Abavikeli Bakagwayi Bakhuluma Uwangala
NGAWO-1940, idolobha laseLondon lalivinjezelwe. Izindiza zempi zaseJalimane neziqhumane ezajikijelwa zabangela ukwesaba nembubhiso. Kodwa ukuba lesisimo sasingazange sibe sibi kangaka, izakhamuzi zaziyohlekiswa umbono oyinqaba.
Ziboshwe ngezintambo ezinde, izinkulungwane zama-balloon amakhulu zazindiza phezulu. Injongo yawo yayiwukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwezindiza okukhukhulayo futhi ngokuqinisekile kuthiye amabhomu ambalwa atshuza emoyeni. Lesisivikelo sama-balloon, nakuba sasingesobuciko, asizange siphumelele.
Izinkampani zikagwayi nazo ziye zavinjezelwa. Lezizimboni zikagwayi ezichumayo, ezaziyizinqaba eziqinile zamandla ezombangazwe nezomnotho, zihlaselwa nhlangothi zonke.
Umkhakha wezokwelapha uveza inqwaba yokuhlola okuwubufakazi. Izikhulu zezempilo ezikhankasele amakhambi zizama ukuzitholela izinzuzo. Abazali abathukuthele bathi izingane zabo ziyaxhashazwa. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizimisele ziye zenqabela ukubhema ezakhiweni zamahhovisi, ezindaweni zokudlela, ezikhungweni zezempi, nasezindizeni. Emazweni amaningi, izikhangiso zikagwayi ziye zavalwa kuthelevishini nasemsakazweni. E-United States, zonke izifundazwe zimangalela lezizinkampani ngezigidi zezindleko zezempilo. Ngisho nabameli babamba iqhaza.
Ngakho ngomzamo wokuvimba abahlaseli bazo, lezizinkampani zikagwayi ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela. Nokho, zibonakala ziwuwangala ngempela.
Kulonyaka odlule, umphakathi wase-United States wazibonela mathupha njengoba izikhulu zesishaya-mthetho nezikhulu zezempilo zikahulumeni ezithukuthele zihlela ukuhlasela ngamandla imboni kagwayi. Ekuqulweni kwamacala phambi kweqembu labameleli lase-United States ngo-April 1994, izikhulu zezinhlangano zikagwayi ezingu-7 ezinkulu eMelika zaboniswa izibalo eziwubufakazi: amaMelika angaphezu kuka-400 000 ayafa unyaka ngamunye futhi ezinye izigidi ziyagula, zisethunzini lokufa, futhi ziyimilutha.
Zazivikela ngokuthini? Lezizikhulu ezibhekene nempikiswano zasho amazwi athakazelisayo okuzivikela: ‘Abukatholakali ubufakazi bokuthi ukubhema kunendima ebangela ukuqubuka kwezifo,’ kugomela umkhulumeli we-Tobacco Institute. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba wokubhema wachazwa njengophephe njenganoma iyiphi enye into ejabulisayo, njengokudla amaswidi noma ukuphuza ikhofi. Isikhulu esiphethe senkampani ethile kagwayi sathi: “Ukuba khona kwe-nicotine akuwenzi ugwayi ube isidakamizwa, noma ukubhema kubangele ukulutheka.” Usosayensi othile wenkampani kagwayi wagomela: “Umbono wokuthi i-nicotine ekugwayi ibangela ukulutheka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingezinga elingakanani uyiphutha.”
Lekomiti yaphikisa ngokuthi uma ugwayi ungabangeli ukulutheka, kungani izinkampani zikagwayi ziye zazama ukushintsha amazinga e-nicotine emikhiqizweni yazo? “Ukuze sandise ukunambitheka,” kuchaza esinye isikhulu senkampani kagwayi. Ingabe akukho okubi kunogwayi onganambitheki? Lapho siboniswa inqwaba yocwaningo oluvela emafayilini enkampani yaso abonisa ukuthi i-nicotine ibangela ukulutheka, sadaza inkani.
