Urovha—Neiko?

MUNYIKA dzinoverengeka vanhu vazhinji vanomanikidzirwa kuzvitsigira vamene nebasa ramaoko rakaoma kwamaawa marefu pamwero unonetesa, zvichida kunyange kuita basa rine ngozi nokuda kwomubhadharo muduku. Kutozosvikira nguva pfupi yapfuura vazhinji vari mune dzimwe nyika vakanga vane chokwadi chokuti vangopinzwa basa bedzi nekambani huru kana kuti dhipatimendi rinotarisirwa nehurumende, vaizova nebasa rakachengeteka kutozosvikira pakurega basa. Asi nhasi hakucharatidziki kuva kune mabhizimisi kana kuti masangano ayo anokwanisa kugovera basa rinodikanwa nechengeteko panzvimbo yebasa ipi neipi. Neiko?

Zvikonzero Zvechinetso Chacho

Zviuru zvavanhu vaduku hazvigoni kunyange kuwana basa razvo rokutanga—zvingave zvine dhigirii rekoreji kana kuti kwete. MuItaly, somuenzaniso, chinopfuura chikamu chimwe chezvitatu chamarovha vanhu vari pakati pamazera amakore e15 ne24. Avhareji yezera raavo vari kutoshanda uye vari kuedza kuchengeta mabasa avo inowedzera, uye naizvozvo kwakaomera zvikuru vanhu vaduku kuwana basa ravo rokutanga. Kunyange pakati pavakadzi—avo vari kungoramba vachiva mumabasa—kune mwero wakakwirira wourovha. Nokudaro, nhamba huru zvikuru yavashandi vatsva iri kurwisa zvino kupinzwa basa.

Kubvira panguva yemichina yeindasitiri yokutanga, kutangwa kwemichina kwakaderedza kudikanwa kwavashandi. Mukutarisana namajana marefu anonetesa, vashandi vaikarira kuti michina yaizoderedza basa kana kuti kunyange kuribvisa. Kuzviitikira kwezvinhu nemichina kwakawedzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kwakabvisa ngozi zhinji, asi kwakaderedzawo mabasa. Avo vanova vasingashandi vanova mungozi yourovha hwenguva refu kutoti vakadzidza mabasa matsva.

Tinozviisa mungozi yokubatikaniswa nokuwandisa kwezvinhu zvokutengeserana. Vamwe vanorangarira kuti tatoguma kuwedzera. Mukuwedzera, navashomanene zvikuru vanoshanda, kune vatengi vashomanene zvikuru. Musika nokudaro unogadzira zvakawanda kupfuura zvinogona kushandiswa. Dzisichashandi zvinobudirira mune zveupfumi, nzvimbo huru dzokugadzira zvinhu dzakavakwa kuti dzitarisire wedzero dzaikarirwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu dziri kuvharwa kana kuti kuchinjwa. Miitiro yakaita seiyi inowana vananyajambwa—avo vanova marovha. Munhambo yomubato wezvemari wakaderera, kudiwa kwavashandi kunoderera, uye mabasa anovharwa mukati menhambo yomubato wezvemari wakaderera haasati achizotongoitwazve mukati menguva yewedzero. Nenzira yakajeka, urovha hune zvinopfuura chisakiso chimwe.

Denda Renzanga

Sezvo huchigona kurovanya munhu upi noupi, urovha idenda renzanga. Dzimwe nyika dzinogovera miitiro yakasiyana-siyana yokudzivirira avo vachiri kushanda—somuenzaniso, basa rakaderedzwa revhiki nevhiki nemiripo yakaderedzwa. Ikoku, zvisinei, kungakuvadza kariro dzavamwe vari kutsvaka basa.

Vose vari vaviri vanoshanda namarovha vanonyunyuta kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru pamusoro pezvinetso zvine chokuita nebasa. Asi nepo marovha achida mabasa matsva, avo vanoshanda vanoedza kudzivirira chengeteko yavo vamene—zvinangwa zviviri izvo zvisingawirirani nguva dzose. “Avo vanoshanda vanowanzokumbirwa kushanda maawa omuraudzo. Avo vasingashandi vanoramba vasingashandi. Pane ngozi yokuti nzanga ingaparadzana kuva mapoka maviri . . . kune rumwe rutivi, avo vanoshanda maawa omuraudzo uye kune rumwe rwacho, marovha akarambwa, ayo anodokuva anotsamira chose chose pamutsa wavamwe,” inodaro magazini yeItaly inonzi Panorama. MuEurope, dzinodaro nyanzvi, migumisiro yokuwedzera kwezveupfumi yakafarikanywa zvikurukuru naavo vari kutoshanda, panzvimbo paavo vasina basa.

Zvakare, urovha hwakabatana nomumiriro wezvinhu wezveupfumi womunzvimbomo, zvokuti munyika dzakati, dzakadai seGermany, Italy, uye Spain, misiyano mikuru iripo pakati pezvinodikanwa zveimwe nzvimbo neizvo zveimwe. Vashandi vanodisa here kudzidza mabasa matsva kana kuti kunyange kutamira kune imwe nzvimbo kana kuti kune imwe nyika? Ikoku kunogona kuwanzova chinhu chinokosha.

Kune Zvigadzikiso Zvipi Nezvipi Zviri Pedyo Here?

Zvikurukuru, tariro dzinoiswa pakuvandudzika kwezveupfumi. Asi vamwe vanhu vanopanikira uye vanofunga kuti chinjo yakadaro haisati ichizoitika kusvika munenge mugore ra2000. Nokuda kwavamwe, kunaya kwakatovamba, asi kuri kunonoka mukubereka zvibereko, sezvinoratidzirwa mukuderera kwamabasa kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muItaly. Kunaya kwezvoupfumi hakusati kuchireva chaizvoizvo kuderedzwa kwourovha. Nepo wedzero ine mwero, mabhizimisi anoda hawo kushandisa zviri nani vashandi vaanotova nawo panzvimbo pokupinza vamwe basa—ndiko kuti, kune “wedzero yezveupfumi isina mabasa.” Uyezve, nhamba yamarovha inowanzowedzera nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura nhamba yamabasa matsva anoitwa.

Nhasi upfumi hwenyika huri kuitwa kuti huve hwepasi rose. Vamwe vezveupfumi vanofunga kuti kuitwa kwenzvimbo huru itsva, dzokutengeserana dzinopfuura miganho yenyika, dzakadai seidzo dzeNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) neAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), kungapawo sundo kuupfumi hwenyika. Zvisinei, uyu muitiro unopesvedzera masangano makuru kuzviisa amene uko mabasa anoitwa navashandi akachipa zvikuru, nomugumisiro wokuti nyika dzine maindasitiri mazhinji dzinorasikirwa namabasa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vashandi vasiri kutambira mari yakawanda vanoona miripo yavo miduku ichitoderera. Haisati iri tsaona kuti munyika dzakati, vazhinji vakaratidzira, kunyange nenzira yamasimba masimba, mukurwisana neizvi zvibvumirano zvokutengeserana.

Nyanzvi dzacho dzinokarakadza mirayiridzo mizhinji yokurwisa urovha. Mimwe inotopokanidza, zvichitsamira pakuti inokarakadzwa navezvoupfumi here, vezvematongerwo enyika, kana kuti vashandi vamene. Kune avo vanokarakadza kugovera makambani zvishuvo zvokuwedzera vashandi kupfurikidza nokuderedza mutoro womutero. Vamwe vanorayira kupindira kukuru kwehurumende. Vamwe vanokarakadza kuparadzira basa nenzira yakasiyana uye kuderedza maawa ebasa. Ikoku kwakatoitwa mune mamwe makambani makuru, kunyange zvazvo mukati mezana ramakore rakapfuura, maawa ebasa pavhiki akaderedzwa nenzira yakarongwa munyika dzose dzine maindasitiri mazhinji asi pasina kuderera muurovha. “Pakupedzisira,” anopfuurira kudaro wezveupfumi Renato Brunetta, “muitiro uri wose unobvumikisa kuva usingabudiriri, nendyiko dzinopfuura betsero.”

“Hatifaniri kuzvinyengera timene,” inogumisa kudaro magazini inonzi L’Espresso, “chinetso chacho chakaoma.” Chakaoma zvikuru zvokusagona kupedzwa here? Pane chichapedza chinetso chourovha here?

[Bhokisi riri papeji 8]

Chinetso Chekare

Urovha chinetso chekare. Kwamazana amakore vanhu vakaerekana vazviwana vamene panhambo nenhambo vasina basa. Apo basa racho rakanga rangopera bedzi, makumi ezviuru avashandi vaishandiswa mumabasa makuru okuvaka ipapo vakava marovha amene—kunodokuva kusvikira vapinzwa basa kune imwe nzvimbo. Munguvayi vakararama zvisina kuchengeteka, zvakatoipa zvikuru.

Mukati memaMiddle Ages, “kunyange zvazvo chinetso chourovha mupfungwa yazvino uno chakanga chisati chavapo,” kwakanga kune marovha. (La disoccupazione nella storia [Urovha Munhau]) Mumazuva iwayo, zvisinei, vapi navapi vakanga vasingashandi vairangarirwa, zvikurukuru, kuva vasina maturo kana kuti vadzungairi. Pedyo zvikuru sezana ramakore rechi19, vanzveri vazhinji veBritain “vakabatanidza marovha zvikurukuru ne‘vanhu vanoita ruzha’ navadzungairi vairara panze kana kuti vaifamba mumigwagwa usiku,” anotsanangura kudaro Professor John Burnett.—Idle Hands.

“Kuzivikanwa kwourovha” kwakaitika pedyo nomugumo wezana ramakore rechi19 kana kuti kuvamba kwerechi20. Masangano chaiwo ehurumende akatangwa kuti afunde ndokusiyanisa chinetso chacho, akadai seSelect Committee of the British House of Commons pa“Distress From Want of Employment,” muna 1895. Kusava nebasa kwakava denda renzanga.

Uku kuziva kutsva kwakawedzera nenzira inoshamisa, zvikurukuru pashure pehondo yenyika yokutanga. Rwisano iyoyo, nokugadzirwa kwayo kwezvombo kusingadzorwi, yakanga yada kubvisa urovha. Asi kuvambira muma1920, nyika yokuMadokero yakatarisana nenhambo dzakatevedzana dzomubato weupfumi wakaderera kuchiguma noKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi uko kwakavamba muna 1929 ndokurovanya upfumi hwose hwamaindasitiri enyika. Pashure pehondo yenyika yechipiri, nyika zhinji dzakava newedzero yezveupfumi itsva, uye urovha hwakaderera. Asi “mavambo echinetso chourovha hwanhasi anogona kurondwa kudzokera shure kusvika pakati pama1960,” inodaro Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Vanoda basa vakatambura denho itsva yakaparirwa nedambudziko ramafuta rama1970 nokuwedzera kwokushandiswa kwamakombiyuta kwakamwe kamwe nomugumisiro wako wokubudiswa basa. Urovha hwakavamba kuwedzera kusingadereri, huchipinda kunyange mumativi emabasa omuhofisi neoumaneja aimborangarirwa kuva akachengeteka.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Kurayira mamwe mabasa hakusati kuchizopedza chinetso chourovha

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Reuters/Bettmann