Ukubusa Kwabefundisi—Ingabe Kuyikhambi?
ABANTU emhlabeni wonke bakhathele ukungalungi, ukucindezelwa, nokonakala kwezombangazwe. Bafuna okuthile okungcono, njengoba kubonakala ngemizamo yabo yokushintsha abaholi bezombangazwe. Kodwa abaholi abasha abavamile, uma kuke kwenzeke, ukuba balethele abantu ukwaneliseka.
Abanye bacabanga ukuthi ukubusa kwabefundisi kungaphumela kuhulumeni ongcono. Bakholelwa ukuthi abefundisi bangaletha izimfanelo zokwesaba uNkulunkulu ezindabeni zohulumeni. Ngokunokwenzeka wayecabanga ngalokhu lapho uMarion (Pat) Robertson ongumfundisi, owayethemba ukuba umongameli waseU.S. ngo-1988, ethandazela ukuba “abantu abesaba uNkulunkulu” bawine isikhundla kwezombangazwe. Kodwa ingabe lokho ngempela kwakuyosanelisa isidingo sababusi abangcono?
Lapho Abefundisi Bebusa IYurophu
Ngenkathi Ephakathi, abefundisi babenamandla amakhulu ezweni. Phela, opapa babekwazi ukubeka nokususa amakhosi! Ngo-800 C.E., uPapa Leo III wabeka esihlalweni sobukhosi inkosi engumFulentshi uCharlemagne njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Iminyaka eyinkulungwane, lombuso wamelela ukuhlangana kweSonto noMbuso, futhi phakathi nalesosikhathi abefundisi babejabulela amazinga ahlukahlukene egunya phezu kweziphathimandla zezwe.
Kusukela ekhulwini leminyaka le-11, isimiso sobupapa sathatha indawo yobuholi eYurophu. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, iColombia History of the World, eyahlelwa uJohn Garraty noPeter Gay, ithi: “Isonto laliwuhulumeni waseYurophu omkhulu kunabo bonke.” Lencwadi futhi iphawula ukuthi isonto lalikwazi “ukusebenzisa amandla ezombangazwe amakhulu ngaphezu kwanoma imuphi omunye uhulumeni waseNtshonalanga.” Sasinjani isimo sabantu ngaphansi kokubusa kwabefundisi?
Akekho owayekhululekile ukuba akhulekele ngendlela athanda ngayo noma ukuba aveze imibono ephikisana naleyo yabefundisi. Lokhu kungabekezeli kwabefundisi kwadala isimo sokwesaba kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Isonto lasungula ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki ukuze lisiphule abantu ababeba nesibindi sokuba nemibono ehlukile. Bebhekwa njengezihlubuki, babelethwa phambi kwabaqulisi, ababebahlupha ukuze babenze bakuvume abamangalelwa ngakho. Ngakuvamile, labo ababetholakala benecala babeshiswa esigxotsheni.
Ngokuqondene nokubusa kwabefundisi eSpain, iColumbia History of the World ithi: “Izimpi nomqondo wokulwa izimpi zenkolo kwase kuhlanganise iqembu lababusi ababambelele emasikweni nabazidlayo nabefundisi ababebambe zonke izintambo zokubusa embusweni. Ukuphila ngenkululeko yokuzicabangela kwakukhutshazwe ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwezincwadi nokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki, okuye kwasetshenziswa ngokumelene nanoma ubani ophikisana nemfundiso yenkolo engokomthetho noma nesimiso sombuso.”
Encwadini yakhe ethi The Age of Faith, uWill Durant wathi: “Sivumela noma imaphi amaphutha okuloba kwesazi-mlando nalindelekile kumKristu, kumelwe sibale ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki, kanye nezimpi noshushiso lwesikhathi sethu, njengokuphakathi kwamabala amnyama kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, okwembula ubudlova obungaziwa kunoma isiphi isilwane.” ENkathini Ephakathi, ukubusa kwabefundisi kwakusho ukubhujiswa kwenkululeko yabantu.
Ingabe umlungisi ongumProthestani uJohn Calvin wahluka kubefundisi bamaKatolika? Nokho, cabangela lokho okwenzeka lapho uMichael Servetus ebalekela ukushushisa kwabefundisi baseSpain futhi ebanjwa eGeneva, eSwitzerland. Lapho, uCalvin wayemise umphakathi yena nabefundisi bakhe ababewubusa ngegunya eliphelele. Ngenxa yokuthi uServetus wayemphika uZiqu-zintathu, uCalvin wafinyelela lokho okwakwehlule ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki. UServetus wagwetshelwa ukufa ngokuba isihlubuki futhi washiswa esigxotsheni. Kanjalo uCalvin wabonisa ukungabekezeli okufanayo nokwabefundisi bamaKatolika.
Ingabe ukubusa kwabefundisi ohulumeni bezwe kwasho ukuthula kubantu baseYurophu? Lutho neze. Esikhundleni sokujabulela ukuthula, kwadingeka ukuba babekezelele iminyaka yempi ekhuthazwa abefundisi. UPapa Urban II waqalisa iMpi Yenkolo Yokuqala kanjalo eqalisa uchungechunge lwezimpi olwaqhubeka iminyaka engama-200. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wezimpi ezazishoshozelwa abefundisi ezazilwiwa nabantu ababebhekwa njengezihlubuki waba ukufa kwezinkulungwane zamadoda, abesifazane, nabantwana.
Ingabe ukubusa kwabefundisi kwakuqeda ukonakala? Hhayi nakancane. Incwadi ethi A History of the Modern World, kaR. R. Palmer noJoel Colton, ithi: “Ukuphila kwesonto kwakonakaliswa imali ngokwandayo. Akekho owayekholelwa ekufumbathiseni; kodwa wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi amadoda amakhulu esonto (njengeziphathimandla eziningi eziphakeme zosuku lwethu) ayengafunjathiswa.” Ukonakala phakathi kwabefundisi kwakuyisikhalo esivamile.
Ingabe ukubusa kwabefundisi kwaphumela ekuhawukelweni kwabantu abavamile? Nhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela lokho okwenzeka lapho uKhadinali Richelieu waseFrance elawula izindaba zikahulumeni phakathi nokubusa kukaLouis XIII. Incwadi iHistory of the Nations, eyahlelwa uHenry Cabot Lodge, ithi “isimiso [sikaRichelieu] sasisekelwe ekubhubhiseni inkululeko yamaFulentshi.”
EMexico ngekhulu leminyaka le-17, amadolobha amaNdiya ngokuvamile ayebuswa abefundisi. Ngokwencwadi ethi Many Mexicos, kaLesley Simpson, abefundisi babebheka isigxobo sokubhaxabulela abantu “njengosizo okungenakwehlukanwa nalo ekufakeni nasekulondolozeni izindinganiso zobuKristu, nasekujeziseleni amacala ezwe.”
Kanjalo izincwadi zomlando zisenza sikwazi ukuhlola umlando wokubusa kwabefundisi emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Lowomlando wembulani? Ukungayinaki okwethusayo injabulo, inhlala-kahle, nenkululeko yabantu abavamile. Ngempela, ukubusa kwabefundisi kuye kwaba ubushiqela obungabekezeleleki. Njengoba uDaniel Defoe abhala encwadini yakhe ethi The True-Born Englishman: “Futhi kuzo zonke izinhlupho isintu esihlushwa ngazo, ubushiqela babefundisi bungembi kakhulu.”
Khona-ke, ngokusobala ukubusa kwabefundisi akulona ikhambi esidingweni somuntu sikahulumeni ongcono. Ngakho, singaphendukela kubani? Impendulo ingatholwa yinoma ubani, njengoba sizobona.
[Isithombe ekhasini 4]
UCalvin ongumProthestani wabonisa ukungabekezeli okufana nokwabefundisi bamaKatolika
[Umthombo]
Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum