
Kunyange zvakadaro, rugare rwenyika yose rwuchauya zvechokwadi panyika. Nyaya inotevera inoratidzira kuti izvozvo zvichaitika sei.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 13]
“VANHU VANOFANIRA KUPEDZA HONDO, KANA KUTI HONDO ICHAPEDZA VANHU.”—JOHN F. KENNEDY
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]
UN haisati yava hurumende yenyika yose
[Kwazvakatorwa]
UN photo