Nedikita Revana

“Vana, zvino vari kushandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu, vari kubatwa sezvinhu zvinotengeswa kwete senzanga yemangwana yevanhu.”—Chira Hongladarom, mutungamiriri weHuman Resources Institute, Thailand.

NGUVA inotevera unotengera mwanasikana wako chidhori, yeuka kuti chingave chakagadzirwa nevana vaduku muSoutheast Asia. Nguva inotevera mwanakomana wako anobanha bhora renhabvu, funga chokwadi chokuti ringave rakasonwa nemusikana muduku ane makore matatu uyo, pamwe chete namai vake nevakoma vake vana, vanoshandira masendi 75 pazuva. Nguva inotevera yauchatenga kapeti, funga kuti ingave yakarukwa neminwe inokurumidza yevakomana vane makore matanhatu vanoshanda maawa akareba zuva nezuva vachibatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kushandiswa kwevana kwakapararira zvakadini? Kuri kuitei kuvana? Chii chinogona kuitwa kugadzirisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu?

Makuriro Akaita Dambudziko Racho

Maererano neInternational Labor Organization (ILO), nhamba yevana vanoshanda vari pakati pemakore 5 ne14 munyika dzichiri kusimukira inofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 250.a Zvinofungidzirwa kuti 61 muzana yavo vari muAsia, 32 muzana vari muAfrica, uye 7 muzana vari muLatin America. Kushandiswa kwevana kurimowo munyika dzakapfuma.

Kumaodzanyemba kweEurope nhamba huru yevana inoonekwa mumabasa anobhadhara, kunyanya mumabasa emwaka, akadai sekurima, nemumashopu maduku anogadzirwa zvinhu. Munguva pfupi ichangobva kupfuura, kushandiswa kwevana kwakawedzera muCentral neEastern Europe zvichitevera kuchinja kubva muchiKomunizimu kuenda mugadziriro yezveupfumi umo varidzi vahwo vanohudzora. MuUnited States, nhamba inozivikanwa zviri pamutemo yevana vanoshandiswa mamiriyoni 5,5, asi haibatanidzi vana vakawanda vane makore ari pasi pe12 vanoshanda zvisiri pamutemo mumashopu anofondotsa vanhu asingabhadhari zvakakwana kana kuti sevashandi vemwaka vanotama mumapurazi makuru. Mamiriyoni evana ava anova sei muboka revashandi?

Zvinokonzera Kushandiswa Kwevana

Kumanikidzwa nenhamo. “Simba guru kupfuura ose riri kumanikidzira vana kushanda mabasa anokuvadza, anonetesa kumanikidzwa nenhamo,” inodaro The State of the World’s Children 1997. “Mumhuri dzine nhamo, mari shoma inopiwa nemwana kana kubatsira kwake pamusha ichibvumira vabereki kushanda inogona kuita kuti pasave nenzara chaiyo asi pawanikwe zvokungorarama nazvo. Vabereki vane vana vanoshanda kazhinji havashandi kana kuti havana basa rinogutsa. Havana tariro yemari yakakwana. Saka nei zvakadaro kuti vana vavo vanowana mabasa acho panzvimbo pavo? Nokuti vana vanogona kubhadharwa muripo mushoma. Nokuti vana vanoteerera nyore uye vanodzidzisika—vakawanda vanoita chero chipi zvacho chavanoudzwa kuita, vasingambonyanyi kubvunza chiremera. Nokuti kashoma kuti vana varonge kumukira kana vadzvinyirirwa. Uye nokuti havadzoreri kana vakarohwa.

Kushaikwa kwedzidzo. Sudhir, mukomana ane makore 11 wekuIndia, ndemumwe wemamiriyoni evana akarega chikoro ndokutanga kushanda. Nei? “Muchikoro, vadzidzisi vaisadzidzisa zvakanaka,” anopindura kudaro. “Pataivakumbira kuti vatidzidzise maarufabheti, vaitirova. Vairara mukirasi. . . . Patainge tisina kunzwisisa, vaisatidzidzisa.” Zviri kutaurwa naSudhir nezvechikoro nenzira inosuruvarisa zvakarurama. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kuderedza mari inoshandiswa mumabasa enzanga kwakavhiringidza dzidzo zvikuru. Kuongorora kwakaitwa neUN muna 1994 munyika 14 dzichiri kusimukira kwakaratidza chokwadi chinofadza. Somuenzaniso, muhafu yenyika idzi, mumakirasi egiredhi rokutanga mune zvigaro zvevadzidzi vana chete pavana gumi. Hafu yevana vacho haina mabhuku okuverenga, uye hafu yemakamuri okudzidzira haina mabhurekibhodhi. Hazvishamisi kuti, vana vakawanda vanopinda zvikoro zvakadaro vanopedzisira vava kushanda.

