Nzira Iyo Utsotsi Hwakarongwa Hunokutapura Nayo
YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUJAPAN
Don (mutungamiriri) weboka reMafia anobaya munwe wenhengo itsva. Ropa rinodonhera pamufananidzo wo“musande.” Tevere, moto unoparadza mufananidzo wacho. ‘Ukazivisa chipi nechipi chezvakavanzika zvesangano, mweya wako uchatsva somusande uyu,’ mutungamiriri wacho ane simba anoudza jaya racho kudaro.
MUTEMO wokusataura zvakavanzika—muchiItalian, omertà—wakachengeta utsotsi hwakarongwa hwakavanzika zvikuru kwazvo kwemakore mazhinji. Nhasi, zvisinei, magen’a ematsotsi ari kuva misoro mikuru yemapepanhau kwose kwose sezvo dzimwe nhengo dzegen’a rematsotsi dzinova vamhan’ari. Munhu akatanhamara zvikurusa akapomerwa neaya mapentiti, kana kuti vatengesi veMafia, akanga ari Giulio Andreotti, uyo akanga ari mutungamiriri wehurumende weItaly kanomwe uye ari kunzverwa zvino nokuda kwebatano dzake neMafia.
Masangano ematsotsi kwose kwose akapinda mumararamiro ari ose: Mafia muItaly uye muUnited States, umo inodanwawo kuti Cosa Nostra; masangano anotengesa mirimo muSouth America; maTriad eChina; yakuza iri muJapan. Mibato yawo yakaipa inotapura tose zvedu ndokuita kuti upenyu huve hunodhura zvikuru.
MuUnited States, zvinonzi, Mafia inokamura guta reNew York pakati pemapoka mashanu, ichiwana mabhiriyoni kupfurikidza noupambi, mari yokudzivirira inowanwa nenyengedzo, kukweretesa mari pamwero weinterest mukuru zvikuru, kubhejera, kutengesa mirimo, uye upfambi. Zvinonzi mapoka eMafia ane udzori hwakasimba pamasangano avashandi mumabhizimisi okutakura marara, kutakura zvinhu nemarori, kuvaka, kutakurwa kwezvokudya, uye indasitiri yemachira. Nesimba raanaro pamasangano avashandi, anogona kupedza makakava ebasa kana kuti anogona kuparadza zvinhu kuti amise basa. Panzvimbo yokuvaka, somuenzaniso, rimwe zuva katapira haisati ichizofamba, rimwe zuva mabhureki ebackhoe anotadza kushanda, uye mainjiniya okushanda “anouya asi haashandi” pabasa pacho—izvi zviitiko nezvakawanda zvinopfuurira kusvikira muvaki wacho abvuma kutera kuzvido zvemhomho, dzingava pfumbamuromo kana kuti makondirakiti ebasa. Kutaura idi, “pfumbamuromo kuMhomho dzinogona kuvimbisa vanamuzvinabhizimisi nezvokuunzwa kwezvinhu nokukurumidza, ukama hune rugare nevashandi uye kukwanisa kushandisa vashandi vanotambira mari shoma,” inoshuma kudaro magazini yeTime.
MuColombia masangano maviri emirimo aikwikwidzana kusvikira Pablo Escobar, mutungamiriri wesangano romuMedellín, apfurwa muna 1993. Pashure paizvozvo, sangano romuCali rakadzora kutengesa cocaine kusiri kwepamutemo kwenyika. Rawana mabhiriyoni $70 muna 1994 muUnited States moga, sezvinobvira rakava sangano gurusa routsotsi hwakarongwa munyika. Asi kusungwa kwemurongi waro muna 1995, José Santacruz Londoño, kwakarovanya zvikuru sangano racho. Zvisinei, nguva dzose kune mutsivi anodisa akamirira kutsiva sabhosi anotevera.
Pashure pokuwa kweChidziviso Chisingapindiki, Mafia yeRussia yakaita kuoneka kwayo kwokutanga kungwariro yenyika dzakawanda. Somugumisiro, “bhizimisi riri rose muRussia rinofanira kutengeserana nemafia,” anodaro mubhengi akanokorwa mashoko muNewsweek. Kunyange muBrighton Beach, New York, Mafia yeRussia inoshumwa kuva iri kuwana zvikuru porofiti dzinobva mumazano enyengedzo akaoma anobatanidza peturu. Varidzi vemotokari vanopedzisira vava kuripira mari yakawanda, uye hurumende inorasikirwa nemitero. Magen’a ekuRussia anotarisirawo mibatanidzwa yechipfambi muEastern Europe. Havabatwi nokuda kwoutsotsi hwavo hwakawanda. Ndiani ane ushingi hwokutarisana nevaichimbova vamhanyi vane zvombo zvizhinji nevarwi vakabva muhondo yeAfghan?
Mamiriro acho ezvinhu haana kusiyana muMabvazuva. MuJapan avo vari mubhizimisi rokuvaraidza vanhu vanofanira kukarira marudzi ose ezvinetso kutoti vakakudza boka reyakuza romunzvimbomo ndokuvaripira mari zhinji. Munowo mari yokudzivirirwa inorayirwa kubva mumabhawa uye kunyange kuvafambi vomumugwagwa. Mukuwedzera, yakuza yakapinda mukati chaimo moupfumi hweJapan kupfurikidza nokuronga makambani avo vamene, kupamba mari mumabhizimisi makuru, uye kubatana nemasangano eutsotsi ari kune dzimwe nyika.
Masangano ematsotsi ari muHong Kong neTaiwan ari kupararirawo munyika yose. Kunze kwezita rawo, maTriad, zvishomanene zvinozivikanwa pamusoro penzira iyo akarongwa nayo. Nhau yawo inodzokera shure kuzana ramakore rechi17, apo mamongi okuChina akabatana mukurwisana nevokuManchuria avo vakava vanodzora China. Kunyange zvazvo nhengo dzawo dziri makumi ezviuru, kunotaurwa kuti maTriad ari muHong Kong anoumba masangano echinguvana nokuda kwoutsotsi hwakati kana kuti nhevedzano youtsotsi, achikuita kwakaomera mapurisa kuronda kuzivikanwa kwawo. Anowana mabhiriyoni amadhora kupfurikidza nokutengesa heroin zvisiri pamutemo uye akachinja Hong Kong kuva nzvimbo yapakati yokushandisa zvisina kururama makadhi echikwereti.
Mubhuku rake rinonzi The New Ethnic Mobs, William Kleinknecht anonyora nezvoutsotsi muUnited States kuti: “Muutsotsi hutsva hwakarongwa, hapana nhengo dzegen’a rematsotsi dzedzinza dzine nguva yemberi iri nani zvikuru kupfuura dzokuChina. . . . Mapoka outsotsi ekuChina ari kuwana simba nokukurumidza mumaguta ari munyika yacho. . . . Ndeechipiri bedzi kune Mafia muNew York.”
Nezvechimwe chimiro chokutengesa kusiri kwepamutemo kuri kuvamba muHong Kong, mukuru mukuru weDhipatimendi Rekutongwa Kwemhosva reUnited States anoti: “Kupinzwa munyika zvisiri zvepamutemo kwevokumwe kuratidzirwa kwoutsotsi hwakarongwa.” Vamwe vakuru vakuru vanofungidzira kuti vokuChina vane 100 000 vanopinda muUnited States zvisiri zvapamutemo gore rimwe nerimwe. Mutamiwo zvake anopinzwa zvisiri zvepamutemo anofanira kuripira inenge $150 000 nokuda kwokuunzwa kwake munyika yakapfuma, zhinjisa yaanoripira yose pashure pokunge asvika kwaari kuenda. Nokudaro, nokuda kwevatami vazhinji upenyu munyika yenharidzano dzavo dzinoshuviwa zvikuru hunova chiitiko chisingafadzi chebasa rokumanikidzirwa muzvitoro zvisina kutsarukana mavanoshanda nguva refu vachiripirwa mari shoma nomuzvivako zvepfambi.
Nemhaka yokuti haubatanidzwi mumibato youtsotsi, ungarangarira kuti hautapurwi noutsotsi hwakarongwa. Asi ndizvo zvazvakaita chaizvoizvo here? Vakapindwa muropa nemirimo vazhinji, vanogara mumakondinendi anoverengeka, vanoita utsotsi kuti varipire mirimo inogoverwa nemasangano emurimo ekuSouth America. Utsotsi hwakarongwa hunova nechokwadi chokuti makondirakiti ekubetserwa kwavose anogoverwa kumakabhani ayo akabatana nahwo; somugumisiro, vagari vemunyikamo vanoripira mari yakawanda. President’s Commission on Organized Crime yakambotaura kuti muUnited States, “utsotsi hwakarongwa hunokanganisa mitengo kupfurikidza nokuba, upambi, kupa pfumbamuromo, kuisa mutengo wezvinhu uye kuganhurirwa kwokukwikwidzana” uye kuti vatengi vanomanikidzirwa kuripira “iyo ingadanwa chaizvoizvo kuti mari yokuwedzera” kuMafia. Naizvozvo, hapana anonzvenga tapuro dzoutsotsi. Tose zvedu tinobhadhara bhiri racho.
Asi nei utsotsi hwakarongwa huchibudirira nhasi?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 5]
Mafia—Mavambo Ayo
“Mafia yakamuka muSicily mukati meMiddle Ages, umo sezvinobvira yakavamba sangano repachivande rakatsaurirwa kukupidigura kutonga kwevakundi vakasiyana-siyana vokumwe vechitsuwa chacho—vakadai sevokuArabia, vokuNormandy, uye vokuSpain. Mafia yakava nemavambo ayo uye yakatora nhengo dzayo kubva mumauto mazhinji maduku emunhu oga, kana kuti mafie, ayo aihayiwa navanasaimba vanenge vasipo kuti adzivirire zvinhu zvavo pamakororo mumamiriro ezvinhu ayo akapararira murutivi rukuru rweSicily mukati memazana amakore. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19, vanhu vane utsinye vane simba vaiva muaya mauto omunhu oga vakazvironga ndokuva vane simba zvikuru zvokuti vakapandukira varidzi venzvimbo ndokuva chiremera bedzi pazvizhinji zvezvinhu zvacho, vachipamba mari kubva kuvaridzi vacho venzvimbo nokuda kwokuchengetedza zvirimwa zvaivavo.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Kupamba mari yokuchengetedzwa kwakava mutoo wavo womuitiro. Vakaenda nemitoo yavo kuUnited States, uko vakabatanidzwa mukubhejera, basa rokumanikidzira, kukweretesa mari pamwero weinterest mukuru, kutengesa murimo kusiri kwepamutemo, uye upfambi.