Ramangwana Ravo Rinei?
MUBVUNZURUDZO neMukai!, mambo worugare weCheyenne Lawrence Hart akataura kuti chimwe chezvinetso zviri kutapura maIndia “ndechokuti takatarisana nemasimba okugamuchira nokupinza tsika dzokumwe. Somuenzaniso, tiri kurasikirwa nomutauro wedu. Pane imwe nguva iwoyu wakanga uri mutemo wamaune wehurumende. Nhamburiko huru dzakaitwa dzo‘kutidzidzisa’ kupfurikidza nedzidzo. Takaendeswa kuzvikoro zvemabhodhingi ndokurambidzwa kutaura mitauro yedu yatakaberekwa nayo.” Sandra Kinlacheeny anoyeuka, kuti: “Kana ndaitaura Navajo pachikoro changu chebhodhingi, mudzidzisi aigeza muromo wangu nesipo!”
Mambo Hart anopfuurira, kuti: “Chinhu chimwe chinokurudzira munguva pfupi yapfuura ndechokuti kwave kune kupepuka kwakaitwa nendudzi dzakasiyana-siyana. Dzinoziva kuti mitauro yadzo ichatsakatika kutoti kukaitwa nhamburiko yokuichengetedza.”
Vanhu gumi bedzi ndivo vasara vanotaura Karuk, mutauro weimwe yendudzi dzeCalifornia. Muna January 1996, Red Thunder Cloud (Carlos Westez), muIndia wokupedzisira aitaura mutauro weCatawba, akafa pazera remakore 76. Akanga asisina munhu wokutaura naye mumutauro iwoyo kwemakore mazhinji.
PaHoro dzoUmambo dzeZvapupu zvaJehovha dziri mumaruzevha eNavajo neHopi muArizona, anodokuva munhu ari wose anotaura Navajo kana kuti Hopi nechiNgezi. Kunyange Zvapupu zvisiri maIndia zviri kudzidza mutauro weNavajo. Zvapupu zvacho zvinofanira kuziva Navajo kuti zvigoita basa razvo redzidzo yeBhaibheri, sezvo vaNavajo vazhinji vari nyanzvi bedzi mumutauro wavo vamene. Mitauro yeHopi neNavajo ichiri kushandiswa zvikuru, uye vanhu vaduku vari kukurudzirwa kuishandisa pachikoro.
Dzidzo yemaIndia ekuAmerica
Kune makoreji 29 echiIndia ari muUnited States, ane vadzidzi 16 000. Yokutanga yakavhurwa muArizona muna 1968. “Uyu ndemumwe wemibato yechinjo inoshamisa zvikurusa muNyika yemaIndia, kodzero yokudzidzisa mumamiriro ezvinhu atinozvisarudzira,” akadaro Dr. David Gipp, weAmerican Indian Higher Education Committee. PaSinte Gleska University, mutauro weLakota chidzidzo chinorayirwa.
Mukuwirirana naRon McNeil (Hunkpapa Lakota), purezidhendi weAmerican Indian College Fund, nhamba dzeurovha dzemaIndia ekuAmerica dzinobva pa50 muzana kusvika ku85 muzana, uye maIndia ane urefu hwoupenyu hwakaderera zvikuru uye mwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yediabetes, tiibhii, uye udhakwa zveboka ripi neripi riri muUnited States. Dzidzo iri nani inongova imwe yenhano dzingabetsera.
Nyika Dzinoera
KumaIndia ekuAmerica mazhinji, nyika dzavo dzemadziteteguru dzinoera. Seizvo White Thunder akataura kunhengo yedare rehurumende, kuti: “Nyika yedu kuno ndicho chinhu chinodiwa zvikurusa pasi pano kwatiri.” Pakuita zvibvumirano newirirano, maIndia aiwanzofunga kuti izvi zvakanga zviri zvokushandisa kwomurungu nyika yavo asi kwete zvokuva nayo chose chose nokuyiita yavo. Ndudzi dzemaIndia dzeSioux dzakarasikirwa nenyika inokosha iri muBlack Hills yeDakota muma1870, apo vacheri vemigodhi vakadirana, vachitsvaka goridhe. Muna 1980 Supreme Court yeUnited States yakarayira hurumende yeUnited States kubhadhara mamiriyoni anenge $1 008 mukuripira ndudzi sere dzeSioux. Kusvikira pari zvino ndudzi dzacho dzakaramba kugamuchira muripo wacho—dzinoda nyika yadzo inoera, Black Hills yeSouth Dakota, kuti idzoswe.
