Ndiani Anogona Kuunza Rugare Runogara?
“Vachapfura minondo yavo kuva miromo yamapadza, uye mapfumo avo kuva mapanga okuchekeresa: rudzi haruchazosimudziri rumwe rudzi munondo, uyewo havachazodzidzizve kurwa.”
RUGWARO rwuri pamusoro apo rwunobva pana Isaya ganhuro 2, ndima 4, mushanduro yeBhaibheri yaKing James. Human Development Report 1994, yakabudiswa neUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP), yakanokora mashoko aya ndokuwedzera, kuti: “Kwairatidzika sokuti nguva youporofita uhu yakanga yasvika nomugumo werwisano yepfungwa dzakasiyana [muna 1990]. Asi kusvika zvino ikoku kwakabvumikisa kuva tariro inonzvenga.”
Kuderedza Mauto
Chimwe chinhu chiri kunetesa tariro dzorugare ndechokuti kuchinja mumamiriro ezvinhu zvematongerwo enyika emarudzi akawanda hakuna kuperekedzwa nokuderedzwa kukuru mundyiko dzamauto. Chokwadi, kwave kune kuderedza kwakati. Maererano nenhamba dzeUN, ndyiko dzemauto dzapasi rose dzakadzikira kubva pakakwirira zvikurusa pamabhiriyoni 8 955 emadhora muna 1987 kusvikira kumabhiriyoni 7 335 emadhora muna 1992. Kunyange zvakadaro, mabhiriyoni 7 335 emadhora inhamba huru. Yakangoda kuenzana nemari yakabatanidzwa inowanwa nehafu yevagari venyika!
Chimwe chinhu chinorwisana nokukanda zvombo pasi murangariro wokuti simba remauto rinounza kuchengeteka. Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo Rwisano Yepfungwa Dzakasiyana yakapera, vazhinji vari munyika dzakabudirira mune zvoupfumi vanoita nharo vachiti ndyiko dzekuchengeteka kwenyika dzinofanira kuramba dzakakwira. James Woolsey, apo akanga ari mutungamiriri weU.S. Central Intelligence Agency, akataurira Congress muna February 1993, kuti: “Takauraya dragoni huru [U.S.S.R.], asi tiri kurarama zvino musango rakazadzwa nemhatsa inotyisa yenyoka dzine uturu.”
Munyika dzichiri kusimukira ndyiko dzemauto dzakakwirira dzinoruramiswawo semutoo wokudzivisa nawo kudenha kunobva kunyika dzinorangarirwa semadragoni anobvira nenyoka dzine uturu. Asi kutaura chokwadi, UNDP yakati, “nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakarwa hondo dzenyika dzakawanda shomanene, uye zhinji dzakashandisa mauto adzo ane zvombo kudzvinyirira vanhu vadzo.” Kutaura idi, mushumo weUNDP wakatsanangura, kuti: “Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, bviro dzokufa nokuregeredzwa nenzanga (nokushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri nezvirwere zvinodziviririka) dzakakura neka33 kupfuura bviro dzokufira muhondo yokudenha kunobva kunze. Bva, paavhareji, kune varwi vanenge 20 nokuda kwachiremba ari wose. Zvisinei hazvo, varwi vangangoderedza kuchengeteka kwomunhu oga kupfuura kukuwedzera.”
Kutengesa Zvombo Munyika Yose
Mukati meRwisano Yepfungwa Dzakasiyana, masimba makuru maviri akatengesera zvombo vakutsirani kuitira kuti asimbise ukama, awane matura ezvombo, uye kuti arambe akasimba. Mauto emarudzi mazhinji akasimba. Iye zvino, somuenzaniso, nyika 33 dzine matenga ehondo anopfuura 1 000 imwe neimwe.
Zvino sezvo Rwisano Yepfungwa Dzakasiyana yacho yakapera, kururamisa kwezvamatongerwo enyika nokwounyanzvi kwokutengesa zvombo kwakaderera. Bva, zvishuvo zvoupfumi zvinoramba zvakasimba. Pane mari inogona kuitwa! Naizvozvo, sezvo kudikanwa kwezvombo mukati menyika kunoderera, vagadziri vezvombo vanonyengetedza hurumende dzavo kuti nzira yokuchengeta nayo mabasa neyokuchengeta upfumi hwakanaka kutengesera zvombo kunze kwenyika.