Zvinotarisirwa netsika. Kana basa rikave nengozi uye rakaoma zvikuru, richasiyirwa vanhu vakaderera, vanhu vepasi, vane nhamo, uye varombo. Nezvenyika yeAsia, United Nations Children’s Fund inoti “pfungwa yacho yave iri yokuti vamwe vanhu vanoberekerwa kutonga uye kushanda vachishandisa pfungwa dzavo nepo vamwe, voruzhinji, vachiberekerwa kushandisa miviri yavo.” Kumadokero, zvinofungwa hazvisi nani nguva dzose. Boka rinotungamirira haringadi kuti vana varo vaite mabasa ane ngozi, asi havamboshayi hope kana vanhu vaduku vemarudzi, madzinza akaderera uye varombo vakaita basa rakadaro. Somuenzaniso, kuchamhembe kweEurope, vana vanoshandiswa vangangove vekuTurkey, kana kuti vekuAfrica; muUnited States, vangave vari vekuAsia kana kuti kuLatin-America. Kushandiswa kwevana kunowedzerwa nenzanga yazvino yakabatikana mune zvokutengeserana. Kuda zvinhu zvine mutengo wakaderedzwa kukuru. Vanhu vashoma vanoratidzira kuti vane hanya nokuti izvi zvingangove zvakagadzirwa nemamiriyoni asingazivikanwi, evana vakadzvinyirirwa.

Marudzi Okushandiswa Kwevana

Ndedzipi nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokushandiswa kwevana? Vana vanoshanda vakawanda vanoita mabasa epamusha. Vashandi vakadaro vave vachinzi “vana vakanyanya kukanganwika venyika.” Basa repamusha harifaniri kuva ngozi, asi kazhinji ndozvariri. Vana vanoshanda mumisha vanobhadharwa zvishoma—kana kusabhadharwa zvachose. Vashandirwi vavo ndivo vanogadza mitemo yebasa racho nemashandiro acho zvichienderana nezvido zvavo chete. Havawani rudo, dzidzo, kutamba, nezvinoitwa munzanga. Ndivowo vanorohwa kana kumanikidzwa kurarwa navo nyore nyore.

Vamwe vana vanozviwana pachavo vava vashandi vanoita zvokumanikidzwa uye vachisungirwa kusachinja vashandirwi vavo. MuSouth Asia, nedzimwewo nzvimbo, vana kazhinji vane makore masere kana mapfumbamwe, vanotengeswa nevabereki vavo kuvaridzi vemafekitari kana kuti kuvamiriri vawo avo vanovakweretesa mari shomanene. Kushanda kunoita vana upenyu hwavo hwose hakutombokwanisa kunyange nokuderedza chikwereti chacho.

Zvakadini nekuita bhizimisi remahure nevana? Zvinofungidzirwa kuti gore rega rega vasikana vanoda kusvika miriyoni imwe mupasi rose vanokwezviwa kupinda mubhizimisi rokutengesa miviri yavo. Vakomana zvakare vanomanikidzwa kurara nevamwe vanhu. Kukuvadza muviri nepfungwa kunoparirwa nerudzi urwu rwekubatwa zvisina kufanira—tisingatauri nezvokutapukirwa noutachiona hweHIV—ndirwo rumwe rudzi rune ngozi zvikurusa rwokushandisa vana. “Takangofanana nevadzungairi vasina pokugara munzanga,” inodaro pfambi ine makore 15 yokuSenegal. “Hapana anoda kutiziva kana kuonekwa anesu.”b

Nhamba huru muzana yevana vanoshanda inodzvinyirirwa mubasa remuindasitiri nemuminda mirefu. Vana vakadaro vanoshanda zvakaoma mumigodhi zvaizoonekwa sezvine njodzi huru kuvakuru. Vakawanda vanotambura nehosha yorurindi, bronchitis, neasima. Vana vanoshandiswa muminda mirefu vanogona kukuvadzwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, kurumwa nenyoka, nekurumwa netupukanana. Vamwe vakaremadzwa vachicheka nzimbe nemapanga mahombe. Mamiriyoni evamwe vana akaita migwagwa nzvimbo dzavo dzokushandira. Tora somuenzaniso, Shireen ane makore gumi, nyanzvi mukurarama nezvekupara. Musikana uyu haana kumboenda kuchikoro, asi anoziva kushandisa noungwaru zvaanowana kuti ararame. Kana akatengesa mapepa anenge araswa nemapepabheki emasendi 30 kusvika ku50, anodya zvokudya zvemasikati. Asi akawana shoma, haadyi. Vana vanombeya-mbeya nemigwagwa, kazhinji vanotiza kubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kusaitirwa hanya pamusha, vanopfuurira kubatwa zvisina kufanira nokudzvinyirirwa mumugwagwa. “Zuva rega rega ndinonyengeterera kuti ndisaguma ndava mumaoko akaipa,” anodaro Josie, ane makore gumi anotengesa zvihwitsi zveshuga mumugwagwa mukuru weguta reAsia.

Huduku Hunoparadzwa

Semugumisiro wenzira dzakadaro dzokushandisa vana, makumi emamiriyoni evana anogona kuwirwa nengozi dzakakomba. Idzi dzingakonzerwa nerudzi rwebasa racho rinobatanidzwa kana kuti kushanda panzvimbo isina kunaka. Vana nevamwe vashandi vechiduku vanowanzoita tsaona dzakanyanya kukomba pabasa kupfuura vanhu vakuru. Izvi imhaka yokuti muviri wemwana wakasiyana newemukuru. Musana wake kana kuti pfupa rake rehudyu rinogona kukanganisika nyore nebasa rinorema. Vanawo, vanotambura kwazvo kupfuura vakuru vakava pane mishonga yemakemikoro ine ngozi kana kuti mwaranzi. Mukuwedzera, vana havana simba rakakodzera kushanda maawa marefu okushingaira uye ebasa rinopfinha, zviri izvo zvinowanzoitika kwavari. Kazhinji havazivi nezvengozi dzacho, uyewo havazivi matanho okuzvidzivirira avanofanira kushandisa.

Zvinoitwawo pakukura kwepfungwa, manzwire, uye uchenjeri zvevana vanoshandiswa zvakatoipa zvikuru. Vana vakadaro havaratidzwi chidakadaka. Kurohwa, kutukwa, chirango chokunyimwa zvokudya, uye kushinhwa zvakajairika. Maererano nekumwe kuongorora, inoda kusvika hafu yevana vanoshandiswa vanenge mamiriyoni 250 vakasiyira chikoro panzira. Mukuwedzera, zvakacherekedzwa kuti mano okudzidza evana vanoshanda maawa marefu anogona kukuvadzwa.

Zvose izvi zvinorevei? Kuti vana vakawanda vanoshandiswa vanorongerwa urombo, nhamo, kurwara, kusadzidza, uye kunzi havabatsiri munzanga kweupenyu hwavo hwose. Kana kuti, sezvinotaurwa nemunyori wenhau Robin Wright, “pasinei nekubudirira kwayo mune zvesayenzi nokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, nyika pamugumo weZana remakore rechi20 iri kubudisa mamiriyoni evana vane tariro shoma youpenyu hwenguva dzose, chida kutungamirira nyika kupinda muzana remakore rechi21.” Mashoko aya anoda kufungisisa anomutsa mibvunzo inoti: Vana vanofanira kubatwa sei? Pane mhinduro dziripo here pakucherekedza nezvechinetso chevana vanoshandiswa zvisina kufanira?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 23]

Kushandiswa Kwevana Chii?

VANA vakawanda munzanga dzose pane nguva yavanotoshanda neimwe nzira. Marudzi ebasa racho ravanoita anosiyana zvichienderana nenzanga uye nokufamba kwenguva. Basa rinogona kuva rutivi runokosha rwenzira yomubereki yokugovera nayo vana unyanzvi hunokosha. Mune dzimwe nyika, vana kazhinji vanoshanda mumashopu anogadzirwa zvinhu nekuita mabasa maduku, zvishoma nezvishoma vachizova vashandi vave kuziva basa zvizere gare gare muupenyu. Mudzimwe nyika, vaduku vemakore ari pakati pe13 ne19 vanoshanda maawa mashoma pavhiki kuti vazviwanire mari yavo yemuhomwe. United Nations Children’s Fund inoti basa rakadaro “rinobatsira, rinotsigira kana kuti rinokudza mwana mumuviri, pfungwa, umudzimu, tsika kana magariro evanhu pasina kuvhiringidza chikoro, nhandaro nekuzorora.”

Ukuwo, kushandiswa kwevana, kunoreva kushanda kwevana kwemaawa akawanda nokuda kwemuripo mushoma, kazhinji mumamiriro ezvinhu anokuvadza utano hwavo. Basa rakadai “sezviri pachena rinoparadza kana kuti rinodzvinyirira,” inotsinhira kudaro The State of the World’s Children 1997. “Hapana aizopokana pachena kuti kushandisa vana sepfambi kunobvumirwa chero mumamiriro api zvawo ezvinhu. Zvakafanana zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro ‘pevana vanoshandira kubhadhara chikwereti’, shoko rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pamusoro pevana vanoitwa varanda kuti vabhadhare chikwereti chakakonzerwa nevabereki kana navanasekuru navanambuya vavo. Izvi zvinoshandawo mumaindasitiri anozivikanwa seasingakoshesi utano uye zvavanoshandisa kudzivirira njodzi dzacho . . . Basa rine njodzi harikodzeri kuitwa nevana vose zvavo.”

