Magamuchidzanwa eKrisimisa—Ndedzipi Dziri Mviromviro Dzawo?

MUNA ose ari maviri Divi rokuChamhembe neDivi rokuMaodzanyemba, kuchengetwa kweKrisimisa kunowanwa pakati pekwakaisvokurumbira, pakati pavadaviri navasati vari vadaviri nomutoo wakafanana. MuJapan, navazhinjisa vayo veShinto vasati vari maKristu, Krisimisa inowana nzvimbo yayo pamwe chete nokumwe kuchengetwa uye yazova nguva yomufaro nokutengeserana kusingadzivisiki. Asi mitambo yeKrisimisa nguva dzose yave iri yokunyika zvikuru kudaro here? Ko uyu mutambo womwaka wakavamba sei?

Kunzvera pamachengeterwe akanga achiitwa Krisimisa mumakore ane gumi ramazana okutanga eNguva yaVose kunotibetsera kuronda mviromviro dzayo ndokudzokera kumanyuko apamberi pechiKristu. Achinyora mumagazini inonzi History Today, Alexander Murray wapaOxford University anotaura kuti munhu womunguva yapakati anotaura “akabatanidza miitiro iripo yechihedheni yapakati pokutonhora noruzivo rwoumwari runowedzera rweKrisimisa.” Ikoku kwakaitwa sei uye nei?

Mviromviro Dzapamberi pechiKristu

Marudzi eshambidziko ekare eEurope akacherechedza kuti zuva raioneka kuva rakamira sei pakati pomwaka wokutonhora pedyo nejengachenga rokumaodzanyemba risati rawanazve pashoma napashoma ukwiriri mudenga. Iyi solstice (shoko rakatorwa mumashoko echiLatin nokuda kwe“zuva” uye “kumira”), mukuwirirana nekarenda raJulian, pakuvamba-vamba yakarongerwa musi waDecember 25. Ava vanhu vamwe chetevo vakawana kuri nyore kuwana fanano pakati pezuva naMwari saManyuko noMutsigiri woupenyu. Muna 274 N.V., mambo weRoma akazivisa Sol invictus (zuva risingakurirwi) mutevedzeri mukuru woumambo, uye ikoku pana December 25, nokudaro ndokukudza Mithras, mwari wechiedza.

Pashure pokutanga kwechiKristudhomu sorudzidziso rutsva rwamarudzi mazhinji, Murray anonyora, kuti: “Pashure pepanikiro yakawanda, rukundo rwaizoenda kumukwikwidzani mukuru [wokunamatwa kwaMithra], chiKristu. Asi munenge mugore ra 300 uyu mukwikwidzani akanga achitofanira kuva anosvinurira. Pakanga pari panguva iyeyo apo chechi yakasarudza kutanga mutambo wokuberekwa kwaKristu (chiLatin: nativitas). (Hakuna mutambo wakadaro unobatanidzwa mundaza yemitambo inovambira muzana ramakore rechitatu, uye mutambo mutsva unotanga kunyorwa muchinyorwa cha 336.)” Musii wakasarudzwa nokuda kwouku kuchengeta? December 25, muuyo we“chisarudzo chokuchenjera nechinoshanda pana vanafata vokutanga vechechi,” mukuwirirana nebhuku rinonzi Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore. Neiko kwakadaro?

Pakati pomwaka wokutonhora pakanga patosanosimbiswa somwaka wokufara nezuva repfumbamwe romutambo wokurima weRoma womwoto nechiedza, Saturnalia. Tevere pakanga pane Calends, mutambo wamazuva matatu wokuchengeta kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru vanodzora veRoma avo vakabatira kwegore rimwe kubvira pakutanga, kana kuti calends, dzaJanuary. Nokudaro, neSaturnalia, Calends, nezuva rokuberekwa raMithra wezuva risingakurirwi rinoitikira munhambo pfupi zvikuru gore rimwe nerimwe, December 25 akava musi wakasarudzwa nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwe“Misa yaKristu” mumukumbiro kumarudzi echihedheni kutendeukira kurudzidziso rutsva rwenyika rwoUmambo hweRoma.

Nguva zvayakapfuura, mutambo wechihedheni wapakati pokutonhora weGermany, Yule, wakasimbisa tsika dzokuita mutambo nokufara, uye kupiwa kwezvipo. Mwenje (kana kuti, makanduro), matanda, shongedzero dzinoramba dzakasvibira, nemiti zvakava zvakatanhamara mukuchengetwa kweKrisimisa. Asi, vamwe vangarangarira kuti, kuchengetwa kwokuberekwa kwaKristu zvamazvirokwazvo kunofanira kuve kwakaitwa nomutoo wakatanhamara pakati pamaKristu pamberi pebatano ipi neipi yakatevera yamagamuchidzanwa echihedheni. Kwakadaro here?

Hakuna Kuchengetwa namaKristu Apakuvamba

Bhaibheri harizati richizivisa musi chaiwoiwo wokuberekwa kwaJesu. Kupfuura izvozvowo, “maKristu apakuvamba haana kuchengeta kuberekwa Kwake,” rinotsinhira kudaro The World Book Encyclopedia. Asika kwakakona nei? Nokuti iwo airangarira kuchengetwa kwokuberekwa kwomunhu upi noupi kuva muitiro wechihedheni.” Augustus Neander, muThe History of the Christian Religion and Church, During the Three First Centuries, anobvuma, kuti: “Mufungo womutambo wezuva rokuberekwa wakanga uri kure nepfungwa dzamaKristu dzeiyi nhambo zvikurukuru.”

Kubva mune iyi nzvero, unogona kuona kuti kuchengetwa kweKrisimisa kunowana mavambo ako mumiitiro yechihedheni. Sokutsanangura kunoita The Economist, pakanga pachitova pashure bedzi apo “nyanzvi dzemitemo [dzorudzidziso] dzakazvitorera uyu ‘mutambo wechiedza [zuva rokuberekwa rezuva risingakurirwi], nokuti Kristu ndiye chiedza chenyika’, ndokuedzesera (kupfurikidza nokushaikwa kwoufakazi husati hwaizova hunotenderwa neZvokwadi munhimbe Dzokuzivisa) kuti mwana Jesu akaberekwa muna December. Ndokusaka Presbyterian yeScotland yakanguve yazvidza Krisimisa, sezvakaita America inozengurira inoreverera rucheno kutozosvikira fariro dzezvokutengeserana dzaitangazve.”

Magamuchidzanwa eKrisimisa Anomutsidzirwa

Pamavambo okutonga kwaMambokadzi Victoria (1837-1901), mukuwirirana naGavin Weightman naSteve Humphries, vanyori veChristmas Past, “hapana vana veBritain vaipaika masokisi avo pachibhini paUsiku hwapamberi peKrisimisa; hakuno munhu akambonzwa nezveSanta Claus; mwoto inoputiswa yeKrisimisa yakanga isiko; vanhu vashomanene zvikuru vaidya karakuni paZuva reKrisimisa; kupa zvipo kwakanga kusina kurovedzeka; uye muti wakashongedzerwa une mwenje weKrisimisa wakanga usingatongozivikanwi kunze kwechivanze choumambo. Chokwadi, Zuva reKrisimisa rakanga risati riri musi unoisvokosha mukarenda nokuda kworudzi rupi norupi rwomuitiro wefambidzano.” Chii chakaitika, ipapoka, kumutsidzira mukurumbira wemitambo yeKrisimisa?

“Uku kushandurwa kwemitambo yekare mukuva chinoitika chimwe chipfupi, chinoremekedzwa chemhuri chakavamba munenge muma 1830 . . . uye zvikurukuru kwakakwana pakuzosvika muma 1870, pari apo mufananidzo waSanta Claus wakatanga kuoneka muBritain,” rinodaro Christmas Past. Panguva imwe cheteyo, A Christmas Carol chinyorwa chaCharles Dickens, nhau yokutendeukira kwaVarombo vanosiririsa kumudzimu weKrisimisa, chakamutsa chimiro chendangariro chokuitira tsitsi varombo. Migariro yakashata ine zvitambudzo zvemigariro yemari zvavanogara mumataundi zvakaparirwa neChinjo yeNzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakuchidzira vaVictoria kutora rudzi rwenhimbe yetsika iyo, munhambo yaEdward yapashure, yakavandudzwa kuitira mutsa bedzi kuvarombo “vanoremekedzwa.”