Ngokusobala, sona nabanye bazonamathela kulowombono kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingakanani izisulu zikagwayi ezigcwala emathuneni. Ekuqaleni kuka-1993, uDkt. Lonnie Bristow, usihlalo we-American Medical Association Board of Trustees wabeka inselele ethakazelisayo. I-Journal of the American Medical Association iyabika: “Wamema abaphathi bezinkampani zikagwayi ezinkulu zase-United States ukuba bavakashele emagunjini asesibhedlela kanye naye ukuze babone omunye wemiphumela yokubhema—abantu abaphethwe umdlavuza wamaphaphu nabanye abanezifo zemithambo yenhliziyo. Akekho owasabela.”
Imboni kagwayi iziqhayisa ngokuthi inikeza imisebenzi emihle yokuthuthukisa umnotho wezwe elinokuswelakala kwemisebenzi okwandayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Argentina, lemboni ivule imisebenzi eyisigidi, kanye neminye imisebenzi eyizigidi ezine engahlobene ngokuqondile. Intela eningi eziyithelayo iye yenza izinkampani zikagwayi zathandeka kohulumeni abaningi.
Enye inkampani kagwayi iye yanikeza amaqembu amancane iminikelo yomusa ngokuqondile—okubhekwa njengokubonakaliswa kokucabangela umphakathi. Nokho, izincwadi ezigcine imininingwane yalenkampani zaveza isisusa sangempela ‘saloluhlelo lokusebenzisa imali lokuthuthukisa isishaya-mthetho’—ukwakha umoya wokuzwana phakathi kwabantu abangase bavote.
Yona lenkampani kagwayi iye futhi yazakhela ubungane nomkhakha wezobuciko ngokwenza iminikelo emikhulu kumamnyuziyamu, ezikoleni, ezikhungweni zokufundela ukudansa, nasezikoleni zomculo. Izikhulu zezinhlangano zezobuciko zilungiselela ukwamukela lemali kagwayi eziyidinga kakhulu. Muva nje, amalungu omkhakha wezobuciko eNew York City abhekane nenkinga enkulu lapho lenkampani kagwayi iwacela ukuba ayisekele emizamweni ekhuthazwayo ngokumelene nomthetho onqabela ukubhema.
Futhi eqinisweni, izinkampani zikagwayi ezinkulu ezicebile azikwesabi ukusakaza imali kubaholi bezombangazwe, abangasebenzisa ithonya labo ekunqandeni noma iziphi iziphakamiso ezimelene nogwayi. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisezikhundleni eziphakeme ziye zasekela izisusa zezinkampani zikagwayi. Ezinye zinezibopho ezingokwezimali kulemboni noma zizizwa zicindezelekile ukuba ziyikhokhele imbuyiselo ngenxa yokusekela ngomusa imikhankaso yokhetho ngemali kagwayi.
Kubikwa ukuthi elinye ilungu lesishaya-mthetho sase-United States lathola iminikelo yama-dollar angaphezu kuka-21 000 (R76 000) evela ezinkampanini zikagwayi futhi ngenxa yalokho lamelana nemikhankaso eminingana yokunqanda ugwayi.
Othile owayengumsekeli wokubhema okhokhelwa kahle, owayeyilungu lesigele nexhwele likagwayi, muva nje uthole ukuthi unomdlavuza womphimbo, amaphaphu, nesibindi. Manje uyazisola kakhulu futhi ukhala ngokuthi “ukuguliswa okuthile owakubangela ngokwakho” kwenza umuntu azizwe eyisiwula.
Njengoba zisebenzisa imali eningi ekukhangiseni okunethonya, izinkampani zikagwayi ezinkulu zihlasela abaphikisi ngokunamandla. Isikhangiso esithile sikhuthaza inkululeko, sixwayisa ngokuqondile, “Namuhla Usikilidi. Kusasa?” Sisho ukuthi i-caffeine, utshwala, nama-hamburger kuyoba izisulu ezilandelayo zokuvinjelwa okubhekwa njengobuhlanya.
Izikhangiso zamaphephandaba ziye zakungabaza ukuhlola okwaziwa kabanzi kwe-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency okwachaza ukuhogela intuthu kagwayi njengokubangela umdlavuza. Imboni kagwayi yamemezela amacebo okumangalela ngokomthetho. Uhlelo oluthile lwethelevishini lwamangalela enye inkampani ngokusebenzisa amazinga e-nicotine ukuze ikhuthaze ukulutheka. Isiteshi esasakaza loluhlelo ngokushesha samangalelwa ngecala lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-36).
Izinkampani zikagwayi ziye zalwa ngamandla, kodwa ukumangalelwa kusagcwele kuyo yonke indawo. Kuye kwenziwa ukuhlola okungaba ngu-50 000 phakathi neminyaka engu-40 edlule, okwaveza ubufakazi obunqwabelanayo bezingozi zokusebenzisa ugwayi.
Lezizinkampani zikagwayi ziye zazama kanjani ukubalekela ukumangalelwa kwazo? Ziye zabambelela ngenkani eqinisweni elicatshangelwayo: Abantu ababhemayo bayayeka. Ngakho zithi i-nicotine ayibangeli ukulutheka. Nokho, izibalo zibonisa okuphambene. Yiqiniso, amaMelika ayizigidi ezingu-40 aye ayeka ukubhema. Kodwa amanye ayizigidi ezingu-50 asabhema, futhi angamaphesenti angu-70 kuwo athi afuna ukuyeka. Kwayizigidi ezingu-17 azama ukuyeka ukubhema unyaka ngamunye, angamaphesenti angu-90 ahluleka kungakapheli nonyaka.
Ngemva kokuhlinzelwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu, cishe amaphesenti angu-50 abantu ababhemayo e-United States abuyela kulomkhuba. Kubantu ababhemayo abake bahlaselwa isifo senhliziyo, amaphesenti angu-38 aqala ukubhema engakaphumi ngisho nasesibhedlela. Amaphesenti angu-40 abantu ababhemayo abakhishwa igilo elinomdlavuza bayophinde bazame ukubhema.
Phakathi kwezigidi zentsha ebhemayo e-United States, izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zithi ziye zenza okungenani umzamo owodwa omkhulu wokuyeka ukubhema kodwa ziye zahluleka. Izibalo zibonisa nokuthi kwabasha abaningi, ukubhema ugwayi kuyisinyathelo esiyisa emkhutsheni wokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinamandla. Intsha ebhemayo isethubeni eliphindwe cishe izikhathi ezingu-50 lokusebenzisa i-cocaine kunabantu abangabhemi. Umbhemi othile oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala uyavuma. Wabhala: “Akukho kungabaza engqondweni yami ngokuthi ugwayi uyisidakamizwa esiholela kokukhulu. Cishe bonke abantu engibaziyo, ngaphandle kwabathathu, baqala ngokubhema ngaphambi kokuba basebenzise izidakamizwa.”
Kuthiwani ngogwayi ongenalo itiyela eliningi? Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi empeleni ungase ube ingozi nakakhulu—ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: Esokuqala, obhemayo ngokuvamile udonsa kakhulu ukuze akhiphe i-nicotine eqalekelwa umzimba wakhe, okwenza izicubu zamaphaphu zibhekane nemiphumela yentuthu enoshevu; esesibili, umbono oyiphutha wokuthi ubhema ugwayi “onempilo” ungase umvimbe ekwenzeni umzamo wokuyeka ukubhema ngokuphelele.
Kuye kwenziwa ukuhlola okungaphezu kuka-2 000 nge-nicotine kuphela. Kwembula ukuthi i-nicotine ingenye yezinto ezibangela ukulutheka kakhulu ezaziwa umuntu, futhi ingenye yeziyingozi kakhulu. I-nicotine ikhuphula ukushaya kwenhliziyo futhi iminyanisa imithambo yegazi. Imunceka emithanjeni yegazi ngemizuzwana engu-7—ngokushesha ngisho kunomjovo ofakwe ngokuqondile emthanjeni. Ilutha ubuchopho ukuba bufune okwengeziwe, ukuqaleka abanye abathi kulutha ngokuphindwe kabili kune-heroin.
Naphezu kokuphika kwazo, ingabe izinkampani zikagwayi ziyakuqaphela ukulutha kwe-nicotine? Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside zikwazi lokho. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko othile ka-1983 ubonisa ukuthi umcwaningi wenkampani ethile kagwayi waphawula ukuthi amaginipiki ayebonisa izimpawu eziphawulekayo zokulutheka, evame ukuzithathela i-nicotine ngokuzivulela imishini. Ngokombiko, lemboni yasheshe yakuvala lokhukuhlola futhi kuye kwaziwa muva nje.
Lezizinkampani ezinkulu zikagwayi azizange zihlale zisonge izandla lapho zihlaselwa nhlangothi zonke. I-Council for Tobacco Research eNew York City yenza lokho i-Wall Street Journal ekubiza ngokuthi “umkhankaso wokudukisa omude kunayo yonke emlandweni wezebhizinisi e-United States.”
Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo sokwenza ukuhlola okuzimele, lomkhandlu uye walondoloza izigidi zama-dollar ukuze ulwe nabahlaseli. Kwaqala ngo-1953 lapho uDkt. Ernst Wynder we-Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ethola ukuthi itiyela likagwayi elipendwe emhlane wamagundane lalibangela izimila. Lemboni yasungula lomkhandlu ukuze idambise ukunqwabelana kobufakazi obusobala obumelene nomkhiqizo wayo, ngokuphikisa ngobufakazi bayo obungokwesayensi.
Nokho, ososayensi balomkhandlu babengayiveza kanjani imiphumela ephambene kangaka nokwatholwa yiwo wonke umkhakha wocwaningo? Izincwadi ezikhishwe muva nje zembula impicabadala enkulu. Abacwaningi abaningi balomkhandlu, benqandwe ngezivumelwano ezibhaliwe futhi belawulwa amaqembu abameli abaneso elibukhali, bathola ukuthi ukwesaba okwandayo kwezempilo kwakunengqondo. Kodwa lapho ubhekene namaqiniso, lomkhandlu “ngezinye izikhathi wawukushaya indiva, noma uze ukumise, ukuhlola kwawo okwakuveza ukubhema njengengozi engokwempilo,” ngokusho kwe-Wall Street Journal.
Ekusithekeni, ukufuna ugwayi olondekile kwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi. Ukwenza kanjalo obala kwakuyoba ukuvuma ngaphandle kwezwi ukuthi ukubhema ngempela kuyingozi empilweni. Ekupheleni kwawo-1970, ummeli omkhulu wenkampani kagwayi watusa ukuba imizamo yokukhiqiza ugwayi “olondekile” iyekwe ngenxa yokuba yize futhi zonke izincwadi ezihlobene nakho zibekwe.
Izinto ezimbili zaba sobala phakathi naleminyaka yokuhlola: Ngempela i-nicotine ibangela ukulutheka, futhi ukubhema ugwayi kuyabulala. Nakuba ngenkani ziwaphika obala lamaqiniso, izinkampani zikagwayi zibonisa ngezenzo zazo ukuthi ziwazi kahle kamhlophe lamaqiniso.
Emangalela ukwenziwa kwalokhu ngamabomu, ukhomishane we-U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uDavid Kessler wathi: “Eqinisweni, omunye ugwayi wanamuhla ungase ufaneleke njengezimiso zobuchwepheshe obuphambili eziqukethe i-nicotine ngamazinga abalwe ngokunembile . . . anele ukuba abangele futhi alondoloze ukulutheka.”
UKessler wembula ukuthi izinkampani zikagwayi zinezimvume ezingokomthetho eziningana ezifakazela okuqukethwe. Enye ekagwayi oshintshwe izithako zawo okhiqiza izinga le-nicotine elikhulu. Enye inqubo ifaka i-nicotine eyengeziwe emaphepheni kagwayi ukuze ube bukhali ngokwengeziwe. Enye futhi ifakela obhemayo i-nicotine eningi ekuqaleni kukagwayi kunasekupheleni kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi zemboni zibonisa ukuthi kunezelwa izithako ze-ammonia kugwayi ukuze ukhiphe i-nicotine eyengeziwe. “Cishe isilinganiso esiphindwe kabili kunaleso esihogelwe singena emithanjeni yegazi yomuntu obhemayo,” kusho umbiko we-New York Times. I-FDA iye yamemezela ukuthi i-nicotine iyisidakamizwa esiluthayo futhi ihlose ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kukagwayi.
Ohulumeni bancike kugwayi ngandlela-thile. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wase-United States uqongelela ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-12 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-43,5) ngonyaka ngentela kahulumeni neyezwe yemikhiqizo kagwayi. Nokho, i-Office of Technology Assessment kahulumeni ibalela izindleko zokubhema kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-68 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-246,8) ngonyaka, okusekelwe ezindlekweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo nokwehla komkhiqizo.
Ukuziqhayisa ngemivuzo engokomnotho nemisebenzi eminingi, ukusekela ezobuciko ngomusa, ukuziphika ngokuqinile izingozi ezingokwempilo—ngempela, imboni kagwayi iye yazivikela ngowangala. Ukuthi kuyaphumelela yini kunenqwaba yama-balloon andiza phezu kweLondon noma cha kusazobonakala.
Kodwa kusobala ukuthi lezizinkampani ezinkulu azisakwazi ukufihla ubunjalo bazo. Ziye zazuza izigidi, futhi ziye zabulala izigidi, kodwa zibonakala zingenandaba nokuthi umphumela mubi ekuphileni kwabantu.
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Zibonakala zikhuluma uwangala
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Ukuhlola okuthile kukahulumeni kubonisa ukuthi ukuhogela intuthu kagwayi kubangela umdlavuza
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I-nicotine ingenye yezinto ezaziwayo ezilutha kakhulu
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Ziye zenza izigidi; ziye zabulala izigidi
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 10]
Ukuhlola Okungu-50 000—Kuye Kwatholani?
Nasi isibonelo sezinkathazo ezingokwempilo ezivezwa abacwaningi ngokuphathelene nokubhema ugwayi:
UMDLAVUZA WAMAPHAPHU: Abantu ababhemayo bakha amaphesenti angu-87 abantu ababulawa umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
ISIFO SENHLIZIYO: Abantu ababhemayo basengozini engamaphesenti angu-70 yokuphathwa isifo senhliziyo.
UMDLAVUZA WAMABELE: Abesifazane ababhema osikilidi abangu-40 noma ngaphezulu ngosuku basengozini engamaphesenti angu-74 yokubulawa umdlavuza wamabele.
UKUKHUBAZEKA KOKUZWA: Izinsana zomama ababhemayo zinobunzima obukhulu bokuqonda umsindo.
IZINGOZI ZESIFO SIKASHUKELA: Abantu ababhemayo abanesifo sikashukela noma abahlafuna ugwayi basengozini enkulu yokulimala izinso futhi bane-retinopathy (isifo se-retina) esakazeka ngokushesha.
UMDLAVUZA KAPOPOPO: Ukuhlola okubili okuhilela abantu abangaphezu kuka-150 000 kubonisa ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kokubhema nomdlavuza kapopopo.
ISIFUBA SOMOYA: Ukuhogela intuthu kagwayi kungabhebhethekisa isifuba somoya kubantwana.
UKUTHAMBEKELA KOKUBHEMA: Amadodakazi abesifazane ababebhema lapho bekhulelwe asethubeni lokubhema eliphindwe cishe kane.
I-LEUKEMIA: Ukubhema kubonakala kubangela i-leukemia yomnkantsha.
UKULIMALA NGESIKHATHI SOKUZIVIVINYA: Ngokokuhlola kweButho Lempi lase-United States, abantu ababhemayo basengozini yokulimala ngesikhathi bevivinya umzimba.
INKUMBULO: Amazinga aphakeme e-nicotine angase anciphise ukushesha kwengqondo lapho umuntu enza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.