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 26, 27]

“Pachine Zvakawandisa Zvinoda Kuitwa”

SANGANO reInternational Labor (ILO) riri kutungamirira nhamburiko dzokubvisa nzira dzakaipisisa dzekushandiswa kwevana. Sangano reILO rinokurudzira hurumende kubudisa mutemo unorambidza kushanda kwevana vane makore ari pasi pe15. Rinosimudzirawo zvibvumirano zvitsva zvokurambidza vana vanoshanda vane makore ari pasi pe12 uye kurambidza nzira dzine njodzi kwazvo dzoudzvinyiriri. Kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezvekubudirira kwenhamburiko dzakadaro, veMukai! vakataura naSonia Rosen, mutungamiriri weInternational Child Labor Program, yeU.S. Department of Labor. Akashanda zvakanyanya nemapurogiramu akawanda eILO. Hechinoi chimwe chikamu chakabva mukurukurirano iyoyo.

Q.: Inzira ipi inonyatsoshanda yekurwisa kushandiswa kwevana?

A.: Hatina kana nemhinduro imwe yakarurama. Zvisinei, pamwero wenyika yose, nyaya dzatakakurukura inyaya dzinokosha, dzakadai, semutemo unomanikidza zvakakwana dzidzo yose yokutanga, kuti inofanira kumankidzwa uye ive yepachena. Chokwadika, kuwanira vabereki vacho mabasa akakwana zvinokoshawo.

Q.: Muri kugutsikana nekufambira mberi kwakatoitwa kare here kurwisa kushandiswa kwevana?

A.: Handimbofa ndagutsikana. Zvechokwadi tinotaura kuti hapana mwana anofanira kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kufanira. Takabudirira kwazvo nemapurogiramu eILO. Asi pachine zvakawanda kwazvo zvinoda kuitwa.

Q.: Ko nzanga yenyika yose iri kuitei nezvenhamburiko dziri kuitwa kubvisa kushandiswa kwevana?

A.: Handichazivi kuti mubvunzo iwoyo ndoupindura sei. Pari zvino mupasi rose tasvika padanho rokubvuma kuti kushandiswa kwevana ndechimwe chinhu chinofanira kugadziriswa. Panguva ino ndinofunga kuti mibvunzo chaiyoiyo ndeyokuti: Sei, uye nokukurumidza sei? Inzira dzipi dzakanakisisa dzatingagona kushandisa kubvisa mamwe marudzi okushandiswa kwevana? Ndinofunga kuti ipapo ndipo pane chinetso chedu chaicho.

Q.: Vana vanoshanda vanogona kutarisirei munguva yemberi?

A.: Nyika dzepasi rose dzava kuda kudzokera kuGeneva gore rino kuzoita chibvumirano chitsva pamusoro penzira dzakaipisisa dzokushandiswa kwevana. Izvozvo zvine vimbiso yakakura zvechokwadi—nyika dzose, kubatanidza masangano evashandi nemasangano evashandirwi. Tinovimba kuti izvozvo zvichaumba chimwe chinhu chine vavariro yokubvisa nzira dzakaipisisa dzokushandiswa kwevana.

Havasi vose vanofungidzira kuti zvichanaka sezvaanotarisira. Charles MacCormack, purezidhendi wesangano rinonzi Chengetai Vana, ane zvaanorambira. “Hapana chinoratidza chido chevatungamiriri venyika uye vanhu voruzhinji havanyatsoziva kuti zvingaita,” anodaro. Nei? United Nations Children’s Fund inotsinhira kuti: “Kushandiswa kwevana kazhinji inhau yakaoma. Pane masimba anoitsigira, kubatanidza vashandirwi vakawanda, mapoka eudyire anoda mari nevezvemari vachiti vatengi vanofanira kusununguka pamamiriro chero api ezvinhu, uye vezvetsika vachidavira kuti boka revana vakati rinozvidzisa kodzero dzavo.”

[Mufananidzo]

Sonia Rosen

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23]

Nhau isingafadzi yokushandiswa kwevana inobatanidza kushanda zvakaoma mumigodhi nemumafekitari edonje

[Kwazvakatorwa]

U.S. National Archives photos

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

Kutsvaka zvokudya munorasirwa marara

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

Kushanda zvakaoma mukutsvakwa kwehuni

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UN PHOTO 148046/ J. P. Laffont - SYGMA

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

Kushanda mufekitari ye“yarn”

[Kwazvakatorwa]

CORBIS/Dean Conger

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Vana vanotengesa mumigwagwa vanoshandira mari shoma inosvika masendi matanhatu pazuva

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UN PHOTO 148027/Jean Pierre Laffont

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Kushanda mushopu yokuveza

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UN PHOTO 148079/ J. P. Laffont - SYGMA

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Kuedza kutsvaka zvokurarama nazvo

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UN PHOTO 148048/J. P. Laffont - SYGMA