Gutenberg—Kupfumisa Kwaakaita Nyika!
YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUGERMANY
NDECHIPI chinhu chakagadzirwa mumakore ane chiuru apfuura chakanyanyochinja upenyu hwako? Runhare here, terevhizheni, kana kuti motokari? Zvichida pane zvadudzwa hapana. Maererano navanamazvikokota vakawanda, kwaiva kudhinda nemuchina. Murume anorumbidzwa kuti akagadzira mitoo yokutangisisa ndiJohannes Gensfleisch zur Laden, anonyanyozivikanwa saJohannes Gutenberg. Akarererwa mumhuri yakakwirira nokudaro aisafanira kushanda pasi pevamwe vanhu.
Mudziyo waGutenberg unoratidza kushandisa pfungwa wave uchirondedzerwa se“chinhu chikurusa chakapiwawo neGermany kumararamire.” Kopi yoga yoga yezvaakadhinda yakapukunyuka—rinowanzonzi Bhaibheri raGutenberg rine mitsetse 42—inokosha zvikuru kwazvo.
Golden Mainz
Gutenberg akaberekerwa muMainz, munenge mugore ra1397. Riri pamahombekombe peRwizi rwaRhine, Mainz panguvayo raiva guta rine vanhu vane 6 000. Raizivikanwa seGolden Mainz, riri guru remaguta ane simba aiva akabatana. Mabhishopi makuru emuMainz aiva vasarudzi veHoly Roman Empire. Mainz yaiva yakakurumbira nemhaka yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvendarama. Johannes muduku akadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pokugadzira zvinhu zvesimbi, kubatanidza kugadzira mabhii nesimbi. Nemhaka yekukakavadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, akaenda kuStrasbourg senhapwa kwemakore akati kuti, uko aigadzira zvinhu nematombo anokosha nokuzvidzidzisa. Asi chaainyanyopedzera nguva pachiri raiva basa rake repachivande rechinhu chitsva chaakanga awana. Gutenberg akaedza kunatsiridza unyanzvi hwekudhinda nemuchina.
Ungwaru hwaGutenberg Nemari yaFust
Gutenberg akadzokera kuMainz uye akapfuurira nezvaaiedza. Kuti awane mari akaenda kuna Johann Fust, uyo akamukweretesa magulden 1 600—mari yakawanda kwazvo panguva iyo nyanzvi yekugadzira zvinhu yaitambira magulden 30 bedzi pagore. Fust aiva murume webhizinesi akangwara uyo akaona mhindu pachigadzirwa chacho. Gutenberg akanga achifunga kuita bhizinesi rei?
Gutenberg akacherechedza kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvaiitwa zvakawanda zvikuru, asi izvo zvakafanana. Somuenzaniso, mari dzesimbi, dzaigadzirwa kubva pachinhu chimwe chete, uye mabara aigadzirwa neforoma yesimbi. Saka mapeji akafanana akanyorwa anodii kudhindwawo obva abatanidzwa achitevedzana kuita mabhuku akafanana? Mabhuku api? Akafunga nezveBhaibheri, bhuku raidhura kwazvo zvokuti vanhu vashomanene chete ndivo vaiva neropafadzo yokuva nemakopi avo. Chinangwa chaGutenberg chaiva chokugadzira maBhaibheri akawanda akafanana, achiaita kuti asadhure sezvaiita makopi akanyorwa nemaoko pasina kuvhiringidza manakire aro. Izvi zvaizoitwa sei?
Mabhuku mazhinji aikopwa nemaoko, izvo zvaida kushanda nesimba uye nguva. Kudhinda kwakanga kwamboedzwa nezvidimbu zvemiti zvakavezwa nemaoko, rimwe nerimwe rine peji yakanyorwa. Mumwe murume wekuChina ainzi Pi Sheng akanga atoumba mabhii evhu kuti ashandiswe pakudhinda. MuKorea, mabhii akaitwa nemhangura akanga ashandiswa panzvimbo yehurumende yaidhindirwa. Asi kudhinda netaipi inogona kugurunurwa—mabhii akagadzirwa akamira oga anogona kurongwa arongwazve nokuda kwepeji itsva—kwaida mabhii akawanda zvinotyisa, uye hapana akanga atanga nzira yokuagadzira nayo. Izvozvo zvakanga zvakamirira Gutenberg.
