VaAborigine veAustralia—Vanhu Vakasiana
Yakanyorwa nomunyori waMukai! muAustralia
AUSTRALIA inogona kurondedzerwa seyakasiana, ine kangaroo yayo yakaisvonaka ine homwe padumbu yokutakurira vana nekoala yayo ine ushamwari, yakasununguka zvikuru kwazvo yakagara pamusoro pemiti yomupuranga yakawanda. Zvisinei, vagari vapakuvamba, vanozivikanwa savaAborigine veAustralia, vanotova vechienzi zvikuru kupfuura nyika.
“VeAborigine” ne“chiAborigine” haasati achishandiswa mupfungwa yokuzvidza. Mashoko acho anobva mumashoko maviri echiLatin okuti ab origine, anoreva kuti “kubvira pamavambo.” Ava vagari vemo vapakuvamba, veAustralia vanozivikanwa savaAborigine—rinonyorwa naA mukuru kuvatsauranisa navagari vemo vapakuvamba vedzimwe nyika.
Apo vagari vokutanga veEurope vakasvika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, chiverengero chavagari vemo chevaAborigine chakanga chiri vanenge 300 000. Mazana maviri amakore gare gare, kuverengwa kwavanhu kwa 1991 kunoronga vasingasviki vaAborigine 230 000 pachiverengero chose chavagari vemo cheAustralia chamamirioni anodokuva 17.
Ndivanaani vari ava vagari vapakuvamba veAustralia? Vakabva kupi? Neiko vachigona kurondedzerwa savakasiana? Uye itariroi yomunguva yemberi vakawanda vavo zvino vanofarikanya?
Upenyu Hwapakuvamba muAustralia
Nyanzvi dzamagariro avanhu zhinjisa dzinobvuma kuti vaAborigine veAustralia pakuvamba-vamba vakabva Asia. Zvichida vakaita nhano yokupedzisira yokutama kwavo kupfurikidza nechikepe kana kuti igwa vachibva muAsia yokumabvazuva kwakadziva kumaodzanyemba, vachiburukira mumahombekombe okuchamhembe kweAustralia. “Vakanga vasiri vadzungairi chose chose,” Malcolm D. Prentis akaonesa kudaro mubhuku rake rinonzi A Study in Black and White, “asi panzvimbo pezvo vadzungairi vapanhambo nenhambo: ndiko kuti, vaidzika misasa panzvimbo dzokudzika misasa dzechinguvana dzakasiana-siana mukati menzvimbo yavo inokwanisa kuzivikanwa.”
VaAborigine vakanga vari vezvokuchengetedza vakatanhamara vaiitira hanya zvikuru mhoteredzo. Mumwe muAborigine akatsanangura, kuti: “Tairima munda wedu, asi nenzira yakasiana neyomuchena. Isu taaiedza kurarama nenyika yomusikirwo; ivo vairatidzika kuve vaiiparadza. Ndakadzidziswa kuchengetedza, kusatongoparadza.”
Prentis akanyora mubvumirano, kuti: “Garikano yemhuka dzose nezvinomera zvose neyeyo yeboka revaAborigine yakanga yakabatanidzwa: Budiriro yechimwe yaireva budiriro yechimwe chacho. Ikoku kwakanga kuchishanda: somuenzaniso, kangaroo dzinobudirira dzaireva migove yezvokudya iri nani zvikuru nokuda kwavaAborigine asi kuurawa kwekangaroo dzakanyanyowanda pakupedzisira kwakanga kusina kunaka nokuda kwavaAborigine.”
VaAborigine vaitanhamara mudzimwe nzira. Nyanzvi yemitauro R. M. W. Dixon mubhuku rake rinonzi The Languages of Australia, akati: “Mukuwirirana nokurongwa kwamagarire avanhu, zvisinei, ndivo vaEurope vanoratidzika kuva vechinyakare pakuenzanisirwa navaAustralia vari veAborigine; ndudzi dzose dzeAustralia dzakanga dzine tsika dzoukama dzakasanosimbiswa nedzakasanojeka dzoukama dzine mirao chaiyo yekodzero yokupinda muroorano uye yokuonesa mabasa orudzi rwuri rwose rwenhambo yefambidzano.”
