Ukufuya Izilwane Zasemanzini—“Imfuyo” Eyizinhlanzi
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ENORWAY
EMINYAKENI eyizinkulungwane edlule, amaShayina nabaseGibithe babenza amachibi ahlanzekile lapho babegcina khona futhi mhlawumbe bondla khona izinhlanzi eziphilayo. Ezinsukwini zanamuhla ukufuya izinhlanzi sekuyibhizinisi. Kubizwa ngokuthi ukufuya izilwane zasemanzini. I-Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary ikuchaza ngokuthi “ukufuya izinto ezingokwemvelo zasemanzini.” Lokhu kuhilela ukulungiselela izimo ezinhle zokukhula nokuzalanisa nokufuya izilwane nezitshalo zasemanzini emanzini anosawoti noma ahlanzekile.
Okwamanje, ukufuya nokuzalanisa izinhlanzi kuyizindlela ezivamile zokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. Emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi lapho amazinga okushisa kwamanzi ahlanzekile ephakeme khona kakhudlwana, kwandile ukufuya izinhlanzi emiphongolweni nasemachibini. Amanye amazwe aye agxila kakhulu ekusebenziseni izindawo zawo zasolwandle. INorway iyisibonelo salokhu kwamuva. Njengoba linosebe lolwandle olude kakhulu emhlabeni, amazinga okushisa kolwandle afanelekile, namanzi ahlanzeke kakhudlwana, lelizwe lisesimweni esihle sokufuya izinhlanzi emanzini asolwandle. INorway iye yaba yizwe eliyingqalabutho, ikakhulukazi ekufuyeni olwandle izinhlanzi zohlobo lwesalimoni ne-trout yase-Atlantic.
Ukusuka Emaqandeni Kuya Enhlanzini Edayiswayo
Umkhiqizo uqala endaweni yokuchamusela ekwindla. Izinsikazi “ziyagululwa” ukuze kutholakale amaqanda azo, futhi lamaqanda ahlanganiswa nesidoda samaduna ekhethelo. Amaqanda avundisiwe abhekwa ngeso elibukhali ubusika bonke endaweni yokuwachamusela, futhi achanyuselwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Emasontweni ambalwa okuqala, onoshobishobi benhlanzi bathola ukudla egobosini elisasikhupha eliseziswini zabo; bese benikezwa ukudla ngokucophelela. Uma beyizinhlanzi zasendle, onoshobishobi bohlobo lwesalimoni bachitha iminyaka emibili kuya kwemihlanu emfuleni abachanyuselwa kuwo, ngaphambi kokuthuthela olwandle olunokudla okunomsoco kakhudlwana. Endaweni yokuchamusela onoshobishobi baba i-smolt (inhlanzi yohlobo lwesalimoni ekulungele ukuthuthela kwenye indawo) onyakeni owodwa nengxenye.
Khona-ke lezizinhlanzi ziyakhishwa emanzini ahlanzekile ziyiswe kwanosawoti. Ngokuvamile zifakwa olwandle, ezindlwaneni ezintantayo noma emakhejini. Ngemva konyaka owodwa noma emibili zifuywe olwandle, izinhlanzi zohlobo lwesalimoni zisuke sezikhule ngokwanele futhi zithunyelwa ezimbonini. Kuzwakala kulula kakhulu. Nokho, “imfuyo” eyizinhlanzi ibeka izinselele eziningi.a
Izinkinga Zokuphila Nokuguquguquka
Abafuyi bezinhlanzi basendulo babengenalwazi futhi kwakudingeka bazizuzele ulwazi olunzulu ngokuzalanisa izinhlanzi, ukudla ezikuthandayo, nemizwelo engokwemvelo yezinhlanzi ezihlukahlukene. Kwabonakala kunezinkinga zokuphila eziyinqwaba ezingaxazululeki nezinto ezazingase zingahambi kahle. Kwakungenzeka yini ukwanelisa izidingo ezihlukahlukene zonoshobishobi bezinhlanzi nezinhlanzi ngokuqondene nokuhlanzeka kwamanzi, izinga lokushisa, ukudla, nokukhanya?
