Marasikire Akaita Muraramire Wavo

KWEMAKORE mazhinji nhau yeUnited States yaipfupikiswa nokutaura kwokuti, “Nzira iyo Madokero akawanwa nayo.” Mafirimu eHollywood airatidza vagari vechirungu vachifamba nomumapani nemakomo zveAmerica vaine varwi vorudzi rwaJohn Wayne, vafudzi vemombe, uye vagari vachirwisa maIndia anotyisa, asingadzoreki, anouraya nematemo asingaremi. Nepo murungu akanga achitsvaka nyika negoridhe, vamwe vevaprista navaparidzi vechiKristudhomu vakanga vachifungidzirwa kuva vari kuponesa mweya.

Nhau iyeyo inooneka sei mukurangarira kwevagari vokutanga, vanhu vakaberekerwamo veAmerica? Nokusvika kwevokuEurope, maIndia “akamanikidzirwa kugonana nokupinzwa mumhoteredzo yavo yechikara chinorura icho vakanga vati vambotarisana nacho: vavhozhokeri vari varungu vokuEurope,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The Native Americans—An Illustrated History.

Tsinhirano Yakatungamirira Kurwisano

Pakutanga, vazhinji vevokuEurope avo vakatanga kusvika kuChamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAmerica vakabatwa nomutsa nebatira pamwe inobva kuvakaberekerwamo. Imwe nhoroondo inoti: “Pasina yamuro yavaPowhatan, nzvimbo yokugara yevokuBritain paJamestown, Virginia, nyika yokutanga yechigarire yechiRungu muAmerica, yaizodai isina kuramba iripo mumwaka wayo wechando wakaipa zvikuru wa1607-08. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika yeVanoenda kunzvimbo tsvene paPlymouth, Massachusetts, ingadai yakakundikana kudai pakanga pasina betsero yakabva kuvaWampanoag.” Vamwe vakaberekerwamo vakaratidza vatami vacho nzira yokuita nayo kuti ivhu riorere ndokurima zvirimwa. Uye rwendo rwaLewis naClark rwa1804-06—rwokundotsvaka kubatana kwechokufambisa kunoshanda pakati peLouisiana Territory neyaidanwa kuti Oregon Country rwaigona kuva runobudirira sei—kudai pakanga pasina betsero nokupindira kwomukadzi weShoshone Sacagawea? Akanga ari “chiratidzo [chavo] chorugare” apo vakanangana nemaIndia.

Zvisinei, nemhaka yenzira yeEurope yokushandisa nayo nyika nezvokudya zvakaganhurirwa, kutamira muNorth America kwevakawanda kwakaparira kusawirirana pakati pevavhozhokeri nevakaberekerwamo. Wezvenhau weCanada Ian K. Steele anotsanangura kuti muzana ramakore rechi17, kwakanga kune vaNarragansett 30 000 muMassachusetts. Mambo wavo Miantonomo, “achiona ngozi, . . . akatsvaka kukudza mubatanidzwa wake weMohawk kuti aite sangano guru redziviriro remaIndia ekuAmerica.” Anoshumwa kuva akataura kuvaMontauk muna 1642, kuti: “Ti[nofanira] kuva vamwe sezvavakaita [vaRungu], zvimwe tichatsakatika nokukurumidza, nokuti munoziva kuti madziteteguru edu akanga ane mhuka dzakawanda nematehwe, mapani edu akanga azere nemhuka, kungofananawo nemasango edu, uye ne[zvitoki], twumadziva twedu twakazara hove neshiri dzinoshambira. Asi ava vaRungu vatora nyika yedu, vakacheka uswa nemajeko, uye nematemo vakariga miti; mombe dzavo nemabhiza zvinodya uswa, uye nguruve dzavo dzinoparadza maclam edu omumhenderekedzo merwizi, uye tichafa tose nenzara.”—Warpaths—Invasions of North America.

Nhamburiko dzaMiantonomo dzokuumba sangano romubatanidzwa wakabatana wemaIndia ekuAmerica hadzina kubudirira. Muna 1643, muhondo yerudzi, akabatwa naChief Uncas werudzi rweMohegan, uyo akamuisa kuvaRungu somupandukiri. VaRungu vaisagona kupomera mhaka Miantonomo nenzira yepamutemo ndokumuuraya. Vakawana mhinduro inoshanda. Steele anopfuurira, kuti: “Vasingakwanisi kuuraya [Miantonomo], uyo akanga ari kunze kwemiganhu yenyika yavo ipi neipi, vamiririri vehurumende vakaita kuti Uncas amuuraye, zvapupu zvechiRungu zviripo kuti zvibvumikise kuti kwakanga kwaitwa.”

Ikoku kunoratidzira kwete chete rwisano dzenguva dzose pakati pevagari vomunyika vakavhozhokera nevagari vakaberekerwamo asiwo makwikwi okuurayana nokutengesana pakati pendudzi dzacho, izvo zvakanga zvave zviripo kunyange murungu asati ambosvika muNorth America. VokuBritain, muhondo dzavo vachirwisana nevokuFrance nokuda kwokudzora nyika yeNorth America, vakanga vaine dzimwe ndudzi kurutivi rwavo, nepo dzimwe dzaitsigira vokuFrance. Pasinei zvapo nokuti rutivi rupi rwaikundwa, ndudzi dzose dzaibatanidzwa dzakatambura zvikuru.

“Musiyano Mukuru Wokusanzwisisana”

Uyu ndemumwe murangariro wokuvhozhokera kweEurope, wokuti: “Icho vatungamiriri vemarudzi echiIndia asina kunzwisisa, kazhinji kazhinji kusvikira kwava kunyanyononoka, yakanga iri nzira iyo vokuEurope vairangarira nayo maIndia. Vakanga vasiri varungu kana kuti vaKristu. Vakanga vari vanotyisa—vasingadzoreki nevakafanana nemhuka—mundangariro dzavazhinji, chinhu chine ngozi nechisingarangariri nokuda kwemisika youranda.” Ichi chimiro chendangariro choutanhamari chakaguma nemigumisiro inoparadza pandudzi dzacho.

Murangariro wevekuEurope wakanga usinganzwisisiki kumaIndia ekuAmerica. Kwakanga kune, seizvo mupi zano weNavajo Philmer Bluehouse akakudana mubvunzurudzo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi neMukai! kuti, “musiyano mukuru wokusanzwisisana.” Vakaberekerwamo havana kurangarira pepuko yavo seyakaderera asi, panzvimbo pezvo, seyakasiyana, ine mipimo yakasiyana chose chose. Somuenzaniso, kutengesa nyika kwakanga kuri kwechienzi chose chose kumaIndia. Waigona kuva nemweya, mhepo, mvura ndokuzvitengesa here? Naizvozvo kutengeserei nyika? Yakanga iripo kuti vose vashandise. Nokudaro, maIndia aisafenza nyika.

Nokusvika kwevokuBritain, vokuSpain, uye vokuFrance, kwakava nekwakarondedzerwa so“kusangana kune ngwavaira kwetsika mbiri dzokumwe.” Vagari vemo vakanga vari vanhu avo kwemazana emakore vakanga vadzidza kugarisana nenyika uye nechisiko uye avo vaiziva nzira yokurarama nayo pasina kuvhiringidza dzikamo yemhoteredzo. Bva, nokukurumidza murungu akasvika pakurangarira vagari vakaberekerwamo sezvisikwa zvakaderera zvikuru, zvinotyisa—achikanganwa nokukurumidza utsinye hwake mukuvakurira! Muna 1831, wezvenhau weFrance Alexis de Tocqueville akapfupikisa kurangarira maIndia kwakapararira kwomurungu, achiti: “Denga harina kuvaita kuti vave vakapepuka; kuri madikanwa kuti vafe.”

Muurayi Mukuru Zvikurusa

Sezvo vagari vatsva vakapfuurira kupinda kumadokero mhiri kweNorth America, masimba masimba akaparira masimba masimba. Naizvozvo kana maIndia kana kuti vavhozhokeri vokuEurope vakatanga kudenha kana kuti kwete, zvakashatisisa zvakaitwa namativi ose ari maviri. MaIndia aityiwa nemhaka yomukurumbira wawo wokubvisa dehenya, muitiro uyo vamwe vanodavira kuti vakadzidza kubva kuvokuEurope avo vaipa mibayiro nokuda kwemadehenya. Zvisinei, maIndia akanga achirwa hondo yaaisagona kukunda mukurwisana nevanovapfuura zvikuru munhamba nomuzvombo. Muzviitiko zvizhinjisa ndudzi dzacho dzakaguma nokufanira kusiya nyika dzadzo dzemadziteteguru kana kuti kufa. Kazhinji kazhinji zvakanga zviri zvose zviri zviviri—dzaisiya nyika dzadzo uye ipapo dzaiurawa kana kuti kufa nehosha nokuziya nenzara.

Bva, kufa muhondo kwakanga kusiri chisakiso chinoparadza zvikurusa nokuda kwendudzi dzakaberekerwamo. Ian K. Steele anonyora, kuti: “Chombo chine simba zvikurusa mukuvhozhokerwa kweNorth America chakanga chisiri pfuti, bhiza, Bhaibheri, kana kuti ‘pepuko’ yeEurope. Yakanga iri nhenda.” Pamusoro petapuro yehosha dzokuEurope kunyika dzeAmerica, Patrica Nelson Limerick, purofesa wenhau, akanyora, kuti: “Padzaitakurwa kuenda kuAmerica, idzi hosha dzimwe chetedzo [idzo vokuEurope vakanga vava nemazana amakore okukudziridza kudzivirira hosha]—chibhokisi, gwirikwiti, furuwenza, marariya, yellow fever, typhus, tiibhii, uye, kupfuura zvose, nhomba—dzakasangana nedziviriro duku. Mwero yokufa mumusha pashure pomusha yakawedzera kusvika ku80 kana kuti 90 muzana.”

Russell Freedman anorondedzera murakatira wenhomba uyo wakarovanya muna 1837. “VaMandan vakanga vari vokutanga kurovanywa, vachiteverwa nokutevedzana kwokukurumidza nevaHidatsa, vaAssiniboin, vaArikara, vaSioux, uye vaBlackfoot.” VaMandan vakadokuva vakaparadzwa chose chose. Kubva muvagari vemo vane 1 600 muna 1834, vakaderera kusvika ku130 muna 1837.

Chakaitika Kuzvibvumirano Zvacho?

Kusvikira kuzuva rino vakuru verudzi vanogona kurondedzera zviri nyore misi yezvibvumirano izvo hurumende yeUnited States yakasaina nemadziteteguru avo muzana remakore rechi19. Asi zvibvumirano izvozvo zvakagoverei chaizvoizvo? Kazhinji kazhinji kuchinjana nyika yakanaka neruzevha rwakaoma nemitoo yehurumende yokuwana nayo zvinodikanwa zvoupenyu.

Muenzaniso wokuzvidzwa uko ndudzi dzemo dzaibatwa nakwo chiitiko chemarudzi eIroquois (kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, uye Seneca) pashure pokunge vokuBritain vakurirwa nevagari vatsva vokuAmerica muhondo yokuzvitonga, iyo yakaguma muna 1783. VaIroquois vakanga vatsigira vokuBritain, uye zvose zvavakawana mukuripirwa, mukuwirirana naAlvin Josephy, Jr., kwakanga kuri kusiyiwa nokunyombwa. VokuBritain, “vachifuratira [vaIroquois], vakanga vabvumira United States udzori panyika dzavo.” Anowedzera kuti kunyange vaIroquois avo vakanga vada vagari vatsva panzvimbo pevokuBritain “vakamanikidzwa nemakambani anotengesa nzvimbo ane makaro zvikuru uye nehurumende yeAmerica imene.”

Apo musangano wechibvumirano wakadanirwa muna 1784, James Duane, aichimbova mumiririri weContinental Congress Committee on Indian Affairs, akarayira vamiriri vehurumende “kunetesa kuzvivimba kupi kana kupi kwakasara pakati pevaIroquois kupfurikidza nokuvabata sevakaderera nenzira yemaune.”

Zvikarakadzo zvake zvokuzvitutumadza zvakaitwa. Vamwe vaIroquois vakabatwa sevadzorwi, uye “kurukurirano” dzaiitwa mukutyisidzirwa norufu. Kunyange zvazvo vaizvirangarira vamene kuva vasina kukurirwa muhondo, vaIroquois vaifanira kurega nyika yavo yose iri kumadokero kweNew York nePennsylvania ndokugamuchira ruzevha ruduku muNew York State.

Unyanzvi hwakafanana hwakashandiswa mukurwisana nezhinjisa dzendudzi dzakaberekerwamo. Josephy anodudzawo kuti vamiriri veAmerica vaishandisa “pfumbamuromo, tyisidziro, chinwiwa chinodhaka, uye unyengeri hwevamiririri vasina chiremera kuedza kubvuta nyika kubva kuvaDelaware, vaWyandot, vaOttawa, vaChippewa [kana kuti Ojibwa], vaShawnee, uye mamwe marudzi eOhio.” Hakushamisi kuti maIndia akasvika nokukurumidza pakusavimba murungu nezvipikirwa zvake zvisina maturo!

Nzira Refu Negwara Remisodzi

Apo Hondo yeAmerica Yevagari Vemo (1861-65) yakagundika, yakatora varwi kubva munyika yevaNavajo iri kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. VaNavajo vakashandisa uku kunonoka kudenha misha miduku yeAmerica neyeMexico muRio Grande Valley munharaunda yeNew Mexico. Hurumende yakatumira Mukuru Mukuru Weuto Kit Carson neNew Mexico Volunteers yake kuti idzvinyirire vaNavajo nokuvatamisira muruzevha rwuri panyika nhete yakaoma inonzi Bosque Redondo. Carson akaronda muitiro wokuparadza zvokurarama nazvo zvomuvengi kuti aziyise nenzara nokubudisa vaNavajo muCanyon de Chelly inotyisa, iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweArizona. Akatoparadza miti yemipichisi inopfuura 5 000.

Carson akaunganidza vanhu vanenge 8 000 ndokuvamanikidzira kufamba “Nzira Refu” kweanenge mamaira 300 kuenda kumusasa wokuchengetera weBosque Redondo paFort Sumner, New Mexico. Mumwe mushumo unoti: “Mamiriro okunze aitonhora zvikuru, uye nhapwa zhinji dzakanga dzisina kupfeka zvakanaka, dzaipiwa zvokudya zvishoma dzakafa munzira.” Mamiriro acho ezvinhu paruzevha pacho akanga akaipa zvikuru. VaNavajo vaitofanira kuchera mwena muvhu munhamburiko yokuwana utiziro. Muna 1868, pashure pokuziva chikanganiso chayo choufuza, hurumende yakapa vaNavajo maeka mamiriyoni 3,5 enyika yavo yokumusha yemadziteteguru muArizona neNew Mexico. Vakadzokera, asi mutengo wakadini wavakanga vamanikidzirwa kuripira!

Pakati pa1820 na1845, makumi ezviuru evaChoctaw, vaCherokee, vaChickasaw, vaCreek, uye vaSeminole vakabudiswa munyika dzavo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva ndokumanikidzirwa kufamba vakananga kumadokero, mhiri kweMississippi River, kuenda kunonzi kuOklahoma, kure nezviuru zvemamaira. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata omuchando, vazhinji vakafa. Kufamba kwokumanikidzirwa vakananga kumadokero kwakava kwakakurumbira zvakaipa seGwara Remisodzi.

Kusaruramisira kwakaitirwa maIndia ekuAmerica kunosimbiswazve nemashoko emukuru mukuru weAmerica George Crook, uyo akaronda vaSioux nevaCheyenne kuchamhembe. Akati: “Rutivi rwenhau yacho rwamaIndia haruwanzonzwikwi. . . . Ipapo apo kupanduka kwe[India] kunouya ngwariro yavose inotendeudzirwa kumaIndia, mhaka dzavo nezvakashatisisa zvinotsoropodzwa, nepo vanhu vane kusaruramisira kwakavasundira kuiyi nzira havapiwi mhaka . . . Hakuna anoziva iri idi zviri nani kupfuura muIndia, naizvozvo haapiwi mhaka mukufungidzira kusava neruramisiro muhurumende inomuranga bedzi, nepo ichibvumira murungu kumupamba sezvaanoda.”—Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.

MaIndia ekuAmerica ari kubudirira sei nhasi pashure pemakore anopfuura zana okudzorwa nevokuEurope? Ari mungozi yokutsakatika somugumisiro wokupinzwa mudzimwe tsika here? Itariroi yaanawo yeramangwana? Nyaya inotevera icharangarira iyi nemimwe mibvunzo.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 21]

Upenyu Hwakaoma Nokuda Kwevakadzi

Nepo varume vakanga vari vavhimi navarwi mundudzi zhinjisa, vakadzi vakanga vaine mabasa mazhinji zvikuru, kubatanidza kurera vana, kudyara nokukohwa zvirimwa, uye kuzvidzvura kuva furawa. Colin Taylor anotsanangura, kuti: “Basa guru revakadzi vePlains . . . rakanga riri iro rokuchengetedza mhuri yakatangwa, kubereka vana nokubika zvokudya. Munzanga dzairima michero uye miriwo nezvimwe vaitarisirawo minda, . . . nepo, muchiitiko chendudzi dzokumadokero dzaitama-tama dzaivhima nyati, vaibetsera nokugadzira mhuka yacho, vaiunza nyama yacho mumusasa uye ndokugadzira nyama yacho pakupedzisira nematehwe nokuda kwokushandisa kweramangwana.”—The Plains Indians.

Mamwe manyuko anoti pamusoro pevanhu veApache: “Basa rokurima rakanga riri basa revakadzi uye pakanga pasina chinhu chinozvidzisa kana kuti chinoderedza pamusoro paro. Varume vaibetsera, asi vakadzi vairangarira zvakakomba kurima kupfuura varume. . . . Vakadzi vaiwanzoziva nzira yokuita nayo tsika dzokurima. . . . Vakadzi vazhinjisa vainyengetera vachidiridza minda.”—The Native Americans—An Illustrated History.

Vakadzi vaigadzirawo dzimba dzokugara dzechinguvana dzainzi matepee, idzo dzaiwanzopedza anenge makore maviri. Vaidzimisa nokudziputsa apo rudzi rwacho rwaifanira kutama. Pasina panikiro, vakadzi vairarama upenyu hwakaoma. Asi ndizvo zvaiitawo varume vavo sevatarisiri verudzi. Vakadzi vairemekedzwa uye vakanga vane kodzero zhinji. Mune dzimwe ndudzi, dzakadai seHopi, kunyange nhasi zvinhu ndezvevakadzi.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 22]

Mhuka Yakachinja Muraramire Wavo

VokuEurope vakapinza mhuka imwe muNorth America iyo yakachinja muraramire wendudzi zhinji—bhiza. Muzana remakore rechi17, vokuSpain vakava vokutanga kuunza mabhiza kukondinendi yacho. MaIndia ekuAmerica akava vatasvi vasina zvokugarira vakangwara, seizvo vokuEurope vaivhozhokera vakakurumidza kuziva. Nemabhiza, vakaberekerwamo vaikwanisa kuvhima nyati zviri nyore zvikuru. Uye ndudzi dzinotama-tama dzaikwanisa zviri nani kutapa ndudzi dzakanga dziri pedyo nadzo dzaigara mumisha yechigarire uye nokudaro ndokutora zvinopambwa, vakadzi nevaranda.

[Mepu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Nzvimbo dzezana ramakore rechi17 dzedzimwe dzendudzi dzacho muNorth America

Kutenai

Spokan

Nez Perce

Shoshone

Klamath

Northern Paiute

Miwok

Yokuts

Serrano

Mohave

Papago

Blackfoot

Flathead

Crow

Cheyenne

Ute

Arapaho

Jicarilla

Hopi

Navajo

Apache

Mescalero

Comanche

Lipan

Plains Cree

Assiniboin

Hidatsa

Mandan

Arikara

Yanktonai

Teton

Sioux

Yankton

Pawnee

Oto

Kansa

Kiowa

Osage

Quapaw

Caddo

Wichita

Atakapa

Tonkawa

Santee

Iowa

Missouri

Illinois

Chickasaw

Alabama

Choctaw

Creek

Timucua

Ojibwa

Sauk

Fox

Kickapoo

Miami

Shawnee

Cherokee

Catawba

Powhatan

Tuscarora

Delaware

Erie

Susquehanna

Potawatomi

Iroquois

Huron

Ottawa

Algonquian

Sokoki

Massachuset

Wampanoag

Narragansett

Mohegan

Montauk

Abnaki

Malecite

Micmac

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Indian: Artwork based on photograph by Edward S. Curtis; North America: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 20]

Kuruka nokugadzira mabwe anokosha kwounyanzvi kwevaNavajo

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Canyon de Chelly, apo “Nzira Refu” yakatangira