Nziyo Nokuvhima
Chakasiana kuvaAborigine marimba anonzi didgeridoo, pane dzimwe nguva rinonyorwa kuti didjeridu. Shoko racho chaizvoizvo rinoreva kuti “mumhanzi womutinhimira,” iro nomutoo wakakodzera rinorondedzera kurira kwainobudisa. Panzvimbo pokurira, didgeridoo inogovera rudzi rwamazembera nomutinhimira nokuda kwokuungana kwechinoitika uye kudzana kwousiku kunozivikanwa samacorroboree. Marimba kazhinji kazhinji anogovera mugariro womutinhimira nokuda kwomuimbi nezvimiti zvake zvinorira.
Madidgeridoo anoitwa namapazu emiti ine mhango akasanosarudzwa. Urefu hunodiwa zvikurusa hunovambira pamamita 0.9 kusvikira ku 1.5, asi mamwe marimba akareba kusvika kumamita 4.5. Kazhinji kazhinji mumwe mugumo wamarimba unogara pasi nepo muridzi agere anoridza nokune mumwe mugumo, unobatirirwa pamuromo wake namaoko ake ose ari maviri.
Sezvo kurira kukuru, kwamaungira kwamarimba kuchipfuurira, muridzi anofanira kuridza mumugumo womuromo nepo panguva imwe cheteyo achipinza mugove mutsva wemhepo nomumhino dzake pasina dzongonyedzo ipi neipi kukurira. Ihwohwu unyanzvi hwakafanana nouhwo hunofanira kukwaniswa nenyanzvi yenziyo inoridza tuba. Kunozivikanwa pakati pavaridzi venyere sokufema uchiridza, uye unyanzvi husingakwaniswi nyore nyore.
Nokuda kwokuvhima, vaAborigine vakashandisa zvakanaka chimwe chinhuwo zvacho chiri chechienzi—boomerang. Chakatangwa sechishandiswa chokuvhima nacho nechombo chehondo pakati pavaAborigine. Asi nokuda kwavashanyi vakawanda nhasi, chazova chimwe chiratidzo chinosanozivikanwa cheAustralia. Maboomerang anozivikanwa zvikurusa zvombo zvakakombama zvinodzokera kumuposheri kana zvikaposherwa nomutoo wakarurama. Zvisinei, kune mhatsa dzakati dzisati dziri rudzi runodzoka kumukandiri. Idzi dzinosanozivikanwa semakylie kana kuti tsvimbo dzinouraya.
Kunyora Mifananidzo kwevaAborigine
Kutanga, tsika yevaAborigine yakanga isina chimiro chakanyorwa chekurukurirano. Nokudaro, Kevin Gilbert, wezvenhetembwa nomunyori wemifananidzo wevaAborigine, akatsanangura, kuti: ‘Kunyora mifananidzo kwakanga huri mutauro unobudirira zvikurusa wekurukurirano nokuda kwavaAborigine uye unonzwisiswa zvikurusa munzvimbo yose.’ Akati: “Kunyora mifananidzo kunokurukura nomutoo unobudirira zvikuru uye kune revo huru kupfuura shoko rakanyorwa.”
Naizvozvo, kurukurirano yokuona uye mitambo zvakava zvakabatana nomutoo womuzvarirwo namararamiro avaAborigine. Ikoku kwakareva kuti kunyora kwavo mifananidzo kwakabatira madonzo maviri: Kwakagovera mutoo wokusimbisa nawo kurukurirano yokutaura, uye kwakabatirawo sechiyeuchidzo chokuyeuka nhau dzorudzi nenhau dzorudzidziso dzegamuchidzanwa.
