Uko Nhamo Yacho Yakakura Zvikuru
MARY, uyo anogara muUnited States, anovamba zuva rake nokugeza mushawa, anokwesha mazino ake nemvura yomupombi, anogoja chimbudzi, uye ipapo anogeza maoko ake. Kunyange asati agara pasi kuti asvusvure, angashandisa mvura yakakwana zvokuzadza bhavhu rokugezera. Pakupera kwezuva, Mary, savamwe vazhinji vanogara muStates, ashandisa marita anopfuura 350 emvura yakakwana zvokuzadza bhavhu kaviri nehafu. Kwaari, mugove wemvura yakachena, yakawanda unowanika nyore papombi iri pedyosa. Inowanika nguva dzose; anozvirerutsa.
Kuna Dede, uyo anogara muWest Africa, ndeimwe nhau. Anomuka utonga husati hwatsvuka, anopfeka, onodengezera mugomo mukuru pamusoro wake, uye anofamba makiromita masere achienda kurwizi rwuri pedyosa. Ikoko anogeza, anozadza mugomo nemvura, uye ipapo anodzokera kumba. Uyu muitiro wezuva nezuva unotora anenge maawa mana. Kweawa inotevera, anosefa mvura yacho kuti abvise utachiona uye ipapo anoikamura mumidziyo mitatu—imwe yokunwa, imwe yokushandisa mumba, uye imwe nokuda kwokugeza kwake manheru. Kuwacha mbatya kupi nokupi kunofanira kuitirwa kurwizi.
“Nzara yemvura iri kutiuraya kuno,” anodaro Dede. “Ndapedza inenge hafu yamangwanani ndichinochera mvura, inguva yakadini yezuva inosarira kurima kana kuti mimwe mibato?”
Mamiriro ezvinhu zvaDede haasi echienzi. Maererano neWorld Health Organization (WHO), hwerengedzo yenguva inopedzwa gore rimwe nerimwe navakadzi vazhinjisa navana vachichera nokutakura mvura kubva kumanyuko ari kure, kazhinji kazhinji akashatswa, inopfuura makore ane mamirioni gumi!
Vamwe Vanayo, Vamwe Havana
Naizvozvo nepo kune mvura yakanaka yakawanda zvikuru munyika yose, haina kuparadzirwa zvakaenzana. Ichocho ndicho chinetso chikuru chokutanga. Masayendisiti anofungidzira, somuenzaniso, kuti nepo Asia ine 36 muzana yemvura yakazadza madhamu nenzizi zvenyika, kondinendi iyoyo musha we60 muzana yavanhu venyika. Mukupesana, Rwizi rwaAmazon rwune 15 muzana yemvura yomurwizi yenyika, asi 0,4 muzana bedzi yavanhu venyika vanogara pedyo zvokugona kuishandisa. Kuparadzirwa kusina kuenzana nenzira yakafanana kwakadarowo nemvura inonaya. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzapasi dzinenge dzakaoma zvechigarire; dzimwe, kunyange zvazvo dzisina kuoma nguva dzose, panhambo nenhambo dzinotambudzwa nokushomeka kwemvura.
Nyanzvi dzinoverengeka dzinodavira kuti vanhu vangaparira chinjo dzakati mumamiriro okunze ane chokuita nokunaya kwemvura. Kutemwa kwemiti, kunyanyorima panzvimbo imwe, uye kunyanyofura zvose zvinosiya ivhu risina kufukidzwa. Vamwe vanorangarira kuti apo izvozvo zvinoitika, pasi rinodzorera chiedza chakawanda zvikuru mumhepo. Mugumisiro wacho: Mhepo inodziya zvikuru, makore anoparara, uye mvura inonaya inoderera.
Nyika isingabereki ingaparirawo kuderera kwemvura inonaya nemhaka yokuti mvura zhinji inonaya mumasango imvura yakatanga kubva mumiti—mumashizha emiti namakwenzi. Namamwe mashoko, zvinomera zvinoita sesipanji hombe inonwa nokuchengeta mvura inonaya. Bvisa miti namakwenzi, uye mvura shoma zvikuru inowanikwa kuti igadzire makore emvura.
Kuti chaizvo mibato yavanhu inotapura zvikuru sei kunaya kwemvura inhau ichiri kukurukurwa; kunzvera kukuru kuchada kuitwa. Asi izvi ndezvechokwadi: Kushomeka kwemvura kwakapararira. Nechekare, kushomeka kunotyisidzira mugariro wezvemari noutano zvenyika 80, rinonyevera kudaro World Bank. Uye nechekare, 40 muzana yavagari vapasi—vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni maviri—havawani mvura yakachena kana kuti utsanana.
