Tasmania—Chitsuwa Chiduku, Nyaya Yechienzi

YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUAUSTRALIA

“NYIKA ino zvairi nyika yokutanga yatasangana nayo muSouth Sea, uye sezvo isingazivikanwi nenyika ipi neipi yeEurope, taipa zita raAnthoony van Diemenslandt, mukuremekedzwa kwaGavhuna [wedu] Mukuru Anoremekedzwa.” Aya ndiwo mashoko omurume wechiDutch Abel Tasman pana November 25, 1642, zuva rapashure pokunge aona chitsuwa cheTasmania, nyika yechipiri yekaresa yeAustralia.a Tasman haana kuona vanhu, asi akaona utsi hwemoto wakanga uri kure uye makatemwa mumiti yaiva pedyo makaparadzana nemita imwe nehafu. Vapi kana vapi vakatema imomo, akanyora kudaro, vaiva nomutoo wechienzi wokukwira nawo kana kuti vaiva hofori! Kutaura idi, makatemwa macho makanga maitirwa kukwira.

Pashure pacho, Nyika yaVan Diemen yakanyangarika munzira yevapanguri vomugungwa kwemakore 130, kutozosvikira murume wokuFrance Marion du Fresne nomurume wokuEngland Tobias Furneaux vashanya. Kaputeni James Cook akasvika muna 1777 uye, kufanana naDu Fresne, akaonana nevanhu vechitsuwa chacho vakasiyana, vaAborigine. Shanyo yake, zvisinei, yakanga iri mavambo engwavaira: “Kune mamwe marudzi [Cook] akazarura nzira yokuva vakadzidza uye rudzidziso,” anodaro John West muThe History of Tasmania, “[asi] kuurwu rudzi [vaAborigine] akanga ari muvambi worufu.” Chii chakatungamirira kumugumisiro wakadaro une ngwavaira?

Tasmania Inova “Jeri Roumambo”

Kudzingwa munyika, kana kuti kubudiswa munyika mako nechisimba, kwakanga kuri chirango cheBritain, uye Tasmania yakava imwe yenyika dzechirango dzeBritain. Kubvira muna 1803 kusvikira kuna 1852, varume, vakadzi, uye kunyange vana vanenge 67 500—vamwe vaduku semakore manomwe—vakadzingwa muEngland vachienda kuTasmania nokuda kwemhaka dzaibvira pakuba mabhuku eminyengetero kusvikira kukubata chibharo. Vazhinjisa vaiwanwa vaine mhaka, zvisinei, vaishandira vagari vatsva kana kuti pamabasa ehurumende. “Vasingapfuuri 10 muzana . . . havana kutongoona mukati menzvimbo yokugara yechirango,” inodaro The Australian Encyclopaedia, “uye vazhinji vakaita kudaro vakanga vari ikoko kwenhambo pfupi bedzi.” Port Arthur, iri paTasman Peninsula, ndiyo yaiva nzvimbo huru yokugara yechirango, asi vaiwanwa vaine mhaka yakaoma zvikuru vaiendeswa kuMacquarie Harbour, inochengetwa se“nzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kutambudza.” Suo rakatetepa rechiteshi chacho rakawana zita rinotyisa rokuti Masuo Ehero.

Mubhuku rinonzi This Is Australia, Dr. Rudolph Brasch anotsanangura rumwe rutivi runokosha rweiyi koroni yakanga ichiri kukura—umudzimu hwayo, kana kuti kushayikwa kwahwo. Anonyora kuti: “Kubvira pamavambo, rudzidziso muAustralia [kubatanidza Tasmania, chokwadi] rwairegeredzwa nokufuratirwa uye, zvikurukuru kushandiswa nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira neBoka Ravatungamiriri nokuda kwebetsero dzavo vamene. Koroni yacho yakaumbwa pasina munyengetero uye munamato wokutanga panyika yeAustralia unoratidzika kuve wakazofungwa pava pashure.” Nepo Vanoenda Kunzvimbo Tsvene veNorth America vakavaka machechi, “vagari vapakuvamba venyika yokumaodzanyemba,” inodaro The History of Tasmania, “vakapisa chechi yavo yokutanga kuti vanzvenge kunetesa kwokupinda.”

Iyi tsika yakatoshata kare yakatotapurwazve nokuwanda kwedoro. Kuasiri murwi nomurwi nenzira yakafanana, doro rakanga riri “nzira yechokwadi yokupfuma,” anodaro wezvenhau John West.

Zvokudya, zvisinei, zvakanga zviri zvishoma padzimwe nguva. Mukati meidzi nhambo vaiwanwa vaine mhaka vakasunungurwa nevagari vatsva vaishandisa pfuti kuvhima mhuka dzomusango dzimwe chetedzo idzo vaAborigine vaironda nemapfumo. Nenzira inonzwisisika, kusawirirana kwakawedzera. Zvino chiwedzera kumusanganiswa wemasimba masimba usindimari hwerudzi hwevachena, kuwanda kwedoro, uye misiyano yetsika isingagoni kuwiriraniswa. Varungu vanoisa miganhu ndokuisa fenzi; vaAborigine vanovhima ndokuunganidza vachitama-tama. Kaingodiwa chete kakanga kari kabari kadikidiki kuti masimba masimba amuke.

Rudzi Rwunonyangarika

Kabari kacho kakauya muna May 1804. Boka guru raitungamirirwa naMoore Mutevedzeri Womukuru Mukuru, pasina kudenhwa, rakapfura boka guru raivhima ravarume, vakadzi, uye vana vechiAborigine—richiuraya nokukuvadza vazhinji. “Hondo Yevatema”—mapfumo nemabwe mukurwisana nemabara—yakanga yavamba.

Varungu vazhinji vakadzokera shure pakuurawa kwevaAborigine. Akarwadziwa zvikuru aiva gavhuna, Sir George Arthur, zvokuti akataura kudisa kwake kuita chipi nechipi chaiva madikanwa kuti ‘aripe kukuvadza uko hurumende yakaita nokusada pavaAborigine.’ Nokudaro, akatanga chirongwa cho“kuvaunganidza” uye “kuvadzidzisa.” Munhimbe yainzi “Muganhu Wevatema,” varwi, vagari vatsva, uye vakawanwa kuva nemhaka vanenge 2 000 vakapinda nomusango munhamburiko yokubata vaAborigine ndokuvapazve pokugara munzvimbo yakakotsekana. Asi basa racho rakanga riri kukundikana kunonyadzisa; vakangobata mukadzi mumwe nomukomana. Ipapo, George A. Robinson, Muhwisiri akakurumbira, akatungamirira mutoo wokunzwanana zvikuru, uye wakashanda. VaAborigine vakamuvimba ndokugamuchira chikarakadzo chake chokugara patsva paChitsuwa cheFlinders, kuchamhembe kweTasmania.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi A History of Australia, Marjorie Barnard anoti nezvokubudirira kwaRobinson: “Chaizvoizvo, kunyange zvazvo sezvinobvira akanga asingazivi zvikuru nezvaizvozvo iye pachake, kufadza kwake kwakanga kwakafanana nekwaJudhasi. Vagari vakaberekerwamo vaitambudzika vakaparadzanisirwa paChitsuwa cheFlinders muBass Strait naRobinson somutarisiri wavo. Vakaondoroka ndokufa.” Chinjo yakamanikidzirwa yemararamiro uye zvokudya yakapfuudzira kubvira pakasiyirwa nepfuti. Mamwe manyuko anoti “MuAborigine chaiyeiye weTasmania wokupedzisira aiva Fanny Cochrane Smith, uyo akafira muHobart muna 1905.” Zviremera zvinosiyana pamusoro paikoku. Zvimwe zvinonongedzera kuna Truganini, mumwe mukadzi akafira muHobart muna 1876, zvimwe kumumwe mukadzi akafira paChitsuwa cheKangaroo muna 1888. Vazukuru vakaberekwa nevemarudzi akavhengana vevaAborigine veTasmania vapenyu uye vari kurarama zvakanaka nhasi. Chichiwedzerwa kundaza yokubata zvisina kufanira inopfuurira yorudzi rwomunhu, ichi chakaitika chakadanwa nenzira yakakodzera kuti “ngwavaira hurusa yeNyika.” Uyezve, chinosimbisa chokwadi cheBhaibheri chokuti “munhu akadzora munhu kusvikira kukuvadziko yake.”—Muparidzi 8:9, NW.

Misiyano yeTasmania Inooneka

Nhasi, kutoti ukashanyira mamiziyemu, maraibhurari, kana kuti matongo ematorongo, ungasaziva nezvechiito chokutanga chakakomba cheichi chitsuwa chakaisvonaka. Tasmania iri kumaodzanyemba kweequator nedaro rinenge rakafanana sezvakaita Rome, Sapporo, uye Boston kuchamhembe. Uye kufanana nenhau yayo, jogirafi yayo ndeimwe yemisiyano mikuru zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo pasina nzvimbo pachitsuwa chacho inopfuura makiromita 115 kubva mugungwa.

Nezvenzvimbo yose yeTasmania, 44 muzana isango uye 21 muzana ipaki yenyika. Uku kukamukana kusingawanzoitiki! Maererano neThe Little Tassie Fact Book, “Nzvimbo yenhaka yenyika yokuMadokero kweTasmania ndeimwe yenzvimbo huru dzine mamiriro okunze ari pakati nepakati dzisingagari vanhu dzokupedzisira dzisina kuparadzwa munyika.” Nyanza dzinowana mvura kubva mumvura inonaya nesinou, nzizi, uye mapopoma—dzakazara nehove—dzinotsigira masango emiEuphoria Tirucalli, mipuranga, miMyrtaceae, minhowe, miDoryphora sassafras, miEucryphia lucida, miPhyllocladus trichomanoides, uye miDacrydium Franklinii, kungodudza mishomanene bedzi. Hakushamisi naizvozvo kuti zviono zvinogoverwa nenyika dzakakwirira dzerwenze rwapakati rwokumadokero uye pamusoro padzo panowanzova pakafukidzwa nesinou zvinokwezva zvakwezvazve vanoda chisiko.

Asi kudzivirirwa kwe“Nhaka Yenyika” hakuna kuwanwa pasina kurwa. Uye vanhu vanofarira mhoteredzo vachiri kunetsekera mukati mukurwisana nefariro dzokuchera migodhi, kugadzira mapepa, uye simba remagetsi rinobudiswa nemvura. Nzvimbo yakaita sepamusoro pemwedzi yeQueenstown, taundi rokuchera migodhi, chiyeuchidzo chinorwadza chemigumisiro yokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwezviwanikwa kwokusafunga.

Mhuka dzomunyikamo dzakatamburawo—zvikurukuru thylacine, kana kuti tiger yeTasmania, mhuka ine chihomwe padumbu chokutakurira nokuyamwisira vana yeruvara rwebhurauni yakachenuruka, yakaita sembwa. Mitsetse mitema yakachinjika musana wayo nemagaro yakaiwanisa zita rokuti tiger. Nenzira isingafadzi, iyi mhuka isingakori inodya nyama, inonyara yaivhima huku nemakwai. Nemubayiro uchipiwa nokuda kwokuparadzwa kwayo, yakanga yatsakatika pakasvika 1936.

Imwe mhuka ine chihomwe chokutakurira nokuyamwisira vana yakasiyana yeTasmania, Sarcophilus harrisii, ichigere kutsakatika. Ichishandisa shaya dzayo dzakasimba nemazino, iyi mhuka yakasimba yemakirogiramu 6 kusvika ku8 inodya zvava kuda kuora inogona kudya muviri wose wekangaroo yakafa, dehenya nezvose.

Tasmania inosanozivikanwawo nokuda kwePuffinus tenuirostris, kana kuti muttonbird. Pashure pokutanga kwayo kutama kubvira paGungwa reTasmania uye kutenderera chaizvoizvo Pacific, inodzokera gore rimwe nerimwe kumwena womujecha mumwe chetewo—basa iro riri zvechokwadi mbiri kuMugadziri wayo noMusiki.

Pedyopo mumatendere ayo eusiku munogara imwe shiri—“inobhururuka” mumvura—katsapo keminhenga kane muromo muduku kanodikanwa, kanorema kirogiramu imwe, kanonzi Eudyptula minor. Iyi dukusa yepenguin dzose ndiyo inewo ruzha zvikurusa! Kuratidzira kwayo kunosiyana muukuru, nenzwi nokushanda kwemuviri padzimwe nguva zvichisvika pakunyanyisa zvikuru. Apo dzinonzwa dzava kudanana, mbiri dzinogona kuimba rwiyo pamwe chete mutsinhirano kuti dzisimbise kubatana kwadzo. Nenzira inosuruvarisa, zvisinei, zhinji dzinourawa nemaneti evaredzi, nokurasika kwemafuta, nezvinhu zvepurasitiki zvadzinokanganisa kuona sezvokudya, kana kuti nembwa nemabonga.

Rutivi Rwakanyarara Zvikuru Rwechitsuwa Chacho

Tarira kuchamhembe kana kuti kumabvazuva uri panogumira rwenze rwuri pakati uye uchaona rutivi rwunofadza zvikuru rweTasmania, neminda yarwo yakarimwa inevhu rakasvibira, nzizi dzinopoterera-poterera netwuhova, migwagwa ine miti mumicheto, uye mafuro akasvibira ane hwai nemombe dzakapararira. Pedyo netaundi rokuchamhembe reLilydale, mukati maJanuary, mapurazi emiLavandula officinalis yakatumbuka zvizere anowedzera kuaya mavara omumaruwa pepuro yakachenuruka nokunhuwirira kunokwezva.

Rakatarisana neRwizi rweDerwent, kusiri kure neminda yemiapuro iyo yakawanisa Tasmania zita rokuti The Apple Isle (Chitsuwa cheMaapuro) pane dzimbahwe Hobart, rine vagari vemo vanenge 182 000. Nzvimbo huru ndeyeGomo guru zvikuru rinonzi Wellington rakasvibirira, rakareba mamita 1 270. Pazuva rakajeka, iri gomo rinowanzova nepamusoro pakavharwa nesinou rinopa chiono chepamusoro cheguta riri muzasi. Hobart yakachinja uye yakafambira mberi kubvira muna 1803, apo Mutevedzeri John Bowen neboka rake re49, kubatanidza 35 vakawanwa vaine mhaka, vakatanga kusvika pamhenderekedzo paRisdon Cove. Hungu, machira anodzora ngarava nematanda anoita ruzha zvengarava hakuchina, asi kamwe pagore nhangemutange inonetesa yemagwa anonzi yacht yokubva kuSydney kuenda kuHobart inoyeuchidza nezvemazuva iwayo apakuvamba sezvo machira anodzora ngarava emativi matatu ane mavara akawanda nemagwa azvino uno zvinomhanya zvikuru zvichipfuura mapoka ari kukuzva, zvichipinda pakati peHobart chaipo.

Kubva Munyika Yokutambudzwa Kuenda Kuparadhiso Yomudzimu

Geoffrey Butterworth, mumwe wenhume 2 447 dzaiva paKokorodzano Yoruwa yeZvapupu zvaJehovha ya1994 yo“Rutyo Rwoumwari” muLaunceston, anoti: “Ndinoyeuka nguva apo paingova neZvapupu zvinenge 40 muTasmania yose.” Zvino mune ungano dzinenge 26 neHoro dzoUmambo 23.

“Asi mamiriro ezvinhu padzimwe nguva aisava akanaka kwazvo nguva dzose,” anowedzera kudaro Geoff. “Shure muna 1938, somuenzaniso, Tom Kitto, Rod McVilly, neni, tose takapfeka zvikwangwani zvine mativi maviri remberi nereshure, takanga tichizivisa hurukuro yavose yeBhaibheri inoti ‘Nangana Nemaidi.’ Kwaiva kufumura rudzidziso rwenhema kunorwadza kwaifanira kuparadzirwa kuchibva kuLondon nomumubatanidzwa weredhiyo. Apo ndakakumbanira shamwari dzangu, dzakanga dzichinetswa neboka repwere. Uye mapurisa akanga achingotarira hawo! Ndakamhanyira kuti ndibetsere ndokurohwa nokukurumidza. Asi mumwe murume akandibata necheseri kwehembe yangu ndokundikwekweretsera kure. Panzvimbo pokundirova, murume wacho akadzvova: ‘Vasiyei vakadaro!’ Ipapo, kwandiri, akati chinyararire: ‘Ndinoziva kuti kutambudzwa kwakaita sei, shamwari, ndiri wokuIreland.’”

Jehovha akakomborera mapiyona iwayo apakuvamba, nokuti nhasi mashoko akanaka oUmambo hwaMwari akasvika mativi ose eichi chitsuwa chavanhu 452 000. Vazukuru vazhinji vevakawanwa vaine mhaka vepakuvamba nevaAborigine vanokarira kugamuchira papasi rakacheneswa vose—vatema nevachena—avo vakafa nokusaruramisira zvikuru mumazuva iwayo epakuvamba eutsinye, nokuti Bhaibheri rinopikira “kumuka kwavakafa kwavakarurama navasakarurama.” (Mabasa 24:15) Mamiriro acho ezvinhu achagadziriswa zvikuru zvokuti “zvinhu zvekare hazvinga[tongo]rangarirwi, kana kufungwa mumwoyo.”—Isaya 65:17.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mifananidzo/Mepu dziri papeji 19]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho0

Kumusoro: Cradle Mountain neLake Dove

Kumusoro nechokurudyi: “Sarcophilus harrisii”

Pasi nechokurudyi: Sango Rinogara Richinaya muSouthwest Tasmania

Australia

TASMANIA

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Sarcophilus harrisii nemapu yeTasmania: Department of Tourism, Sport and Recreation – Tasmania; Mapu yeAustralia: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.