Eziningi zalezizinkinga zaxazululwa kudala. Izinhlelo eziningi zokucwaninga zanamuhla zigxile ekutheni izici ezinjengokwandisa umkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya, nokudla okuningi okunomsoco zingakulawula kanjani ukukhula nokuziphatha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi.
Ukungcola Nokwanda Kolwelwe
Indawo ehlanzekile ibalulekile ekufuyeni izinhlanzi. Izindawo ezinezilwane eziningi nokungcola okwandayo kubangela izinkinga ebhizinisini lokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. Izinhlanzi zasendle eziwuzwayo ushevu emanzini ziyazama ukugwema ingozi. Izinhlanzi ezifuywe olwandle azinakuyigwema ingozi, njengoba zivalelwe ezindlwaneni. Ngakho ukuchitheka kukawoyela noma kwamakhemikhali anoshevu kungaba inhlekelele ezindaweni zokufuya izinhlanzi.
Abanye bashaqeka ngempela ngo-1988 lapho kudlondlobala ulwelwe olunoshevu ngasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSweden nangasogwini lwaseningizimu Norway. Ezindaweni eziningi ulwelwe lwabulala izinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo olwandle. Kwakhishwa izinhlanzi ezindaweni eziningana zokufuya izinhlanzi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yolwelwe ngokwalo nangenxa yokubulawa ngokushesha kwezinhlanzi ukuze zidayiswe. Kodwa izindawo eziningi zokugcina izinhlanzi zaphephiswa ekubulaweni ulwelwe lapho abafuyi bezinhlanzi bedonsela izindlwana zezinhlanzi ezindaweni eziphephile ezingenela olwandle eziphahlwe amawa. Abanye babiza lenhlekelele yolwelwe ngokuthi “inhlekelele yasolwandle efana neyaseChernobyl,” futhi ochwepheshe bathi kungenzeka ukuthi ukungcola okwandayo kuyisici esinengxenye kulokhukudlondlobala.
Izindlwana zezinhlanzi ezisolwandle zibhekana nezimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene futhi kumelwe zimelane neqhwa, ulwandle olugubhayo, nezivunguvungu. Lapho indlu yezinhlanzi iwohloka futhi izinhlanzi zibaleka, umfuyi wezinhlanzi ulahlekelwa impahla eyigugu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezibalekile zingase zisakaze izifo ezinhlanzini zasendle, futhi lokhu kuye kwaba inkinga engathi sína. Futhi izinhlanzi ezibalekile ziyoncintisana nezasendle ngokudla nangezindawo zokubekela amaqanda, futhi kwesatshwa ukuthi lokhu kungase kube nethonya elibi emfuyweni yendawo.
Ngakho kuvunyelwana ngokuphelele ngokuthi izindlu zezinhlanzi kumelwe zilondeke kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubaleka kwezinhlanzi. Kuye kwaba nentuthuko futhi kulengxenye. I-Aquaculture in Norway ithi eminyakeni yamuva nje “[kuye kwafezwa] ingxenye enkulu ekwenzeni izindlu zokufuya izilwane zasemanzini zikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.”
Ukulawula Izifo
Konke okungqubuzana nesimo esingokwemvelo sezinhlanzi noma okuhlukile endaweni yazo evamile kubangela ukucindezeleka, futhi lokhu kulimaza isimiso sazo sokuzivikela ezifweni. Inhlanganisela yezici, njengokunqwabelana kwezinhlanzi, ukuzondla, ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezivundile, nokwanda kwamagciwane ezinhlanzi ahlukahlukene, kuye kwabangela izifo eziyinkinga kakhulu ezinhlanzini ezifuyiwe kunasezinhlanzini zasendle. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kulelibhizinisi.
Yiqiniso, eziningi zalezizifo zezinhlanzi zingase zelashwe, ngokwesibonelo, ngemithi elwa namagciwane, kodwa ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwalemithi kuwusongo endaweni ezungezile, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi ikhiqiza ama-bacterium amelana nemithi, okubangela ukuba kwenziwe imithi emisha. Izidakamizwa nazo zingase zenze izinhlanzi zibe buthakathaka, zibe sengozini yokungenwa ezinye izifo. Yebo, abafuyi bezinhlanzi baye bafuna ukuphuma kulengqinamba.b
Ngakho-ke isisho esidala esithi ukugoma kungcono kunokwelapha siyasebenza nasekufuyeni izinhlanzi. Kuye kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu yokuzuza ulwazi olwengeziwe ngendlela yokuqinisa izindlela ezingokwemvelo zokuzivikela kwezinhlanzi. Lokhukucwaninga kubhekiswe ezicini ezinjengokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuzondla, indawo ezifuyelwa kuyo nemikhuba yokusebenza kwazo, ukuzalana ikakhulukazi kwezinhlanzi ezimelana nezifo, nokwenziwa kwemithi nezindlela zokugoma eziphumelelayo. Lomsebenzi uye waba nemiphumela, futhi kubonakala sengathi ibhizinisi lokufuya izinhlanzi liyanqoba empini yokulwa nezifo.
Ibhizinisi Elandayo
Ukufuya izilwane zasemanzini kuyibhizinisi elibaluleke kakhulu ezifundeni ezingasogwini. Selokhu kwasungulwa ibhizinisi lokufuya izilwane zasemanzini, kuye kwaba nokwanda okukhulu. Ngo-1990, umkhiqizo womhlaba wonke wawubiza ingqikithi yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-83. INorway ikhiqiza izinhlanzi zohlobo lwesalimoni yase-Atlantic ezingaphezu kwengxenye yalezo ezikhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke, futhi izithumela emazweni angaphezu kwangu-90 embulungeni yonke.
Nakuba izinhlanzi zohlobo lwesalimoni yase-Atlantic bezilokhu ziwumkhiqizo oyinhloko kuze kube manje, kakade sekunamanani alinganiselwe adayiswayo e-cod ne-halibut. Ibhizinisi lokufuya izilwane zasemanzini lifisa ukukhiqiza izinhlanzi ezinhle, zezinga eliphakeme unyaka wonke.
Ngokudabukisayo, ngokuvamile abantu bavumela ukushukunyiswa ubugovu, futhi lokhu kuye kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ebhizinisini lokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. Kwezinye izimo ukunakekelwa kwendawo ezungezile kuye kwabekelwa eceleni ukuze kwenziwe inzuzo ngokushesha. Abafuyi bezilwane zasemanzini abacabanga kanjalo kudingeka bafunde ukuthi imvelo ingawohloka ngokushesha kanjani; kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ukunakekela indawo ezungezile kungokwenzuzo yabo. Ngezinye izikhathi, kubonakala kuwukuhlakanipha njalo ukusebenzisa ingcebo yomhlaba ngokuvumelana nenjongo yoMdali yasekuqaleni—ngokuvumelana nemvelo nezindawo zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezinto eziphilayo.
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Kusekelwe ekwazisweni okusencwajaneni ethi Aquaculture in Norway, enyatheliswa i-Norwegian Fish Farmers’ Association.
b Iziphathimandla zaseNorway, zicabangela abathengi, ziye zamisa imithetho eqinile ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kwemithi. Abafuyi bezinhlanzi bangathola imithi kudokotela wezilwane kuphela, futhi izinhlanzi eziphuziswa imithi ziyahlukaniswa nezinye ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuthi zonke izinhlanzi azinazidakamizwa ngaphambi kokuba zidayiswe.
[Isithombe ekhasini 15]
Izinhlanzi zifakwa ezindlwaneni ezintantayo olwandle
Izinsikazi ziyagululwa ukuze kutholakale amaqanda azo
Lapho izinhlanzi sezikhule ngokwanele, zithunyelwa ezimbonini
[Umthombo]
Photos: Vidar Vassvik/Norwegian Seafood Export Council