‘Itegeko ryacitse umurezi wacu’
NI ABANA bangana iki boba batahura agaciro k’amategeko bahabwa be n’indero batozwa? Emwe, si benshi! Abana babona ko kuguma bashingirwa uturimbi ari umuzigo. Ariko rero, abafise ibanga ryo gufasha abakiri bato barazi ko gucungera abo bana bikenewe rwose. Vyongeye, uko abakiri bato nka bose bagenda bisumbura, birashoboka ko batahura agaciro k’ubuyobozi baba baronkejwe. Kugira ngo intumwa Paulo yerekane umuce w’ukuntu Yehova Imana yagiye aratsimbataza ubucuti hagati yiwe be n’abasavyi biwe, yarakoresheje akarorero k’umuntu yaba afise igikorwa co gukingira abana.
Hari abakirisu bamwebamwe bo mu kinjana ca mbere bo mu ntara y’Uburoma ya Galatiya bavuga bashimika yuko Imana yagirira gusa ubutoni abantu bagamburuka rya Tegeko Imana yaha Abisirayeli biciye kuri Musa. Intumwa Paulo yari azi ko ivyo atari ivy’ukuri, kubera yuko Imana yari yarahaye impwemu nyeranda abantu bamwebamwe batari bwigere bakurikiza itegeko ry’Abayuda. (Ibikorwa 15:12) Ni co gituma Paulo yakoresheje ikigereranyo kugira ngo akosore ico ciyumviro kitari co. Mw’ikete yandikiye abakirisu b’Abagalatiya, yavuze ati: “Itegeko . . . ryacitse umurezi atujana kuri Kristu”. (Abagalatiya 3:24) Incabwenge imwe ivuga ko ibijanye n’umurezi bishingiye ku “bintu vyaba kera kandi bitekeye insobanuro”. Gutahura ibijanye n’ivyo bintu biratuma dutomokerwa neza iciyumviro intumwa Paulo yariko arashira ahabona.
Umurezi be n’amabanga yari ajejwe
Abarezi barakoreshwa cane mu miryango itunze y’Abagiriki, y’Abaroma, kumbure mbere n’iy’Abayuda, kugira ngo bahagarikire ibikorwa abana bakora kuva mu bwana gushika mu buyabaga. Umurezi wasanga muri rusangi ari umushumba yizigirwa, akenshi akaba yari umuntu yitereye mu myaka, yakora nk’umusuku yitwararika umutekano w’umwana akongera akiyemeza neza ko ivyipfuzo se w’umwana yaba afitiye uwo mwana wiwe vyubahirizwa. Uwo murezi yamara umusi wose aherekeza umwana aho yaja hose, akitwararika ivyerekeye isuku ryiwe, akamujana kw’ishure, akenshi ugasanga ari we amutwarira amakaye be n’ibindi bikoresho, akongera akitwararika ibijanye n’ivyigwa vyiwe.
Akenshi umurezi ntiyaba ari umwigisha. Aho gutanga inyigisho zo kw’ishure, umurezi yaraba gusa ko ubuyobozi bwa se w’umwana bukurikizwa, ivyo akabigira nk’uwurinda uwo mwana. Ariko rero, biciye ku gucungera uwo mwana no kumutoza indero, umurezi yaratanga inyigisho mu buryo butashoka bwibonekeza. Ivyo vyarimwo kumwigisha imico runtu, kumukangīra, eka mbere no kumuhana mu gihe yaba yigenjeje nabi. Ni ivy’ukuri yuko nyina be na se b’umwana ari bo bari abarezi nyamukuru biwe. Naho ari ukwo, uko umwana yagenda arakura, umurezi wiwe yaramwigisha yuko akwiye kwigenza rupfasoni igihe yaba ariko aragenda mu mabarabara, ko hari igihe yaba akwiye kwambara agakoti, ko yari akwiye kwicara no gufungura mu buryo bubereye be n’uko yari akwiye guhaguruka akava hasi igihe yaba abonye abamuruta, agakunda abavyeyi biwe, n’ibindi n’ibindi.
Umufilozofe umwe w’Umugiriki yitwa Pulato (uwabayeho mu 428-348 B.G.C.) yarashigikiye cane ivy’uko ivyipfuzo vy’ubwana vyari bikwiye gucungerwa. Yanditse ati: “Nka kurya nyene intama canke ikindi gitungwa kirisha bidashobora kubaho ata mwungere bifise, ni ko n’abana badashobora kubaho ata murezi bafise, canke ngo abashumba babeho ata shebuja bafise”. Kubona ibintu muri ubwo buryo vyoshobora gusa n’ukurenza urugero; yamara ukwo ni ko Pulato yabibona.
Kubera yuko abarezi batavana n’abana, vyatumye babonwa ko ari abarinzi bacinyiza abana be n’abatozandero barenza urugero, bakongera bakabonwa ko baguma bagiriza abana mu tuntu ata co tuvuze, ivyo bakabigira mu buryo burambira kandi ata co buvamwo. Naho vyari ukwo, umurezi yarakingira umwana mu bijanye n’inyifato runtu be no ku mubiri. Umutohozakahise umwe w’Umugiriki yitwa Appien, uno akaba ari uwo mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C., arigana inkuru yerekeye umurezi umwe yakingiye umwana yari ashinzwe, mu kumupfumbatira kugira ngo amukingire abashaka kumwica, ico gihe akaba yari amutwaye kw’ishure. Igihe yanka kurekura uwo mwana, abo bicanyi baciye bica uwo murezi be n’uwo mwana.
Ubushegabo bwari bwariraye mu karere kose katwarwa n’Abagiriki. Abana, na canecane abahungu, bari bakeneye gukingirwa abantu bobasambanya. Ni co gituma abarezi bakurikirana ivyigwa abana bahabwa, kubera ko abigisha benshi batizigirwa. Umushikirizansiguro umwe w’Umugiriki yitwa Libanius, uno akaba ari uwo mu kinjana ca kane G.C., yarashitse kure mu kuvuga mbere ko abarezi babwirizwa gukora nk’“abarinzi b’abo bana baba bariko barakura, kugira ngo babarinde abantu babi baba bashaka ko bakundana, mu kubigiza kure no mu kubarinda kwunga ubucuti na bo, ntibabakundire kumenyerana n’abo bana b’abahungu”. Abarezi benshi barubahwa n’abo bakingira. Amabuye y’ivyibutso arerekana ko n’igihe abo bahoze ari abarezi bakundwa baba barapfuye, abantu bakuze baguma bakenguruka igikorwa bakoze.
Itegeko ryakora bwa murezi
Ni kubera iki none Itegeko rya Musa intumwa Paulo yarigereranije n’umurezi? Ni igiki gituma ico kigereranyo kiba ikibereye cane?
Umuce wa mbere ubituma, ni uruhara rwo gukingira iryo Tegeko ryarangura. Paulo yasiguye yuko Abayuda bari “[ba]rindiwe munsi y’itegeko”. Vyasa nk’aho umurinzi yabugaraniye ahantu kugira ngo abakingire. (Abagalatiya 3:23) Itegeko ryaragira akosho ku mice yose y’ubuzima bwabo. Ryaracungera ivyipfuzo vyabo mu bijanye n’igitsina be n’ibindi vyipfuzo bari bafise vy’umubiri. Ryaracungera ukuntu bigenze rikongera rikaguma ribakangira iyo bakoze amakosa, gutyo rigatuma Umwisirayeli wese amenya utunenge twiwe.
Iryo Tegeko ryarabakingira kandi utwosho twonona, nk’ugutituka kw’inyifato runtu be n’imigenzo yo mu vy’idini yononekaye vyarangwa mu mahanga yari akikuje Isirayeli. Nk’akarorero, itegeko ry’Imana ryabuza Abisirayeli kwabirana n’abapagani, ryari rihambaye cane ku bw’ineza yo mu vy’impwemu y’iryo hanga ryose uko ryakabaye. (Gusubira mu vyagezwe 7:3, 4) Mwene ayo mategeko yatuma abo basavyi b’Imana baguma batyoroye mu vy’impwemu akongera akabategura kugira ngo bazoshobore kumenya Mesiya uwo ari we. Mu vy’ukuri, izo zari intunganyo ziranga urukundo. Musa yibukije Abisirayeli bagenziwe ati: “Uhoraho Imana yanyu abahana nk’uk’umuntu ahana umwana wiwe”.—Gusubira mu vyagezwe 8:5.
Ariko rero, umuce nyamukuru wa ca kigereranyo c’intumwa Paulo kwari ukwerekana ukuntu ububasha bw’umurezi bwari ubw’igihe gito. Igihe umwana yaba amaze kuba umuntu akuze, ntiyasubira gucungerwa n’umurezi wiwe. Umutohozakahise w’Umugiriki yitwa Xénophon (uwabayeho mu 431-352 B.G.C.) yanditse ati: “Umwana amaze kwisumbura, agatangura kuba umuyabaga, abandi bantu baramukura munsi y’ubuyobozi [bw’umurezi] wiwe be [n’ubw’umwigisha] wiwe; ico gihe rero ntiyaba akiyoborwa na bo, ahubwo yaba arekuriwe kwigenga”.
Ukwo nyene ni ko vyari vyifashe ku bijanye n’ububasha rya Tegeko rya Musa ryari rifise. Ryakora ku bw’igihe gito ‘kugira ngo ukurenga itegeko kuje ahabona, kugeza rwa ruvyaro [Yezu Kristu] rushitse’. Intumwa Paulo yasiguye yuko ku Bayuda, iryo Tegeko ryari ‘umurezi ajana kuri Kristu’. Kugira ngo abantu bo mu gihe ca Paulo bagirirwe ubutoni n’Imana, bategerezwa kwemera uruhara Yezu arangura mu mugambi w’Imana. Bamaze kwemera urwo ruhara, igikorwa rya Tegeko ryakora bwa murezi caciye kirangira.—Abagalatiya 3:19, 24, 25.