MaIndia mazhinji eSioux haafadzwi nokuona zviso zvemapurezidheni evarungu zvakavezwa paMount Rushmore, muBlack Hills. Pagomo riri pedyo, vavezi vari kutoita chivezwa chinotova chikuru. NdechaCrazy Horse, mutungamiriri wehondo. Chiso chacho chichave chapedzwa panosvika June 1998.
Denho Dzanhasi
Kuti ararame munyika yazvino, maIndia ekuAmerica aitofanira kuchinjika munzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Vazhinji zvino vane dzidzo yakanaka uye vakarovedzwa nemakoreji, kuti vave nemano avanogona kushandisa zvakanaka mumhoteredzo yendudzi. Muenzaniso mumwe ndiBurton McKerchie anotaura zvinyoro-nyoro, weChippewa anobva kuMichigan. Akaita mafirimu anorayiridza nokuda kwePublic Broadcasting Service uye zvino anoshanda pachikoro chepamusoro paHopi Reservation muArizona, achitsinhiranisa zvidzidzo zvomukirasi zvevhidhiyo zvekoreji munyika yacho yose. Mumwe muenzaniso ndiRay Halbritter, mutungamiriri wendudzi worudzi rweOneida akadzidziswa paHarvard.
Arlene Young Hatfield, achinyora muNavajo Times, akatsinhira kuti vaduku veNavajo havana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kana kuti havaiti kuzvibayira uko vabereki vavo navanasekuru navanambuya vaiita sezvo vakanga vachikura. Akanyora, kuti: “Nemhaka yokugarika [kwazvino] havana kutongounganidza kana kuti kudimbura huni, kukweva mvura, kana kuti kufudza makwai kufanana nemadziteteguru avo. Havabetseri nezvokurarama nazvo zvemhuri yedu seizvo vana vaiita kare kare.” Anogumisa kuti: “Hakubviri kunzvenga zvinetso zvizhinji zvenzanga izvo zvinongoerekana zvapesvedzera vana vedu. Hatigoni kuparadzanisa mhuri dzedu, kana kuti ruzevha nenyika yose yasara, uyewo hatigoni kudzokera kuupenyu uhwo madziteteguru edu akanga anahwo.”
Muna ikoku ndimo mune denho yemaIndia ekuAmerica—nzira yokurambira nayo kumagamuchidzanwa avo akasiyana erudzi nemipimo nepo vachichinjira kumuraramire uri kunze uri kuchinja.
Kurwisa Mirimo Nezvinwiwa Zvinodhaka
Kusvikira kuzuva rino, udhakwa hunoparadza nzanga yemaIndia ekuAmerica. Dr. Lorraine Lorch, uyo akashandira vagari vemo veHopi neveNavajo sachiremba wezvirwere zvevana nachiremba wezvirwere zvakawanda kwemakore 12, akati mubvunzurudzo neMukai!: “Udhakwa chinetso chakakomba nokuda kwevarume nevakadzi nenzira yakafanana. Miviri yakasimba inova nyajambwa wecirrhosis, rufu rwetsaona, kuzviuraya, kuuraya mumwe. Kunosuruvarisa kuona udhakwa huchitora nzvimbo yokutanga pane vana, mukwanyina, uye kunyange Mwari. Kuseka kunochinjwa kuva misodzi, unyoro kuva masimba masimba.” Akawedzera, kuti: “Kunyange mimwe yemitambo yacho, iyo yaimboereswa nevaNavajo nevaHopi, yava kushatiswa zvino padzimwe nguva noudhakwa nouipi. Zvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvinotorera vanhu ava vakaisvonaka utano hwavo, ungwaru hwavo, mano avo okuita zvinhu, uye unhu hwavo hwechokwadi.”
Philmer Bluehouse, muiti worugare muJustice Department yerudzi rweNavajo, paWindow Rock, Arizona, akarondedzera nenzira yokunzvenga kutaura kunogumbura kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemirimo nezvinwiwa zvinodhaka se“kuzvirapa.” Uku kushandisa zvisina kufanira kunobatira kudzinga nhamo uye kubetsera munhu kunzvenga chokwadi chakakasharara choupenyu husina basa uye kazhinji kazhinji husina chinangwa.
Zvisinei, maIndia ekuAmerica mazhinji akarwisa nenzira inobudirira zvinwiwa zvinodhaka “zvakashata” izvo zvakaunzwa nomurungu uye akarwisa kuti akurire kupindwa muropa nemurimo. Mienzaniso miviri ndiClyde naHenrietta Abrahamson, vanobva kuSpokane Indian Reservation muWashington State. Clyde ane muviri wakasimba, nebvudzi nemaziso zvitema. Akatsanangurira Mukai!, kuti:
“Takanga takurira muruzevha macho huzhinjisa hwoupenyu hwedu, uye ipapo takatamira kuguta reSpokane kuti tiende kukoreji. Taisada muraramire wedu, uyo waibatanidza zvinwiwa zvinodhaka nemirimo. Upenyu hwourwu rudzi ndihwo bedzi hwataiziva. Takakura tichivenga idzi pesvedzero mbiri nemhaka yezvinetso zvatakanga taona zvichiparira mumhuri.
“Ipapo takaonana neZvapupu zvaJehovha. Takanga tisina kumbonzwa nezvavo kare tisati taenda kuguta. Fambiro mberi yedu yakanga ichinonoka. Zvimwe kwakanga kuri nemhaka yokuti taisavimba chaizvoizvo vanhu vataisaziva, zvikurukuru varungu. Takava neanenge makore matatu efundo dzeBhaibheri dzisiri dzenguva dzose. Tsika yakanga yakandiomera zvikurusa kurega yakanga iri kusvuta mbanje. Ndakanga ndasvuta kubvira pandakanga ndine makore 14 okukura, uye ndakanga ndine makore 25 ndisati ndaedza kurega. Ndakanga ndakadhakwa huzhinjisa hwoupenyu hwangu hwoujaya. Muna 1986, ndakarava nyaya iri muchinyorwa chaJanuary 22 cheMukai! yechiNgezi yaiva nomusoro unoti “Everyone Else Smokes Pot—Why Shouldn’t I?” (Munhu Ari Wose Anoputa Mbanje—Nei Ndisingafaniri?) Yakandiita kuti ndifunge kuti upenzi hwakadini kusvuta mbanje—zvikurukuru pashure pokunge ndarava Zvirevo 1:22, iyo inoti: ‘Nhai imi vasina mano, muchada kusava namano kusvikira riniko? Nemi vaseki kufarira kuseka kwenyu, namapenzi kuvenga zivo?’
“Ndakarega muitiro wacho, uye muchirimo cha1986, Henrietta neni takaroorana. Takabhapatidzwa muna November 1986. Muna 1993, ndakava mukuru muungano. Vanasikana vedu vose vari vaviri vakabhapatidzwa seZvapupu muna 1994.”
Makasino Nokubhejera Ndizvo Mhinduro Here?
Muna 1984 kwakanga kusina kubhejera kunotarisirwa nomuIndia muUnited States. Mukuwirirana neThe Washington Post, gore rino ndudzi 200 dzine mabhizimisi 220 okubhejera munyika 24. Vasingabatanidzwi vakatanhamara vaNavajo nevaHopi, avo vakadzivisa muedzo wacho kusvika panguva ino. Asi makasino nemahoro ebhingo ndizvo nzira yokurubudiriro nemabasa akawanda nokuda kwemaruzevha acho here? Philmer Bluehouse akaudza Mukai!, kuti: “Kubhejera munondo unocheka nemativi maviri. Mubvunzo ndeuyu, Kuchabetsera vanhu vakawanda kupfuura vakunokuvadza here?” Mumwe mushumo unotaura kuti makasino echiIndia akaumba mabasa 140 000 munyika yose asi unoonesa kuti 15 muzana bedzi eaya anotarisirwa nemaIndia.
Mambo weCheyenne Hart akapa Mukai! murangariro wake pamusoro penzira iyo makasino nokubhejera zvinotapura nayo maruzevha acho. Akati: “Mirangariro yangu inorwisana. Chinhu chakanaka bedzi ndechokuti zvinounza mabasa nemari kundudzi dzacho. Kune rumwe rutivi, ndakacherekedza kuti vazhinji vevatengi vacho vanhu vedu timene. Vamwe vandinoziva vakapindwa muropa nebhingo, uye vanobva pamba nokukurumidza kuti vaende ikoko, kunyange vana vasati vadzoka kumba kubva kuchikoro. Ipapo ivava vanova vana vari voga kusvikira vabereki vavo vadzoka kubva kunotamba bhingo.
“Chinetso chikuru ndechokuti mhuri dzinofunga kuti dzichahwina ndokuwedzera mari yadzo. Kazhinji kazhinji hadzidaro; dzinorasikirwa. Ndakavaona vachipedza mari yakanga yakachengeterwa girosari kana kuti zvipfeko zvevana.”
Ramangwana Rinei?
Tom Bahti anotsanangura kuti kune mirangariro miviri yakarovedzeka pakukurukura ramangwana rendudzi dzekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. “Wokutanga unofanotaura zvakajeka kutsakatika kuri pedyo kwetsika dzemo dzichipinda muupenyu hunodzora hweAmerica. Wechipiri wakavandika zvikuru . . . Unotaura zvinyoronyoro nezvemuitiro wokugamuchira tsika dzokumwe, uchikarakadza kusanganiswa kwokufungisisa kwe‘dzakanakisisa dzekare nedzakanakisisa itsva,’ rudzi rwakati rwokuderera kwetsika kwakajeka umo muIndia angaramba ari nyanzvi mumabasa ake, aine mhatsa murudzidziso rwake uye akachenjera muuzivi hwake—asi achiri ane mufungo zvakakwana muukama hwake nesu (tsika dzakatanhamara [dzomurungu]) kuti arangarire zvinhu sezvatinoita.”
Ipapo Bahti anobvunza mubvunzo. “Kuchinja hakudzivisiki, asi ndiani achachinja uye nokuda kwedonzoi? . . . Isu [varungu] tine muitiro unogumbura wokurangarira vamwe vanhu vose sevokuAmericawo zvavo vasina kubudirira. Tinofunga kuti vanofanira kuva vasingagutsikani nemararamire avo uye vanofunganya kuti vagare nokufunga sezvatinoita.”
Anopfuurira, kuti: “Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi—nhau yemuIndia wokuAmerica haisati yapera, asi kuti ichaguma sei kana kuti kana ichizoguma zvichazoonekwa. Pachine nguva, zvimwe, yokuvamba kufunga pamusoro penzanga dzedu dzasara dzechiIndia sepfuma yetsika inokosha panzvimbo bedzi pezvinetso zvinokatyamadza zvenzanga.”
Upenyu Munyika Itsva Yetsinhirano Neruramisiro
Mumurangariro weBhaibheri, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinoziva kuti icho nguva yemberi inogona kuva nokuda kwemaIndia ekuAmerica uye nokuda kwevanhu vemarudzi ose, ndudzi, uye mitauro. Jehovha Mwari akapikira kusika “denga idzva nenyika itsva.”—Isaya 65:17; 2 Petro 3:13; Zvakazarurwa 21:1, 3, 4.
Chipikirwa ichi hachirevi pasi idzva. Seizvo maIndia ekuAmerica anosanoziva zvikuru, pasi rino chinhu chinokosha zvikuru apo rinoremekedzwa nokubatwa zvakarurama. Panzvimbo pezvo, uporofita hweBhaibheri hunoratidzira utongi hutsva hwokudenga huchatsiva hurumende dzorudzi rwomunhu dzinoshandisa vamwe zvisina kufanira. Pasi richashandurwa kuva paradhiso nemasango akadzorerwa, mapani, nzizi, uye mhuka dzomusango. Vanhu vose vachagoverana nenzira isina udyire kuva varidzi venyika. Kushandisa zvisina kufanira nemakaro hazvisati zvichizokurira. Kuchave kune zvokudya zvakanaka zvakawanda nemibato inovaka.
Uye nokumutswa kwavakafa, kusaruramisira kwose kwomunguva yakapfuura kuchabviswa. Hungu, kunyange vanaAnasazi (Navajo nokuda kwa“vanhu vekare”), madziteteguru emaIndia mazhinji ePueblo, avo vanogara muArizona neNew Mexico, vachadzoka kuzova nomukana woupenyu husingaperi pano papasi rakadzorerwa. Uyewo, vatungamiriri ivavo vakakurumbira munhau yeIndia—Geronimo, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Tecumseh, Manuelito, Mambo Joseph naSeattle—uye vamwe vazhinji vangadzoka murumuko irworwo rwakapikirwa. (Johane 5:28, 29; Mabasa 24:15) Ikariro yakaisvonaka zvakadini iyo zvipikirwa zvaMwari zvinopa nokuda kwavo uye nokuda kwavose vanomubatira zvino!
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]
Zvakaita imba yeNavajo, yakagadzirwa nemapango akafukidzwa nedhaka
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]
Mufananidzo waCrazy Horse, hwaro hwechivezwa chiri mugomo chiri necheseri
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Mufananidzo naRobb DeWall, courtesy Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation (nonprofit)
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]
Zvapupu zveHopi neNavajo muKeams Canyon, Arizona, zvinosangana paHoro yazvo yoUmambo, yaichimbova nzvimbo yokutengeserana
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]
Dzimba dzavanaAnasazi dzemakore 1 000 akapfuura (Mesa Verde, Colorado)
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]
Geronimo (1829-1909), mambo weApache akakurumbira
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Courtesy Mercaldo Archives/Dictionary of American Portraits/Dover