Paanotarisana nokushomeka kwemvura, marudzi akapfuma anokwanisa kudzivisa zvinetso zvakakomba. Anovaka madhamu, anoshandisa michina inodhura kuchenesa mvura, kana kuti kunyange kubvisa munyu mumvura yomugungwa. Marudzi ane urombo haana midziyo yakadaro. Kazhinji kazhinji vanofanira kusarudza zvimwe kureshena mvura yakachena, izvo zvingadzivisa kufambira mberi nokuderedza kugadzirwa kwezvokudya, kana kuti kushandisazve mvura isina mushonga, izvo zvinoguma nokuparadzirwa kwehosha. Sezvo kudikanwa kwemvura kunowedzera kwose kwose, ramangwana rinoratidzika kuva rakaoma zvikuru kwazvo.
Makore Gumi Etariro
Pamusi waNovember 10, 1980, United Nations General Assembly yakataura nechivimbo pamusoro pe“International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade” yaiuya. Gungano racho rakati, vavariro yaiva yokugovera, panosvika gore ra1990, kuwanikwa kwakazara kwemvura yakachena noutsanana nokuda kwavose vanogara munyika ichiri kusimukira. Pakapera makore gumi acho, anenge madhora ane mabhirioni 1 340 akanga apedzerwa mukuunza mvura yakachena kuvanhu vanopfuura bhiriyoni rimwe uye zvinoshandiswa kurasa tsvina kuvanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 750—basa rinoorora.
Zvisinei, izvi zvakaitwa zvakavhiringidzwa nokuwanda kwavagari vapasi vane mamiriyoni 800 munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Nokudaro, pakasvika 1990, kwakanga kwasara vanhu vanopfuura bhiriyoni rimwe vakanga vachishaya mvura yakachena noutsanana hwakakwana. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu airatidzika seaidzokorora izvo mambokadzi akataura kuna Alice mungano yavana inonzi Through the Looking-Glass kuti: “Unoziva, unofanira kumhanya zvikurusa sezvaunogona, kuti urambe uri pauri. Kana uchida kuenda mberi, unofanira kumhanya zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura zvauri kuita!”
Kubvira muna 1990, kufambira mberi kwose zvako mukuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu eavo vasina mvura noutsanana ave asina, maererano neWHO, “kutsarukana.” Sandra Postel, apo aiva mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi wokunzvera paWorldwatch Institute, akanyora kuti: “Kunoramba kuri kukanganisa kwakakomba mutsika kuti vanhu vane mabhiriyoni 1,2 havagoni kunwa mvura vasingarwari kana kuti vasingafi. Chikonzero hachisi zvikurukuru kushomeka kwemvura kana kuti unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu husina kukwana asi kuperevedza kwokuzvipira kwenzanga nekwezvamatongerwe enyika mukugutsa zvinodikanwa zvinokosha zvavarombo. Kungada mamwe madhora anofungidzirwa kuva 360 okuwedzera pagore, akaenzana neinenge 4 muzana yendyiko yose yehondo yenyika, kuunza kurudzi rwomunhu rwose zvarwo izvo vazhinjisa vedu vanorerutsa—mvura yokunwa yakachena nomutoo une utsanana wokurasa tsvina.”
Vagari Vapasi Vanowedzera, Zvinodikanwa Zvinowedzera
Kuparadzirwa kusina kuenzana kwemvura kunoomeswa nechimwe chinetso chechipiri: Sezvo vagari vapasi vanowedzera, ndozvinoitawo kudiwa kwemvura. Mvura inonaya munyika yose inoramba isingachinji, asi vagari vapasi vanowedzera zvikuru. Kushandiswa kwemvura kwakapetwa kanopfuura kaviri zana rino ramakore, uye vamwe vanofungidzira kuti kungagona kupetwa kaviri zvakare mumakore 20 anotevera.
Chokwadika, vanhu vanowedzera vanoda kwete bedzi mvura yakawanda yokunwa asiwo zvokudya zvakawanda. Uyewo kugadzira zvokudya, kunoda mvura yakawanda zvikuru nguva dzose. Kurima, zvisinei, kunofanira kukwikwidzana nokuda mvura kwamaindasitiri uye navanhu vamwe navamwe. Sezvo maguta nenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri zvinokura, kurima kazhinji kazhinji kunokurirwa. “Zvokudya zvichabva kupi?” anobvunza kudaro mumwe munzveri. “Tinogona sei sezvinobvira kugovera zvinodikanwa zvavanhu vane mabhiriyoni gumi apo tisinganyatsogoni kugovera zvinodikanwa zvamabhiriyoni mashanu uye chaizvoizvo tiri kutorera kurima mvura?”
Kuwedzera kwavagari vapasi kunoitika munyika dzichiri kusimukira, umo mvura kazhinji kazhinji iri shoma nechekare. Nenzira inosuruvarisa, nyika idzodzo ndidzo dzisingakwanisi zvikurusa, mose muri muviri mune zvemari uye mune zvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kubata nezvinetso zvemvura.
Kushatsa
Wedzera kuzvinetso zvokushomeka kwemvura nezvinodikanwa navagari vanowedzera chinetso chakabatana chechitatu: kushatsa. Bhaibheri rinotaura nezve“rwizi rwemvura youpenyu,” asi nzizi dzakawanda nhasi inzizi dzorufu. (Zvakazarurwa 22:1) Maererano neimwe fungidziro, uwandu hwemvura yakashandiswa—yomudzimba neyomumaindasitiri—inodira munzizi dzenyika gore riri rose hunosvika macubic kilometre 450. Nzizi zhinji nehova zvinoshatswa kubva padzinotangira kusvikira padzinoperera.
Mumarudzi achiri kusimukira enyika, tsvina inoshatsa runenge rwizi rukuru rwuri rwose. Kunzvera nzizi huru 200 dzeRussia kwakaratidza kuti sere mugumi nenzira ine ngozi zvikuru dzaive nemwero yakakwira youtachiona nemavhairasi. Nzizi nemawater table zvomunyika dzakabudirira zvikuru, nepo zvisina kuzara netsvina, kazhinji kazhinji zvakashatiswa nemakemikoro ane chepfu, kubatanidza ayo anobva mufetiraiza yokurimisa. Munenge mumativi ose enyika, nyika dziri pedyo negungwa dzinopombera tsvina mumvura dzisina kudzama dzokumahombekombe adzo, dzichisvibisa mhenderekedzo dzegungwa zvikuru kwazvo.
Nokudaro, kushatswa kwemvura chinetso chenyika yose. Richipfupikisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, bhukwana reAudubon Society rinonzi Water: The Essential Resource rinoti: “Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chavanhu chinoshanda chiri mumamiriro ezvinhu asingachinji okurwara kana kuti oundonda somugumisiro wemvura isina kuchena; chimwe chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chinotyisidzirwa nemakemikoro anorasirwa mumvura ane migumisiro yenguva refu isingazivikanwi.”
Mvura Yakashata, Utano Hwakashata
Apo Dede, adudzwa pamavambo, akataura kuti “nzara yemvura yatiuraya,” aitaura nenzira yokufananidzira. Bva, kushayikwa kwemvura yakachena, yakanaka kunouraya, chaizvoizvo. Nokuda kwake uye mamiriyoni akafanana naye, hapana chisarudzo kunze kwokushandisa mvura yemuhova nenzizi, idzo dzakangoda kufanana nomunorasirwa tsvina. Hakunyanyoshamisi kuti, maererano neWHO, mwana anofa nechirwere chinopfuudzwa nomumvura masekondi masere ari ose!
Munyika ichiri kubudirira, maererano namagazini yeWorld Watch, 80 muzana yehosha dzose inoparadzirwa nokushandisa mvura isina kunaka. Utachiona hunogara mumvura nokushatsa zvinouraya mamiriyoni avanhu 25 gore riri rose.
Hosha dzinouraya dzinopfuudzwa nomumvura—kubatanidza hosha dzamanyoka, cholera, uye typhoid—zvinouraya vazhinjisa vavanyajambwa vazvo muNzvimbo Dzinopisa Dzapasi. Bva, hosha dzinopfuudzwa nomumvura hadzina kuganhurirwa kunyika ichiri kusimukira. Mukati ma1993, muUnited States, vanhu 400 000 vakarwara muMilwaukee, Wisconsin, pashure pokunwa mvura yomupombi yaiva noutachiona husingaurawi nechlorine. Mugore rimwe chetero, utachiona hune ngozi hwakapinda mumvura mumamwe maguta muUnited States—Washington, D.C.; New York City; uye Cabool, Missouri—zvichimanikidza vagari kuvirisa mvura yaibuda mupombi dzavo.
Nzizi Dzokushandisa Pamwe Chete
Zvinetso zvinowirirana zvokuperevedza kwemvura, zvinodikanwa navagari vapasi vanowedzera, uye kushatsa zvinotungamirira kuundonda zvose zvinhu zvinogona kutungamirira kukunyanduka nerwisano. Mvura, zvisinei, haisi youmbozha. Wezvamatongerwe enyika muSpain airwisana nenhamo yemvura akati: “Hakusisirizve kurwisana nomugariro wezvemari, asi kurwira kurarama.”
Imwe nharaunda huru yokunyanduka ndiko kushandisa pamwe chete mvura yomunzizi. Maererano naPeter Gleick, munzveri muUnited States, 40 muzana yavagari venyika inogara mumapani ane nzizi 250 ayo ane mvura inokwikwidzanwa norudzi rwunopfuura rumwe. Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong, Niger, Nile, uye Tigris rumwe norumwe rwunoyerera nomunyika dzakawanda—nyika dzinoda kutora mvura yakawanda seinobvira munzizi idzodzo. Nechekare, pave pane magakava.
Sezvo kudikanwa kwemvura kunowedzera, kunyanduka kwakadaro kuchawedzera. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi weWorld Bank Environmentally Sustainable Development anofanotaura kuti: “Dzakawanda dzehondo muzana rino ramakore dzaiva pamusoro pamafuta, asi hondo dzomuzana rinotevera ramakore dzichava pamusoro pemvura.”
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 27]
Molecule Rinofamba
Ngatiteverei nzendo dzemolecule rimwe remvura riri parwendo rwaro rwusingaperi. Nhevedzano yemifananidzo yakabatanidzwa, yakaiswa nhamba kuti iwirirane namashoko akanyorwa, inoratidzira imwe bedzi yezviuru zvenzira idzo molecule rimwe remvura ringagona kutora kuti ridzokere kwarakabva.—Jobho 36:26; Muparidzi 1:7.
(1) Sezvo mvura inoitwa mhute nesimba rezuva, molecule rinosimuka kusvikira rava zviuru zvinoverengeka zvamafiti pamusoro papasi.(2) Zvino, rinobatana namamwe mamolecule emvura kuita kadonhwe kemvura. Kadonhwe kanofamba pamwe nemhepo kwamazana amamaira. Pashure penguva yakati, kadonhwe kanova mhute, uye molecule rinosimukazve, kusvikira pakupedzisira, rabatana nedonhwe remvura rakakura zvakakwana zvokudonha pasi.(3) Donhwe rinodonhera murutivi megomo namamwe mabhiriyoni; mvura inoyerera ichidzika muhova.(4)
Ipapo deer inonwa muhova, ichimedza molecule redu.(5) Maawa gare gare deer inoita weti, uye molecule riya rinopinda muvhu umo rinotorwa nemidzi yomuti.(6) Kubva ipapo, molecule rinofamba richikwira nomuti uye pakupedzisira pamusoro peshizha rinova mhute ndokupinda mumhepo.(7) Sapamavambo, rinokwira kuti ribetsere kuumba kamwe kadonhwe. Kadonhwe kanopeperetswa nemhepo kusvikira kabatana negore dema, remvura.(8) Molecule redu rinodonha zvakare pamwe nemvura, asi panguva ino rinosvika rwizi rwunoriendesa kugungwa.(9) Imomo, ringapedza zviuru zvamakore risati rasvika pasi, kuva mhute, uye kutakurwa nemhepo zvakare.(10)
Kutenderera kwacho hakutongoperi: Mvura inova mhute mumakungwa, inofamba panyika, inonaya semvura, uye inodzokerazve mumakungwa. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, mvura inotsigira upenyu hwose pasi pano.
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Zvakakarakadzwa
Kugadzira michina yokubvisa munyu. Iyi inobvisa munyu mumvura yomugungwa. Kazhinji kazhinji izvi zvinoitwa nokupombera mvura mumatangi ane pressure shoma, umo inodziyiswa kusvikira yavira. Mvura yacho inova mhute uye inoendeswa kumwewo, ichisiya zvigodo zvomunyu. Mutoo unodhura zvikuru, usingakwaniswi nenyika dzichiri kusimukira.
Kunyungudutsa mazaya echando. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti mazizaya echando, ayo ane mvura yakachena, yakanaka, angagona kukakatwa kubva kuAntarctic nemagwa ane simba makuru ndokunyungudutswa kuti agovere mvura munyika dzakaoma dzomuSouthern Hemisphere. Chinetso chimwe ndeichi: Inenge hafu yezaya rechando rimwe nerimwe raizonyunguduka mugungwa risati rasvika kwarinofanira kusvika.
Kuwana mvura mumaaquifer. Maaquifer matombo ane mvura ari pasi muvhu. Mvura inogona kupombwa ichibva maari, kunyange mumarenje akaoma zvikurusa. Asi kuwana mvura iyoyi kunodhura uye kunoderedza mwero wewater table. Chimwe chazvakaipira ndeichi: Maaquifer mazhinjisa anononoka kuvandudzika—uye mamwe, haatombovandudziki.
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Kuwana mvura kunogona kutora maawa mana zuva rimwe nerimwe
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Anenge ma“cubic kilometre” 450 emvura yakashandiswa anodira munzizi gore rimwe nerimwe