Itegeko Imana yahaye Abisirayeli ntiryagira agahaze. Ryararanguye bimwe bishitse intumbero yari yatumye Imana irishinga, iyo na yo ikaba yari iyo gukingira abasavyi bayo no kubameyesha ingingo mfatirwako zayo ziri hejuru. (Abaroma 7:7-14) Emwe, iryo Tegeko ryari umurezi mwiza pe! Ariko rero, ku bantu bamwebamwe bakingirwa n’iryo Tegeko, ivyo ryasaba bishobora kuba vyasa n’uko vyari amananiza kuri bo. Ni co gituma intumwa Paulo yanditse yuko igihe Imana yashinze kigeze, “Kristu mu kuducungura yatubohoye umuvumo w’Itegeko”. Itegeko ryari “umuvumo” mu buryo gusa bw’uko Abayuda b’abanyagasembwa ryabasaba kwisunga ingingo mfatirwako batari gushobora gukurikiza bimwe vyuzuye. Ryabasaba gukurikiza bimwe vyitondewe amategeko yari yarashinzwe. Umuyuda amaze kwemera intunganyo isumba iryo Tegeko yashobotse biciye ku nkuka y’incungu ya Yezu, ntivyaba bigikenewe ko yitondera uturimbi yashingirwa n’iryo Tegeko ryakora bwa murezi.—Abagalatiya 3:13; 4:9, 10.
Ku bw’ivyo rero, ico Paulo yashatse gushira ahabona mu kugereranya rya Tegeko rya Musa be n’umurezi, kwari ugushimika ku gikorwa caryo co gukingira abayuda be no ku kuntu ryari iry’igihe gito. Umuntu ntagirirwa ubutoni na Yehova kubera ko aba yagamburutse iryo Tegeko, ahubwo abugirirwa kubera ko yemera ikibanza Yezu afise akongera akamwizera.—Abagalatiya 2:16; 3:11.
[Uruzitiro/Ifoto ku rup. 21]
‘ABAJEJWE’ ABANA BE N’“ABABWIRIZA”
Uretse ukwandika ibijanye n’umurezi, intumwa Paulo yarakoresheje kandi ibigereranyo vyerekeye ‘abajejwe samuragwa’ be n’“ababwiriza”. Mu Bagalatiya 4:1, 2, dusoma duti: “Igihe samuragwa aba akiri uruyoya [n]taba atandukanye namba n’umushumba, naho nyene aba ari we agaba ibintu vyose, mugabo aba agabwa n’abamujejwe be n’ababwiriza kugeza ku musi se yashinze imbere y’igihe”. Ibikorwa vyakorwa n’abari ‘bajejwe samuragwa’ be n’“ababwiriza” vyari bitandukanye n’ivyo abarezi bakora, ariko rero iciyumviro Paulo yashatse guserura cari kimwe.
Mu gihe c’amategeko y’Abaroma, uwaba ‘ajejwe’ umwana yaba yarahawe uburenganzira bwo gukora bwa muntu akingira umwana w’impfuvyi akiri muto, be no guhagarikira ikoreshwa ry’amatungo y’uwo mwana gushika ageze mu bigero. Ku bw’ivyo, Paulo avuga yuko, naho mu bisanzwe uwo mwana ari we yaba “agaba” ibisigi, igihe yaba akiri umwana nta burenganzira yaba abifiseko nka kurya nyene kw’umushumba.
‘Umubwiriza’ we, yari umuntu afise ibanga ryo kwitwararika ibijanye n’amatungo umwana yaba yasigiwe n’abavyeyi biwe. Umutohozakahise umwe w’Umuyuda yitwa Flavius Josèphe avuga yuko hariho uwukiri muto umwe yitwa Hyrcanus yasavye se icete giha uburenganzira umubwiriza wiwe kugira ngo azoze aramuha amahera yo kugura ikintu ico ari co cose azoba akeneye.
Ku bw’ivyo rero, kuba munsi y’ubuyobozi bw’umurezi, cokimwe no kuba munsi y’ubuyobozi bw’uwari ‘ajejwe’ umwana canke bw’‘umubwiriza’, vyasigura kutagira umwidegemvyo igihe umuntu yaba akiri umwana. Ubuzima bw’umwana akiri muto bwacungerwa n’abandi gushika igihe caba cashinzwe na se wiwe kirangiye.
[Ifoto ku rup. 19]
Igicapo kiri ku kibumbano co mu Bugiriki bwa kera cerekana umurezi afise inkoni
[Abo dukesha ifoto]
National Archaeological Museum, Athens
[Ifoto ku rup. 19]
Igicapo kiri ku gikombe co mu kinjana ca gatanu B.G.C., cerekana umurezi (uwo afise inkoni) ariko yitegereza ingene umwana bamushinze ariko yigishwa ibijanye n’ivyese be n’umuziki
[Abo dukesha ifoto]
Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY