Ingene ivyo kwinubana vyigaragaza
“Uta hanze ukwinubana ugucishije mu muryango w’inzu, kukazokugarukako guciye mw’idirisha”.—Frédéric le Grand, Umwami wa Prusse.
RAJESH aba i Paliyad, ikigwati kimwe co mu Buhindi. Cokimwe n’abandi bantu bitwa intakorwako (les intouchables), ategerezwa kugira urugendo rw’iminuta 15 kugira ngo azane amazi i muhira iwabo. Asigura ati: “Ntitwemererwa kuvoma ku mabombo yo mu kigwati akoreshwa n’abantu bo mu migwi iri hejuru y’uwacu”. Rajesh aciga, we na bagenziwe ntibashobora no gukora ku mupira w’amaguru abandi bana bakina. Avuga ati: “Mu gishingo cawo twakina amabuye”.
Umuyabaga umwe yitwa Christina wo muri Aziya aba i Buraya, avuga ati: “Ndiyumvamwo yuko abantu banyanka, ariko sinzi igituma banyanka”. Yongerako ati: “Birababaza cane. Akenshi nca nigungira ukwanje, mugabo n’ivyo nta co bimfasha”.
Uwitwa Stanley aturuka muri Afirika yo mu Burengero avuga ati: “Natanguye kumenya ivyo kwinubana mfise imyaka 16. Abantu ntazi na gato barambwiye kuva mu gisagara. Hari abantu bo mu bwoko bwacu batuririwe amazu. Ikonte dawe yari afise muri banki yarahagaritswe. Ivyo vyatumye ntangura kwanka ubwoko bwatwinuba”.
Rajesh, Christina na Stanley ingorane bafise ziterwa n’uko babinuba kandi si bo bonyene bishikira. Koïchiro Matsuura, umuyobozi mukuru w’Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ivy’indero, ubuhinga n’imico kama (UNESCO), asigura ati: “Abantu amamiliyoni amajana barabandanya gucumukuzwa n’amacakubiri ashingiye kw’ibara ry’urukoba, kw’ivangura, ku vyo kwanka abanyamahanga be no ku vyo gukumirana. Ibintu nk’ivyo bitesha ubuntu biterwa n’ukutamenya be n’ukwinubana, vyaratumye abavukagihugu bo mu bihugu vyinshi bacanamwo, biranacumukuza abantu cane”.
Nimba bitarashika ngo hagire abakwinuba, birashobora kukugora gutahura ukuntu birya umutima. Igitabu kimwe (Face to Face Against Prejudice) kivuga giti: “Bamwe babikenyererako. Abandi, hagize ababinuba, na bo baca barushiriza kubinuba”. Ni mu buryo ki ivyo kwinubana vyonona ubuzima?
Nimba uri mu bagize umugwi w’abantu b’inkehwa, ushobora gusanga abantu baguca kure, bakuraba urujisho canke bagatyoza imico kama y’iwanyu. Kuronka akazi vyoshobora kuba imbonekarimwe kiretse gusa wemeye gukora akazi kabayabaye ata wundi muntu yipfuza gukora. Kumbure biragoye kuronka uburaro bubereye. Abana bawe bashobora kwumva yuko abo bigana babakumira kandi bataberekwa.
Mbere n’ikirushirije kuba kibi, ni uko ukwinubana gushobora gusunikira abantu ku bukazi canke kukanabashikana ku bwicanyi. Kukaba nkako, kahise kuzuyemwo uturorero tw’ubukazi buteye ikinya bushobora guterwa n’ukwinubana: nk’ubwicanyi, amahonyabwoko be n’ivyiswe ngo ni amatsembatsemba.
Ivyo kwinubana vyagiye biraba mu binjana n’ibindi
Hari igihe wasanga abakirisu ari bo ahanini binubwa. Nk’akarorero, gato inyuma y’urupfu rwa Yezu, haradutse uruhamo rukaze rwagizwe kuri bo (Ivyakozwe 8:3; 9:1, 2; 26:10, 11). Haheze ibinjana bibiri, abiyita abakirisu barafashwe bunyamaswa. Wa mwanditsi wo mu kinjana ca gatatu yitwa Terituliyano yanditse ati: “Hateye ivyago, abantu baca bakurira hasi rimwe bavuga bati: ‘Abakirisu ni batererwe intambwe’ ”.
Ariko rero, guhera muri ca gihe ca za ntambara zaba hagati y’abagatolika n’abisilamu zatanguye mu kinjana ca 11, Abayahudi ni bo nkehwa zaciye zankwa i Buraya. Igihe ya ndwara y’ikiza bita peste bubonique yayogeza inganda i Buraya ikica nk’ica kane c’abanyagihugu baho mu myaka mikeyi gusa, vyari vyoroshe ko Abayahudi batabwako ishavu kubera yuko bari basanzwe bankwa na benshi. Umwanditsi Jeanette Farrell yandika mu gitabu ciwe citwa Abansi bataboneka (mu congereza) ati: “Ico cago cabaye icitwazo co kubanka, urwo rwanko na rwo rutuma abantu bari bishwe n’ubwoba bacegeka ku Bayahudi”.
Impera n’imperuka, hari umugabo w’Umuyahudi wo mu Bumanuko bw’Ubufaransa yemeye abitewe n’umukanagizo yarimwo ngo Abayahudi ni bo bateye ico cago mu gushira ishano mu mariba y’amazi. Yamara ivyo bintu yemeye ntivyari vyo, ariko iyo nkuru yamamaye ko ari ukuri. Bidatevye, hari imigwi y’Abayahudi wasanga inigagurwa igaherengetezwa muri Esupanye, mu Bufaransa no mu Budagi. Bisa n’uko ata n’umwe yaciye n’ikanda yuko icateye koko ico cago ari imbeba. Kandi, ni abantu bake babona ko n’Abayahudi bahitanwa n’ico cago nk’abandi bose!
Umuriro w’ukwinubana umaze kwatswa, urashobora kumara ibinjana n’ibindi uvumbitse. Hagati mu kinjana ca 20, Adolf Hitler yarafatishije uwo mucanwa wo kwanka Abayahudi mu kubagiriza ko ari bo batumye Ubudagi buneshwa mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’isi yose. Intambara ya Kabiri y’isi yose irangiye, uwitwa Rudolf Hoess, Umunazi yatwara ya kambi y’itunatuniro y’i Auschwitz, yiyemereye ati: “Imyimenyerezo twahawe mu vya gisirikare no mu bijanye n’ivyiyumviro, yatwemeza yuko dutegerezwa gukingira Ubudagi Abayahudi”. Kugira ngo Hoess “akingire Ubudagi” yarahagarikiye ihonywa ry’abantu 2.000.000, benshi muri bo bakaba bari Abayahudi.
Ikibabaje, ni uko naho haciye imyaka mirongo amabi agikorwa. Nk’akarorero, mu 1994 urwanko rushingiye ku moko rwaradutse muri Afirika yo mu Buseruko hagati y’abatutsi n’abahutu, ivyo bihitana n’imiburiburi igice c’umuliyoni w’abantu. Ikinyamakuru kimwe (Time) cavuze giti: “Nta bibanza vy’ubuhungiro vyaboneka. Amaraso yarasesekera no mu masengero abantu benshi baba bahungiyemwo. . . . Abantu barwana imbonankubone, umuntu akarwana na mugenziwe mu buryo bw’agahomerabunwa, ivyo bikaba vyari inyota yo gusesa amaraso yatumye abashoboye gucika kw’icumu bagwa igihumura bagasigara bakubiswe n’inkuba”. Mbere n’abana barahitanywe n’ubwo bukazi bw’agahomerabunwa. Umwe mu banyagihugu baho yavuze ati: “Urwanda ni agahugu gatoyi. Yamara urwanko rwuzuyeyo, aho umwe aciye uwundi yoturira”.
Indyane zatumye igihugu cahoze ari Yugosilaviya gisambuka, zahitanye abantu barenga 200.000. Ababanyi bari bamaze imyaka n’iyindi babana mu mahoro, barasubiranyemwo baricana. Abakenyezi ibihumbi n’ibihumbi barafashwe ku nguvu, abantu amamiliyoni na bo barakurwa mu zabo ku nguvu kubera politike iranga ubukazi y’itsembatsemba.
Naho mu bihe vyinshi ukwinubana kutama gushikana ku bwicanyi, ntikubura gutera amacakubiri mu bantu no kuvyura inzika. Raporo iheruka gusohorwa na UNESCO ivuga yuko amacakubiri be n’ivangura “bisa n’ibiriko birakwiragira mu mihingo myinshi yo kw’isi”, naho ibihugu birondera gutsimbataza imigenderanire.
Hoba hari icokorwa kugira ngo ivyo kwinubana biranduranwe n’imizi? Kugira ngo twishure ico kibazo, dutegerezwa kumenya ukuntu ivyo kwinubana bishinga imizi mu mizirikanyi y’abantu no mu mitima yabo.
[Uruzitiro ku rup. 21]
Ibiranga ukwinubana
Mu gitabu ciwe (The Nature of Prejudice), uwitwa Gordon W. Allport arerekana muri make ibintu bitanu biranga ukwinuba abandi. Umuntu yinubana, kenshi usanga agaragaza kimwe canke vyinshi muri ivyo bintu.
1. Amajambo yo kunebagura. Umuntu aratyoza umugwi w’abantu yanka.
2. Guca kure. Arahunga umuntu wese wo muri uwo mugwi.
3. Ivangura. Arakumira abagize uwo mugwi yanka mu kubima akazi kanaka, mu kubankira kuba ahantu kanaka canke mu kubima ibiti kanaka mu kibano.
4. Igitero gisinzikaza umubiri. Aragira uruhara mu bukazi bufise intumbero yo kugira iterabwoba ku bantu yanka.
5. Guhonya. Aragira uruhara mu vyo kwihanira abo biketse bakabamanika, mu bwicanyi canke mu migambi yo guhonya abandi.
[Ifoto ku rup. 20]
Ikambi y’impunzi y’i Benaco muri Tanzaniya, ku wa 11 Rusama 1994
Umugore aruhukiye i ruhande y’ibivomesho. Impunzi zirenga 300.000, benshi muri bo bakaba ari Abanyarwanda b’abahutu, zarajabutse muri Tanzaniya
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Photo by Paula Bronstein/Liaison