Munyori weCatholic Herald yeBritain anoti: “Pashoma napashoma, kupfurikidza nokuwedzera pfuma yose, mazhinji amativi asino kukodzera omuitiro weboka rapakati reKrisimisa akapararira. Rupfave norupo zvakakurirwa namakwikwi namakundano. Mutambo wapamusha waichimbova muitiro chaiwoiwo wakatsiviwa nemitambo yakashata yezvokudya zvakanyanyowandisa. Mhuri dzinogombedzerwa neiri gamuchidzanwa idzva kupedza mazuva pamwe chete kunyange dzichida kana kuti dzisati, dzichitamba mitambo iyo vamwe vadzo vanozvidza, kuona terevhizheni iyo dzimwe dzadzo dzinovenga, kugura onano navavakidzani navokunze pane imwe nguva apo fariro noushamwari hwose zvinofanira kutonga.

“Uye kana mumwe akataura izvozvi, kana munhu akangotsoropodza miitiro yokutengeserana kana kuti zvimwe kokorodzanowo zvadzo dzenzanga dzayo dzose, munhu anonzi Murombo. Mukufunga kwangu Krisimisa yakaipa zvikuru mumakore azvino uno.”

Kunyange uchibvumirana nouku kutaura kana kuti kwete, chii chinogona kuitika munzvimbo yawakavakidzana nayo panguva yeKrisimisa?

Krisimisa—Nguva Ine Ngozi

Unowana here kuti vamwe vanhu vanoshandisa iyi nhambo kunyanyodyisa nokunyanyonwisa? Ko muitiro wokudhakwa, wakashata unokangaidza rugare rwenzanga yokwenyu here? Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vazhinji vapachokwadi vachiratidzira mutsa nokurangarira kwakatanhamara paKrisimisa, nhamburiko dzavo hadzizati dzichidzivisa kukuvadzwa kwoukama hwemhuri kwakarovedzeka zvikuru pamwaka uno.

Ipapo ungasanobvunza kuti, ‘Neiko Krisimisa ichiparira kunyanyisa kwakadaro kwomufambiro wakashata?’ Zvikurukuru, imhaka yokuti haizati iri yechiKristu, ndeyechihedheni. Unogona here kufungidzira Kristu achiva anofadzwa naiyoyo? Nyangwe. Zvamazvirokwazvo, mumashoko akajeka, Bhaibheri rinorangarira, kuti: “Ko kururama nokusateerera mutemo kunoushamwari hwei? Kana kuti chiedza chine goveranoi nerima? Kupfuurirazve, itsinhiranoi iripo pakati paKristu naBheriari [Satani]?”—2 VaKorinte 6:14, 15.

Murangariro Wakasiana

Mukati mouyu mwaka weKrisimisa, ungawana shanyo inoitwa nomumwe weZvapupu zvaJehovha. Uchacherechedza kuti izvo hazvikumbaniri mukuchengetwa kweKrisimisa. Zvino unoitira hanya pamusoro pevana vazvo, uchidavira kuti ivo, vazhinjisa vavo, vanorashikirwa pamitamboyo. Asi bvunzurudzano yomuSouthampton (England) Southern Evening Echo, baba ari Chapupu chavana vaviri akapa iyi simbisiro: “‘Ivo nomutoo wokutendeseka havazati vachirangarira kuti ivo vari kurashikirwa, ndinokuvimbisa,’ anodaro John. ‘Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinodisa zvikuru mukusimudzira upenyu hunofadza hwemhuri. Ndozvakunoitawo mukupa zvipo zvizhinji muvana vedu mukati megore rose, tinovapa chimwe chinhu chinokosha zvikuru [, ndiko kuti,] nguva yedu norudo.’”

Zvamazvirokwazvo, rudo rwakadaro chairwoirwo nefariro zvinobetsera zvikuru kuupenyu hunofadza hwemhuri. Naizvozvo panzvimbo pokutevera magamuchidzanwa eKrisimisa emviromviro yechihedheni, hakuzati kwaizova kuri nani here kudai munhu ari wose aizokudza Jesu kupfurikidza nokuratidzira mudzimu wechokwadi wakafanana nowaKristu kuhama dzokunyama, shamwari, vazivikanwi, hungu, nokuvaenziwo, gore rose zvaro?