Magazini inonzi World Watch inotsinhira, kuti: “Nenzira inopesana, sezvo masimba makuru ari kudzosa zvombo zvawo zvinokandwa zvikuru zvenyukireya, ari kutsvaka nokukurumidza nzira dzokutengesa nadzo akawanda zvikuru emabhomba awo asiri enyukireya nepfuti kuanenge munhu upi noupi achatenga.” Ko nhamba dzacho? Maererano neStockholm International Peace Research Institute, ukoshi hwezvombo zvisiri zvenyukireya zvakatengeswa pamusika wenyika dzakawanda mukati memakore anobvira pana 1988 kusvikira kuna 1992 hwakanga huri mabhiriyoni 1 359 emadhora. Yakanyanya kutengesera kunze zvikurusa yakanga iri United States, ichiteverwa nenyika dzeyaichimbova Soviet Union.
Tyisidziro Yenyukireya Inoramba Iripo
Zvakadini netyisidziro yenyukireya? United States neSoviet Union (kana kuti nyika dzayo dzakaitsiva) dzakasaina Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty muna 1987 uye Strategic Arms Reductiom Treaty (START) mbiri mugore ra1991 na1993.
Zvibvumirano zveSTART zvakarambidza zvombo zvinokandwa zvepasi zvine zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoputika zvinopfuura chimwe chete uye zvairayira kubviswa, panosvika gore ra2003, kwezvinenge zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvezvombo zvenyukireya zvinoputika pazvinhu zvose zvine zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoputika. Asi kunyange zvazvo tyisidziro yeHondo Yenyika III yenyukireya yakaderera, kuchine matura akakura ezvombo zvenyukireya—zvakakwana kuti zviparadze upenyu hwose huri pasi pano kanoverengeka.
Kugurunura zvombo izvi kunowedzera mikana yokubiwa kwenyukireya. Russia, somuenzaniso, iri kugurunura ndokuchengeta zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoputika zvinenge 2 000 pagore, ichizvibvisa mabhora eplutonium akaenzana nechibhakera anonzi mapit. Pit yechombo chenyukireya chinoputika, iyo inoda mari yakawanda noruzivo rwokugadzira, ndicho chinhu chinokosha chomubhomba renyukireya. Sezvo mapit achiwanzopfigirwa mubhokisi resimbi rinodzivirira radioactivity, sezvinooneka mbavha ingasagona kuenda neimwe iri muhomwe mayo. Gandanga rakawana pit yakatogadzirwa kare raigona ipapo kuitenderedza nezvinhu zvinoputika kugadzirazve bhomba rine simba guru zvikuru.
Chimwe chinhu chokuitira hanya ityisidziro yokupararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda zvikuru. Nyika shanu dzinozivikanwa semasimba enyukireya—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, uye United States—uye dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzinofungwawo kuva dzinokwanisa kuparadzira zvombo zvenyukireya nokukurumidza.
Sezvo nyika dzakawanda zvikuru dzinowana zvombo zvenyukireya, bviro yokuti mumwe munhu achazvishandisa inowedzera. Vanhu havatyi kushandiswa kweizvi zvombo zvinotyisa pasina chikonzero. Sokutaura kunoita bhuku rinonzi The Transformation of War, “simba razvo rakakura kwazvo zvokuti zvinoita kuti zvombo zvisiri zvenyukireya zviratidzike sezvinhu zvisina maturo.”
Kukanda Zvombo Pasi Norugare
Asi zvakadini kudai nyika dzaizorasa zvombo zvadzo zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvinoparadza? Ikoko kwaizovimbisa nyika ine rugare here? Nyangwe napaduku pose. Wezvenhau dzemauto John Keegan anoti: “Zvombo zvenyukireya, kubvira pana 9 August 1945, hazvina wazvakauraya. Vane 50 000 000 vakafira muhondo kubvira pamusi iwoyo, zvikurukuru, vakaurawa nezvombo zvakachipa, zvinogadzirwa zvakawanda uye zvombo zviduku, zvinodya mari inopfuura yeredhiyo zvishomanene nemabhatiri anoshanda kamwe akazadza nyika munhambo imwe cheteyo.”
Muenzaniso womunguva pfupi yakapfuura wokushandiswa kwezvombo zvakaderera kuuraya kwomuRwanda, nyika iyo nezvayo The World Book Encyclopedia (1994) inoti: “Vanhu vazhinjisa vaRoma Katurike. . . . Roma Katurike nedzimwe chechi dzechiKristu dzine zvikoro zvepasi nezvapamusoro zvizhinjisa.” Bva, muRwanda vanosvika hafu yemiriyoni vakaurawa nevanhu vakanga vane minondo. Nenzira yakajeka, kuunza rugare rwenyika, chimwe chinhu chikuru chinodikanwa chinopfuura kungoderedzwa kwezvombo zvisiri zvenyukireya nezvenyukireya. Uyewo, chimwe chinhu chinodikanwa kunze kwedzidziso dzinogoverwa nemarudzidziso enyika.
Rwisano Dzemadzinza Dzinowedzera
Sadako Ogata, mumiririri mukuru weUN wevapoteri, akataura nguva pfupi yapfuura, kuti: “Pashure chaipo peRwisano Yepfungwa Dzakasiyana, takafunga kuti zvinetso zvose zvaizopedzwa. Hatina kuziva kuti Rwisano Yepfungwa Dzakasiyana yakanga ine rumwe rutivi—kuti masimba makuru akagovera nhevedzano kana kuti akamanikidza nhevedzano panzvimbo dzawo dzakasiyana-siyana dzaanodzora. . . . Naizvozvo zvino, pashure peRwisano Yepfungwa Dzakasiyana, tiri kuona kuputika kwemarudzi egakava redzinza rekare zvikuru, rave rakanyarara, zvimwe rinotangira Hondo Yenyika I.”
Arthur Schlesinger, akawana mubayiro wePulitzer wowezvenhau nomunyori, anotaura zvakafanana, kuti: “Rumwe ruvengo runotsiva rumwe. Ruchibvisa kubatana kwakasimba kwedzvinyiriro yepfungwa kuri muEastern Europe neyaichimbova Soviet Union inobudisa ruvengo rwedzinza, rudzi, rudzidziso, uye mitauro rwakare kare rusina kukanganikwa. . . . Kana zana ramakore rechi20 rave riri zana ramakore rehondo yepfungwa, zana ramakore rechi21 rinovamba sezana ramakore rehondo yemadzinza.”
Pakati pa1989 na1992, maererano nokuverenga kweSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose, kwakanga kune kurwisana nezvombo 82, kuzhinjisa kwako kwakarwiwa mukati menyika dzichiri kusimukira. Mukati ma1993, nyika 42 dzakave nerwisano hombe uye dzimwe nyika 37 dzakatambura masimba masimba ezvamatongerwo enyika. Zvichingunodai, Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose—mari yezvirongwa zvaro yakapera chose chose—rakaparapatika pasina kubudirira kukuru kuunza rugare mumabasa echiuto 17 chete. Nenzira yakajeka, rudzi rwomunhu runofanira kutarisa kumwewo nokuda kwenyika ine rugare.
Zvinetso Zviri Kumuka
Nenzira inowedzera, panzvimbo pokutarisa mune remangwana netariro, vazhinji vanoratidza kutya zvakaipa zviri kuuya. Butiro rechinyorwa chaFebruary 1994 cheThe Atlantic Monthly rinopfupisa imwe fungidziro yemakumi emakore ari kuuya, richiti: “Nyika dzinoputsika nemhaka yefungu rinoramba richiti rikakwira rikadzira revapoteri vanobva munjodzi yemhoteredzo nenzanga. . . . Hondo dzinorwiwa nokuda kwezviwanikwa zviri kunyangarika, zvikurukuru mvura, uye hondo iyo imene inova inopfuurira neutsotsi, sezvo mapoka ane zvombo avapambi vasina nyika anobonderana nevarindi vasiri vehurumende vevanhu vakanaka.”
Ikoku kunoreva kuti rugare runogara haruwaniki here? Nyangwe napaduku pose! Nyaya inotevera inoratidza zvikonzero nei tichigona kutarira kune remangwana nechivimbo.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 5]
Rudzidziso Isimba Rorugare Here?
Apo nyika dzinorwisana, marudzidziso enyika anosiya dzidziso dzorugare nedzouhama. Pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu mukati meHondo Yenyika I, mukuru mukuru wehondo weBritain Frank P. Crozier akati: “Chechi dzechiKristu ndidzo vakurudziri vakurusa vekudeurwa kweropa vatinavo, uye takashandisa ivava nemadiro.”
Basa rorudzidziso muhondo rave riri rimwe chetero mumazera ose. Wezvenhau weKaturike E. I. Watkin akabvuma, kuti: “Kunyange zvichirwadza kubvuma, hatigoni kuramba nemhaka bedzi yokuvhenekerwa kwenhema kana kuti ruvimbiko rwokusatendeseka kuramba kana kuti kufuratira idi renhau rokuti maBhishopi akatsigira hondo dzose nguva dzose dzakarwiwa nehurumende yenyika yawo.” Uye chikamu chinonyorwa nomupepeti wenhau chiri muSun reVancouver, Canada, chakati: “Chinetso zvichida chorudzidziso rwose rwakarongwa kuti chechi inotevera mureza . . . Ndeipi hondo yakamborwiwa umo Mwari asina kutaurwa kuti aive kudivi rimwe nerimwe?”
Nenzira yakajeka, panzvimbo pokuva simba rorugare, marudzidziso enyika akatsigira hondo nokuuraya—sezvakaratidzirwa zvakasimba kwazvo nokuuraya kwakaitika muRwanda.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 6]
Kusava Nematuro Kwehondo
Mubhuku rinonzi I Found No Peace, rakabudiswa muna 1936, munyori wokunze kwenyika Webb Miller akanyora, kuti: “Nenzira inoshamisa zvikuru, kutyiwa kune ngwavaira kwe[Hondo Yenyika I] hakuna kunditapura nokushata kwako kukuru uye kusava namaturo kusvikira makore masere akakwana pashure pokunge yapera.” Panguva iyoyo akashanyirazve nhandare yehondo yeVerdum, uko akati kwakanga kwafira vanhu 1 050 000.
“Mukati mehondo ndakanga ndatsauswa, pamwe chete nemamiriyoni evamwe,” Miller akanyora kudaro. “Hondo Yenyika yakanga yabudirira bedzi mukubereka hondo itsva. Vanhu vane mamiriyoni masere nehafu vakanga vafira pasina, makumi emamiriyoni akanga atambura kutya kusingatauriki, uye mazana emamiriyoni akanga atambura nhamo, kushayiwa, uye kusafara. Uye izvi zvose zvakanga zvaitika mukutsauka kukuru.”
Makore matatu pashure pokunge bhuku iri rabudiswa, Hondo Yenyika II yakavamba. The Washington Post yakati: “Hondo dzedu dzezana ramakore rechi20 dzave dziri ‘hondo dzokushandira pamwe’ mukurwisana nevarwi nevasiri varwi zvakafanana. . . . Hondo dzisina unyanzvi dzemazana emakore akapfuura dzaive duku dzisina maturo mukuenzanisa.” Maererano nokumwe kufungidzira kwakaitwa nechimwe chiremera, vane mamiriyoni 197 vakafa kubvira muna 1914 muhondo nekumukirana kwemadzinza.
Bva, hondo dzose nokumukirana kwavanhu hazvina kuunza rugare kana kuti mufarwa. Sezvakataura The Washington Post kuti, “hakuna gadziriro yezvamatongerwo enyika kana kuti yezvoupfumi kusvika zvino muzana rino ramakore yakanyaradza kana kuti yakagutsa mamiriyoni ashaya zororo.”
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Mai ava ndevamwe vemazana ezviuru zvevanhu vakaurawa muRwanda—vazhinji nevanhu verudzidziso rwavo vamene
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Albert Facelly/Sipa Press