Senyanzvi yokugadzira zvinhu nesimbi, akanzwisisa kuti kudhinda kwaigona kuitwa zvakanakisisa nemabhii anogona kuchinjwa chinjwa akagadzirwa, kwete nevhu kana kuti muti, asi simbi. Aizogadzirwa muforoma, kwete kuvezwa kana kuti kuomeswa muhovhoni. Gutenberg aida foroma dzaigona kugadziriswa mabhii 26 ose earufabheti yomutauro wake—mabhii maduku nemakuru—uye mabhii maviri maviri, zvimiso, zviratidzo, uye nhamba. Pamwe chete, akaverenga kuti paidiwa mabhii akasiyana-siyana anokwana 290, rimwe nerimwe rine makumi akafanana naro.
Kutanga Basa
Gutenberg akasarudzira bhuku rake manyorero eGothic muchiLatin, aishandiswa nemamongi pakukopa Bhaibheri. Achishandisa ruzivo rwake rwokugadzira zvinhu nesimbi, akagadzira chidimbu chiduku chesteel ndokugadzirira ipapo mufananidzo wakasunamiswa webhii roga roga nechiratidzo, kureva kuti, chidimbu chesteel chakasunamiswa. (Mufananidzo 1) Chidhindo ichi chesteel chakazoshandiswa kudhinda mufananidzo wacho pane imwe simbi yakapfava, yemhangura kana kuti brass. Pakabuda bhii chairoiro rakanyorwa musimbi yakapfava, inonzi matrix.
Danho raitevera raiva nechokuita neforoma yokudururira bota resimbi, iyo yaiva chigadzirwa choungwaru hwaGutenberg. Foroma yacho yakanga yakaenzana nechibhakera chomunhu uye yakanga yakavhurika pamusoro nepasi. Matrix yebhii yakanga yakanamatidzwa pasi peforoma, uye bota resimbi raidururirwamo nepamusoro. (Mufananidzo 2) Musanganiswa wesimbi—tin, lead, antimony, uye bismuth—waitonhora nokuoma nokukurumidza.
Musanganiswa wesimbi waibudiswa muforoma waiva nemufananidzo wakasunamiswa webhii riri pasi uye wainzi taipi. Zvaidzokorodzwa kusvikira nhamba inodiwa yezvidimbu zvebhii iroro yagadzirwa. Ipapo matrix yaibviswa muforoma yotsiviwa nematrix yebhii rinotevera. Nokudaro, chero nhamba yezvidimbu zvetaipi zvebhii roga roga nezviratidzo zvaigona kugadzirwa nenguva diki diki. Taipi yose yaiva yakareba zvakaenzana, sezvaidiwa chaizvo naGutenberg.
Kudhinda zvino kwaigona kutanga. Gutenberg akasarudza chikamu cheBhaibheri chaaida kukopa. Nekamuti kekufambisa nako mabhii mumaoko, akashandisa taipi kuperetera mashoko nokugadzira mashoko ari muchikamu mumitsetse. (Mufananidzo 3) Mitsetse yose yaienzaniswa, kureva kuti, yaiva yakareba zvakafanana. Achishandisa galley, akaita kuti mitsetse ive makoramu, makoramu maviri papeji. (Mufananidzo 4)
Peji iri remashoko rainamirwa pamwe chete pakati sandara pomuchina uye rototeswa neingi nhema. (Mufananidzo 5) Muchina wokudhinda—wakafanana neunoshandiswa kugadzirisa waini—waibvisa ingi pataipi uchiyiisa papepa. Paibuda peji rakadhindwa. Imwe ingi nemamwe mapepa zvaishandiswa zvodzokororwa kusvikira nhamba inodiwa yemakopi yadhindwa. Sezvo taipi yaigona kugurunurwa, yaigona kushandiswa kugadzira rimwe peji.
Muchina Wounyanzvi Wokudhindisa
Shopu yaGutenberg, yaiva nevashandi 15 kusvika ku20, yakapedza Bhaibheri rokutanga rakadhindwa muna 1455. Makopi anenge 180 akaitwa. Bhaibheri rimwe nerimwe raiva nemapeji 1 282, nemitsetse 42 papeji, yakadhindwa mumakoramu maviri. Kubhainda mabhuku acho—Bhaibheri rimwe nerimwe raiva nemavhoriyamu maviri—uye kunakiswa kwemisoro yakapendwa nemaoko nebhii rokutanga reganhuro rimwe nerimwe zvakaitwa gare gare nevamwe vanhu vasiri vomushopu yaGutenberg.
Tinogona here kufungidzira kuti zvidimbu zvingani zvetaipi zvaidiwa kudhinda Bhaibheri? Peji roga roga rine mabhii anenge 2 600. Ngatitii Gutenberg aiva nemichina yokudhinda mitanhatu, mumwe uchiita mapeji matatu panguva imwe chete, vaizoda zvidimbu zvinokwana 46 000. Tinogona kunzwisisa nyore kuti foroma yaGutenberg ndiyo yaiva chinhu chinokosha pakudhinda nemabhii anogona kugurunurwa.
Vanhu vakashamiswa pavaienzanisa maBhaibheri acho: Shoko rimwe nerimwe raiva munzvimbo imwe chete. Izvozvo zvaisabvira nemagwaro akanyorwa nemaoko. Günther S. Wegener anonyora kuti Bhaibheri rine mitsetse 42 rakanga “rakafanana uye rakaenzana, richiwirirana uye rakaisvonaka, zvokuti vadhindi mumazana ose emakore vakakatyamadzwa kwazvo nebasa iri reshasha.”
Kuparadzwa Nemari
Zvisinei, Fust akanga asina shungu dzakanyanya dzokuita basa roushasha chake aida kuita mari. Mhindu yaibva mumari yake yaakanga akweretesa yakanga ichinonoka kupfuura zvaaikarira. Vanhu vaitsigirana vakatanga kugumburana, uye muna 1455—maBhaibheri achangonzi pedzwei—Fust akanga ava kuda mari yake yaakakweretesa. Gutenberg haana kukwanisa kubhadhara mari uye akakurirwa munhau yacho padare. Akamanikidzwa kupa Fust zvimwe zvezvinhu zvaaishandisa pakudhinda netaipi yemaBhaibheri. Fust akavhura shopu yake yokudhindira pamwe chete nemushandi waGutenberg aiva nounyanzvi zvikuru Peter Schöffer. Bhizinesi ravo, Fust naSchöffer, rakawana zita rakanaka rakanga rashandirwa naGutenberg uye rakava kudhinda kwezvokutengeserana kwokutanga kunobudirira zvikurusa munyika yose.
Gutenberg akaedza kupfuurira nebasa rake nokutanga mumwe muchina wokudhinda. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti ndiye akaita mamwe magwaro ekare sezana remakore rechi15. Asi hapana chikuru nechakaisvonaka seBhaibheri rine mitsetse 42. Muna 1462 rimwe dambudziko rakamuwira zvakare. Nemhaka yekurwira simba kwakaitika pakati pevanhu vanotungamirira veKaturike, Mainz yakapiswa nokupambwa. Gutenberg akarasikirwa neshopu yake kechipiri. Akafa makore matanhatu gare gare, muna February 1468.
Nhaka yaGutenberg
Zvakawanika naGutenberg zvakakurumidza kupararira. Pakasvika gore ra1500, kwakanga kwava nemichina yekudhinda mumaguta 60 eGermany uye dzimwe nyika 12 dzeEurope. “Kukura kwekudhinda kwakasvitsa vanhu pakuchinja panhau dzekurukurirano,” rinodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica. “Kwemakore anopfuura 500 akatevera kuvandudza kwakawanda kwakaitika mumichina yokudhinda, asi mutoo wacho chaiwoiwo wakaramba wakadaro.”
Kudhinda kwakachinja upenyu hwevanhu vekuEurope, sezvo kuziva kwakanga kusisina kuchengeterwa vane ropafadzo bedzi. Nhau nemashoko zvakatanga kusvika kune vanhuwo zvavo, avo vakatanga kuziva zvinhu zvakavapoteredza zviri nani. Kudhinda kwakaita kuti zvibvire kupa mutauro woga woga wemarudzi manyorere anogamuchirwa aigona kunzwisiswa nemunhu wese. Nokudaro, mitauro yechiNgezi, chiFrench, chiGerman yakaitwa kuti ive muchimiro chinogamuchirwa uye yakachengetedzwa. Kudiwa kwemabhuku okuverenga kwakawedzera zvinotyisa. Gutenberg asati aita basa rake kwaiva nezviuru zvishomanene zvemanyoro muEurope; makore 50 pashure perufu rwake, kwaiva nemamiriyoni emabhuku.
Reformation yezana remakore rechi16 ingadai isina kubudirira kudai pasina kudhinda nemuchina. Bhaibheri rakashandurwa muchiCzech, chiDutch, chiNgezi, chiFrench, chiGerman, chiItalian, chiPolish, uye chiRussian, uye muchina wokudhinda wakaita kuti kubudiswa kwemakumi ezviuru zvemakopi kuve nyore. Martin Luther akashandisa zvakanaka muchina wokudhinda kuparadzira shoko rake. Akabudirira mune zvaaiita izvo vamwe, vakararama muchini wokudhinda waGutenberg usati waitwa, vakanga vakundikana. Ndokusaka Luther akarondedzera muchina wokudhinda senzira yaMwari “yokuparadzira nayo chitendero chechokwadi munyika yose”!
Makopi Akasara eBhaibheri raGutenberg
MaBhaibheri mangani aGutenberg akasara? Kutozosvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura nhamba yacho yaifungidzirwa kuva 48—mamwe acho asina kupera—akapararira muEurope neNorth America. Imwe yemakopi akanaka zvikuru iBhaibheri redehwe riri paLibrary of Congress muWashington, D.C. Tevere, muna 1996, chimwe chinhu chinonakidza chakawanika: Chimwe chikamu cheBhaibheri raGutenberg chakawanika munochengeterwa zvinhu zvechechi muRendsburg, Germany.—Ona Mukai! yechiNgezi yaJanuary 22, 1998, peji 29.
Tinoonga sei kuti Bhaibheri rava kutengeka kumunhu wese! Chokwadika, hazvirevi kuti tinogona kuenda kunotenga raGutenberg rine mitsetse 42! Rimwe chete rinoita marii? Gutenberg Museum iri muMainz yakawana kopi muna 1978 nemamiriyoni 3,7 emadeutsche mark (nhasi yava anenge mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemana). Bhaibheri iri pari zvino rava kuita mari inopeta iyoyo kanoverengeka.
Chii chinoita kuti Bhaibheri raGutenberg risiyane nemamwe? Purofesa Helmut Presser, aimbova mutungamiriri weGutenberg Museum, anopa zvikonzero zvitatu. Chokutanga, Bhaibheri raGutenberg raiva bhuku rokutanga rakadhindwa kuMavirira nemabhii anogona kugurunurwa. Chechipiri, raiva Bhaibheri rokutanga rakadhindwa. Chechitatu, rakanaka zvinonwisa mvura. Purofesa Presser anonyora kuti muBhaibheri raGutenberg, tinoona “Manyorero chaiwo chaiwo echiGothic.”
Vanhu vemarudzi ose vanofanira kuonga ungwaru hwaGutenberg. Akaunza pamwe chete foroma, musanganiswa wesimbi, ingi, nemuchina wokudhinda nawo. Gutenberg akagadzira muchina wokudhinda akapfumisa nyika.
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 28, 29]
1. Chidhindo che“steel” chakashandiswa kudhinda mufananidzo webhii pa“matrix” yemhangura
2. Bota remusanganiswa wesimbi raidururirwa muforoma. Zvangooma chete, taipi yaibuda yaiva bhii rakasunamiswa
3. Taipi yaiiswa pakamuti kuti mashoko apereterwe, zvichiita mitsetse yemashoko
4. Mitsetse yaigadzirwa kuita makoramu mu“galley”
5. Peji remashoko raiiswa pakati sandara pemuchina unodhinda
6. Chikwangwani chemufananidzo waGutenberg, chekare muna 1584
7. Nhasi, kopi imwe yeBhaibheri raGutenberg inoita mamiriyoni emadhora
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Mifananidzo 1-4, 6, ne7: Gutenberg-Museum Mainz; mufananidzo 5: Courtesy American Bible Society
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]
Background: By Permission of the British Library/Gutenberg Bible