[Bhokisi riri papeji 14]

FATHER CHRISTMAS, ALIAS SANTA CLAUS

Father Christmas ave achirondedzerwa kuva “nhau yesimudzirwo inoisvobudirira chifo chaJesu Kristu.” Asika iye akanga ari ani? Mukuwirirana neThe Customs and Ceremonies of Britain, iye ave “achizivikanwa saanotaurwa kuva munhu asino kutsarukana womwaka we[Krisimisa] chifo cherinenge zana ramakore rechi 15 . . . uye anooneka akapfeka inenge nguvo yake yazvino uno muchifananidzo cha 1653: asi kushanyo dzapamberi pezuva reKrisimisa dza‘Santa’, muitiro wake wokuburuka chibhini kuzozadza masokisi (kana kuti, nomutoo wokudisisa, zviputiriso zvomutsago) nechireyi chake chinokweviwa namareindeer zvose zvinobva muchirongo chinonyunguduka chamagamuchidzanwa, USA. Muitiro wake ipapo wakabatanidzwa mungano dzeEurope pamusoro paSt Nicholas weMyra womuzana ramakore rechi 4 (uyo akaponesa vasikana vatatu pauhure kupfurikidza nechipo chapachivande chapakati pousiku chemari yeroora, uye uyo saSinte Klaas akazadza shangu dzavana veNetherland neAmerica pana 6 December, zuva rake romutambo); Krisskringle weGermany neAmerica (uyo akatusa vana vakanaka ndokuranga vakashata); uye ngano dzeScandinavia kana kuti dzeRussia pamusoro pavaroyi vanogara kuNorth-Pole. . . . Uyu Santa womubatanidzwa weAmerica chinyararire akayambukazve Atlantic muma 1870: chifo chaapo, mukurumbira wake sezvinooneka usingakuvadzwi navanozvifananidza nomumwe munhu vazhinjisa vezvokutengeserana, iye akagovera nomutoo unowedzera chinangwa chaichoicho chokunyika nokuda kwe‘Krisimisa yavana’.”

[Bhokisi riri papeji 15]

MITI INORAMBA YAKASVIBIRA YEKRISIMISA

Yakatanhamara pakati peshongedzero dzeKrisimisa ndiyo miti yomuholly, muivy uye mumistletoe, inorondedzerwa se“zvirimwa zvamashiripiti zvemichero mumwaka wakafa.” Asika neiko iyi miti inoramba yakasvibira chaizvoizvo? Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachidavira kuti mabheri matsvuku omuholly anomirira ropa raKristu uye mashizha awo ane minzwa anofananidzira “korona yeminzwa” iyo varwi vaPontio Pirato vakaisa nomutoo wokuzvidza pamusoro paJesu, vaHebheru vanorangarira mashizha anopenya omuholly namabheri sechiratidziro chechinhurume choupenyu husingagumi. (Mateo 27:29) Vanotarira pamuivy sechiratidzo chechikadzi choupenyu chokusafa. Muholly nomuivy pamwe chete zvinova chiratidziro chawo chechizvaro. Mibatanidzwa yechihedheni yemistletoe ichakasimba zvikuru zvokuti bhuku rinonzi The Customs and Ceremonies of Britain rinoti: “Hakuna mushongedzeri wechechi achairegerera—kunze kwapaYork Minster.” Unosanozivikanwa zvikurusa wemiti yose inoramba yakasvibira ndiwo muti weKrisimisa, unoratidzirwa kwenguva refu mumagamuchidzanwa eGermany uye unoitwa wakakurumbira muBritain nomurume waMambokadzi Victoria, Prince Albert, uye uyo wakava chinangwa cheshongedzero dzeKrisimisa dzemhuri. Kubvira muna 1947, dzimbahwe reNorway, Oslo, rakatumira muti wechipo weKrisimisa nokuda kwokuratidzirwa muTrafalgar Square yeLondon.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]

Chipo chomuti weKrisimisa chegore negore cheNorway chinotumirwa kuBritain