UKUCINDEZELEKA: Odokotela bezifo zengqondo bahlola ubufakazi obuhlobanisa ukubhema nokucindezeleka okukhulu kanye nokusangana.
UKUZIBULALA: Ukuhlolwa okuthile kwabahlengikazi kwabonisa ukuthi abahlengikazi ababhemayo basethubeni lokuzibulala eliphindwe cishe kabili.
Ezinye izingozi ezinganezelwa kuloluhlu: Umdlavuza womlomo, igilo, umphimbo, uqhoqhoqho, amanyikwe, isisu, amathumbu amancane, isinye, izinso, nomlomo wesibeletho; ukufa uhlangothi, isifo senhliziyo, isifo samaphaphu esingamahlalakhona, isifo sokujikeleza kwegazi, izilonda esimisweni sokugaya ukudla, isifo sikashukela, ubunyumba, ukuzalwa kwezinsana ezinesisindo esiphansi, ukuchachamba kwamathambo, nezifo zezindlebe. Izingozi zomlilo nazo zinganezelwa, njengoba ukubhema kuyimbangela eyinhloko yemililo equbuka ekhaya, emahhotela, nasezibhedlela.
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Ugwayi Ongenantuthu—Ugwayi Oyingozi Othatha Isikhundla Sovamile
Inkampani ewumholi embonini kagwayi wamakhala yama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,1 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine) ngobuhlakani iheha abaqalayo ukubhema ngogwayi onandisiwe. Ikhiqiza ugwayi onandisiwe othandwayo. “Umuzwa wesikhashana wokwesasa obangelwa ugwayi” uyanelisa kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside. Owayeyiphini likasihlalo walenkampani wathi: “Abantu abaningi bangase baqale ngemikhiqizo enandisiwe, kodwa ekugcineni, bayosebenzisa [umkhiqizo onamandla kakhulu].” Ukhangiswa ngokuthi, “Ugwayi Ohlafunwayo Onamandla Wamadoda Anamandla,” nangokuthi, “Uyanelisa.”
I-Wall Street Journal, eyabika ngalenqubo yalenkampani, yacaphuna ukuphika kwayo ukuthi “ilawula amazinga e-nicotine.” Le-Journal yathi futhi ababili ababengabathaki bakagwayi kulenkampani, bexoxa ngalendaba ngokokuqala ngqá, bathi “nakuba lenkampani ingawalawuli amazinga e-nicotine, iyalilawula izinga le-nicotine engena egazini labantu ababhemayo.” Bathi futhi lenkampani inezela amakhemikhali ukuze yandise izinga lobu-alkali kugwayi wayo wamakhala. Lapho logwayi unobu-alkali ngokwengeziwe, “kulapho kuphuma i-nicotine eyengeziwe.” Le-Journal inezela lencazelo ngokuphathelene nogwayi wamakhala nogwayi ohlafunwayo: “Ugwayi wamakhala, ngezinye izikhathi ophanjaniswa nogwayi ohlafunwayo, uwugwayi ogayiwe ompolonjwayo, kodwa ongahlafunwa. Abawubhemayo bayawuncinza, bese bewufaka phakathi kwesihlathi nensini, bewuphenduphendula ngolimi belokhu bekhafula kancane kancane.”
Imikhiqizo enandisiwe eyenzelwa abaqalayo ukubhema ikhipha kuphela amaphesenti angu-7 kuya kwangu-22 e-nicotine emuncwa igazi. Umkhiqizo onamandla kunayo yonke ungabahila abaqalayo ukuwusebenzisa. Itholakala ngezicucwana ezincane ukuze isetshenziswe amadoda “angempela.” Amaphesenti angu-79 e-nicotine eyiqukethe “akhululekile,” amunceka ngokushesha egazini. E-United States, abayibhemayo ngokwesilinganiso baqala lapho beneminyaka engu-9 ubudala. Futhi ubani oneminyaka engu-9 ubudala oyokwenqaba isikhathi eside ukuthuthukela emikhiqizweni enamandla futhi ahlanganyele namadoda “angempela”?
Izinga le-nicotine elitholakalayo empeleni linamandla kakhulu kunelikasikilidi. Kubikwa ukuthi abayisebenzisayo basengozini ephindwe kane yokuphathwa umdlavuza womlomo, futhi ingozi ababhekene nayo yokuphathwa umdlavuza womphimbo inkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunabantu abangayibhemi.
E-United States kwaqubuka ukukhala kwesikhashana komphakathi lapho unina womsubathi othile owayengusaziwayo esikoleni esiphakeme owabulawa umdlavuza womlomo emangalela inkampani ethile kagwayi. Lomfana wathola ithini lamahhala likagwayi wamakhala emkhosini wokugibela amahhashi lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala futhi waqala ukubhema amathini amane ngesonto. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa kaningana okubuhlungu kusikwa ulimi lwakhe, umhlathi, nentamo, odokotela ababemelapha balahla ithemba. Lensizwa yafa lapho ineminyaka engu-19 ubudala.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]
Indlela Yokuyeka Ugwayi
Izigidi zabantu ziye zaphumelela ekugqashuleni ekulutheni kwe-nicotine. Uma ungumuntu obhemayo, ngisho noma sekuyisikhathi eside ubhema, nawe ungawulahla lomkhuba olimazayo. Nanka amacebiso ambalwa angase asize:
• Kwazi kusengaphambili okumelwe ukulindele. Izimpawu zokuyeka zingase zihlanganise ukukhathazeka, ukungaphatheki kahle, isiyezi, izinhlungu zekhanda, ukuqwasha, ukuphathwa isisu, indlala, ukuqaleka, ukuhluleka ukugxilisa ingqondo, nokuthuthumela. Ngokuqinisekile lokhu akuyona into enhle ongayilindela, kodwa izimpawu ezimbi kakhulu zihlala izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela futhi ziyaphela kancane kancane njengoba umzimba ukhululeka ethonyeni le-nicotine.
• Manje impi engokwengqondo iqala ngokuzimisela. Umzimba wakho wawungaqalekeli i-nicotine nje kuphela kodwa ingqondo yakho yayithonywa ukuziphatha okuhlobene nokubhema. Hlaziya isimiso sakho ukuze ubone ukuthi kunini lapho uzithola usubhema khona, futhi ushintshe lesosimo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma njalo ubhema ngemva nje kokudla, zimisele ukusukuma ngaso lesosikhathi uthi ukushaywa umoya noma ugeze izitsha.
• Lapho uhlaselwa ukuqaleka ngokunamandla mhlawumbe ngenxa yesimo esicindezelayo, khumbula ukuthi ngokuvamile lowomuzwa uzodlula emizuzwini emihlanu. Kulungele ukugcina ingqondo yakho imatasa ngokubhala incwadi, ukuvivinya umzimba, noma ukudla ukudla okulula okunempilo. Umthandazo uwusizo olunamandla lokuzithiba.
• Uma udunyazwa imizamo engaphumelelanga yokuyeka ukubhema, ungadangali. Into ebalulekile ukuqhubeka uzama.
• Uma uthikanyezwa ukuthi isisindo singase sikhuphuke, khumbula ukuthi izinzuzo zokuyeka ugwayi zizidlula kude izingozi ezibangelwa amakhilogremu ambalwa engeziwe. Kungase kusize ukuba nezithelo noma imifino eduze. Futhi phuza amanzi amaningi.
• Ukuyeka ukubhema kungenye into. Ukuqhubeka ugwema ugwayi kungenye ehluke ngokuphelele. Zibekele imigomo yesikhathi yokugwema ukubhema—usuku olulodwa, isonto elilodwa, izinyanga ezintathu, phakade.
UJesu wathi: “Kumelwe uthande umakhelwane wakho njengoba uzithanda wena.” (Marku 12:31) Ukuze uthande umakhelwane wakho, yeka ukubhema. Ukuze uzithande wena, yeka ukubhema.—Bheka nesithi “Ukubhema—Umbono WamaKristu,” ku-Phaphama! ka-July 8, 1989, amakhasi 13-15.