Nokusavapo kwamatendi, pepa, uye zvinhu zvakafanana, kunyora mifananidzo kwevaAborigine yakanyorwa pamatombo, mumapako, napamakwati. Utanhamari hwamavara anozivikanwa kupasi akachachamara mukunyora mifananidzo kwavo kwose. Vaishandisa mavara akanga akatanhamara munharaunda umo kunyora mifananidzo kwakaitwa. Pendi yaiitwa nezvinhu zvapasi.
Zvichida rutivi rwechienzi zvikurusa rwokunyora kwavo mifananidzo nderwokuti kunodokuva kunyora kwose kunoitwa namadododo nemitsetse. Kunyange mativi omushure, awo pakutanga angaratidzika kuva ruvara rumwe, pakusanonzvera anoratidzira mutoo wakaoma kunzwisisa wamadododo amavara akasiana-siana.
Hurukuro yepurogiramu yedzidzo pfupi yaiva nomusoro unoti Marketing Aboriginal Art in the 1990s inoti muma 1980 “Kunyora mifananidzo kwevaAborigine . . . kwakaita enderero mberi yakamwe kamwe kubva pa‘kunyora mifananidzo kwetsika’ kusvikira ku‘kunyora mifananidzo yakaisvonaka yebasa.’” Vamwe vanotaura nezvedikanwo yeuyu mufananidzo worudzi rwamadododo weacrylic ndokurumbidza kuwedzera kwawo mukukurumbira.
Mitauro yevaAborigine
VaAustralia vachena kazhinji kazhinji vanova nemirangariro isina kururama pamusoro pemitauro yevaAborigine. Vamwe, somuenzaniso, vanodavira kuti kwakanga kune mutauro mumwe bedzi wevaAborigine uye kuti wakanga uri wapakuvamba zvikuru, uchiumbwa bedzi nokuhon’a kushomanene nokugomera. Asi pfungwa iyeyo haisati iri yechokwadi chaizvoizvo!
Zvomenemene, pane imwe nguva kwaiva nemitauro yevaAborigine inofungidzirwa kuva 200 kusvikira ku 250. Zvisinei, inopfuura hafu yaiyoyi yazova yakatsakatika. Nhasi inenge bedzi 50 yemitauro yakadaro inotaurwa namapoka avaAborigine 100 kana kuti kupfuura. Uye chiverengero chemitauro yevaAborigine inotaurwa navanhu 500 kana kuti kupfuura zvino hachisviki 20.
Panzvimbo pokuva wapakuvamba, mutauro unotaurwa wavaAborigine unosimudzirwa zvikuru mugirama. Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Languages of Australia, Purofesa Dixon akanyora, kuti: “Hakuna mutauro, pakati pendimi 5 000 kana kuti kupfuura dzinotaurwa munyika yose nhasi, dzingagona kurondedzerwa sedza‘pakuvamba.’ Mutauro uri wose unozivikanwa une maumbirwe akaoma kunzwisisa, zvokuti rondedzero yamapfundo makuru egirama yawo inoda mapeji ane mazana anoverengeka; mutauro uri wose une zviuru zvamashoko eduramashoko mushandiswo yezuva riri rose.”
Barry J. Blake akanyora nomutoo wakafanana nezvemitauro yevaAborigine, kuti: “Midziyo yakavandudzwa zvikuru yekurukurirano, mumwe nomumwe wakaringana wakangofanana nokuda kwokurondedzera chinoitika chevaAborigine sezvakaita sechiNgezi kana kuti chiFrench nokuda kwokurondedzera chinoitika cheEurope.” Achitsigira iyi mhedziso, munyori wenhau weAborigine Galarrwuy Yunupingu akati: “Vachena vashomanene zvikuru vakamboedza kudzidza mutauro wedu, uye chiNgezi hachikwanisi kurondedzera ukama hwedu nenyika yavakare vedu.”
Muzana ramakore rechi 19, shanduro yamativi eBhaibheri mumitauro miviri yeAborigine yakaitwa. Evhangeri yaRuka yakashandurwa mumutauro weAwabakal uye mativi aGenesi, Eksodho, uye Evhangeri yaMateo akashandurwa mumutauro weNarrinyeri. Nomutoo unofadza, idzi shanduro dzakashandura zita raMwari Wamasimba ose sa“Yehóa” uye “Jehovha,” nemisiano yezita mukuwirirana nokurongwa kwamashoko uko mutauro waida.
Nhasi, simbiso hurusa iri kuiswa padzorerwo yemitauro yeAborigine uye kuitwa kwokuziva kukuru pakati pechiverengero chavagari vemo vasati vari vaAborigine veAustralia zvoukoshi, ukombi, uye runako rweiyi mitauro. Naizvozvo, vakawanda zvino vanofara kuziva kuti Gurukota reAustralia Renhau dzevaAborigine rakabvumira kubudiswa kwamaduramashoko mumitauro 40 yeAborigine. Iyoyi ichabatanidza isati ichingova bedzi iyo iri kutaurwa zvino asiwo yakawanda isati ichashandiswazve inofanira kunzverwa muzvinyorwa nomumamwe manyuko enhau.
Kubvuma Tariro Inoshamisa
Apo vachena vakauya kuAustralia pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, vakadokuparadza chose chose chiverengero chavagari vemo. Zvisinei, nhasi kuna mataundi omumaruwa anoverengeka ane mwero wakakwirira wavagari vevaAborigine, uye kuchine nzvimbo dzokugara dziri chose chose dzevaAborigine, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaruwa dziri dzoga. Upenyu hwavanhu ivava kazhinji kazhinji hunova husina tariro. “Hatisatizve tichiri vomunguva yakapfuura,” akanyora kudaro mumwe muAborigine, “uyewo hatina nzvimbo inogutsa munguva ino.” Asi akawedzera, kuti: “Nguva yemberi ine tariro nokuda kwavakawanda vedu.”
Chikonzero chaikoku ndechokuti vagari vakawanda vapakuvamba veAustralia zvino vari kufara kurava muBhaibheri—zvichida mumutauro wavo vamene—kuti vakaipa nokukurumidza havasati vachizovapozve uye kuti pasi richadzorerwa kuna avo vorudzi rwomunhu vacharitarisira zvakanaka. (Pisarema 37:9-11, 29-34; Zvirevo 2:21, 22) Umambo hwaMwari huchaita ikoku. Uhu Umambo, uhwo Jesu Kristu akatidzidzisa kunyengeterera, ihurumende chaiyoiyo yokudenga. (Mateo 6:9, 10) Varume navakadzi vakawanda vevaAborigine zvino vakabatikana kuzivisa vamwe pamusoro pezvikomborero zvakaisvonaka izvo Umambo hwaMwari huchaunza kurudzi rwomunhu.—Zvakazarurwa 21:3, 4.
Mumwe muAborigine akatsanangura pamusoro pevakawanda vavaAustralia biyake, kuti: “Vari kucherekedza kuti murangariro waiva navachena, vaAborigine, uye vamwe vanhu vazhinjisa pasi pano une chikanganiso. Ndowokuti Australia ndeyavaAborigine kupfurikidza namaruramiro okuwana apakuvamba kana kuti ndeyavachena kupfurikidza namaruramiro orukundo. Upi kana upi hausati uri wechokwadi. NdeyaJehovha Mwari kupfurikidza namaruramiro okusika.”—Zvakazarurwa 4:11.
Zvamazvirokwazvo, Musiki wedu, Jehovha Mwari, ndiye mwene weAustralia uye pasi rose rasara. Uye muzadziko yomunyengetero uyo Jesu akadzidzisa, Umambo hwaMwari huchauya, uye pasi rose richashandurwa kuva paradhiso yenyika yose inogarwa navanhu vamadzinza ose namarudzi avo vanoda uye vanobatira Mwari wechokwadi.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]
“Didgeridoo” marimba akasiana kuvaAborigine
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]
Ratidzirwo yokunyoramifananidzo kwavaAborigine
[Kwazvakatorwa]
By Courtesy of Australian Overseas Information Service
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]
VaAborigine vakawanda zvino vari kugoverana mashoko akanaka oUmambo navamwe